Тарихтан бірнеше оқиғалар

598 – Avar–Byzantine wars: The Avars lift the siege at the Byzantine stronghold of Tomis. Their leader Bayan I retreats north of the Danube River after the Avaro Slavic army is decimated by the plague. 1282 – The people of Sicily rebel against the Angevin king Charles I, in what becomes known as the Sicilian Vespers. 1296 – Edward I sacks Berwick upon Tweed, during armed conflict between Scotland and England.

1699 – Guru Gobind Singh establishes the Khalsa in Anandpur Sahib, Punjab. 1815 – Joachim Murat issues the Rimini Proclamation, among the earliest calls for Italian unification. 1818 – Physicist Augustin Fresnel reads a memoir on optical rotation to the French Academy of Sciences, reporting that when polarized light is "depolarized" by a Fresnel rhomb, its properties are preserved in any subsequent passage through an optically rotating crystal or liquid. 1822 – The Florida Territory is created in the United States. 1841 – The National Bank of Greece is founded in Athens. 1842 – Ether anesthesia is used for the first time, in an operation by the American surgeon Dr. Crawford Long. 1844 – One of the most important battles of the Dominican War of Independence from Haiti takes place near the city of Santiago de los Caballeros. 1855 – Origins of the American Civil War: "Border Ruffians" from Missouri invade Kansas and force election of a pro slavery legislature. 1856 – The Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the Crimean War. 1861 – Discovery of the chemical elements: Sir William Crookes announces his discovery of thallium. 1863 – Danish prince Wilhelm Georg is chosen as King George of Greece. 1867 – Alaska is purchased from Russia for $7.2 million, about two cents/acre ($4.19/km2), by United States Secretary of State William H. Seward. 1870 – Texas is readmitted to the United States Congress following Reconstruction. 1885 – The Battle for Kushka triggers the Panjdeh Incident which nearly gives rise to war between the Russian and British Empires. 1899 – German Society of Chemistry issues an invitation to other national scientific organizations to appoint delegates to the International Committee on Atomic Weights. 1900 – Archaeologists in Knossos, Crete, discover the first clay tablet with hieroglyphic writing in a script later called Linear B.

1912 – Sultan Abd al Hafid signs the Treaty of Fez, making Morocco a French protectorate. 1918 – Beginning of the bloody March Events in Baku and other locations of Baku Governorate. 1939 – The Heinkel He 100 fighter sets a world airspeed record of 463 mph (745 km/h). 1940 – Second Sino Japanese War: Japan declares Nanking capital of a new Chinese puppet government, nominally controlled by Wang Jingwei. 1944 – World War II: Allied bombers conduct their most severe bombing run on Sofia, Bulgaria. 1944 – Out of 795 Lancasters, Halifaxes and Mosquitos sent to attack Nuremberg, 95 bombers do not return, making it the largest RAF Bomber Command loss of the war. 1945 – World War II: Soviet forces invade Austria and capture Vienna. Polish and Soviet forces liberate Danzig. 1949 – Cold War: A riot breaks out in Austurvöllur square in Reykjavík, when Iceland joins NATO. 1959 – Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, flees Tibet for India. 1961 – The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs is signed in New York City. 1965 – Vietnam War: A car bomb explodes in front of the United States Embassy, Saigon, killing 22 and wounding 183 others. 1967 – Delta Air Lines Flight 9877 crashes at Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport, killing 19. 1972 – Vietnam War: The Easter Offensive begins after North Vietnamese forces cross into the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) of South Vietnam. 1976 – Israeli Palestinian conflict: in the first organized response against Israeli policies by a Palestinian collective since 1948, Palestinians create the first Land Day. 1979 – Airey Neave, a British Member of Parliament (MP), is killed by a car bomb as he exits the Palace of Westminster. The Irish National Liberation Army claims responsibility. 1981 – U. S. President Ronald Reagan is shot in the chest outside a Washington, D. C., hotel by John Hinckley Jr.; three others are wounded in the same incident. 1982 – Space Shuttle program: STS 3 mission is completed with the landing of Columbia at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. 2002 – The 2002 Lyon car attack takes place. 2006 – Cyclone Glenda, one of the strongest tropical cyclones in the Australian region makes landfall near Onslow, Western Australia. 2008 – Drolma Kyi arrested by Chinese authorities. 2009 – Twelve gunmen attack the Manawan Police Academy in Lahore, Pakistan. 2011 – Min Aung Hlaing is appointed as the Commander in Chief of Myanmar's armed forces. 2017 – SpaceX conducts the world's first reflight of an orbital class rocket. 2018 – The Israeli Army kills 17 Palestinians and wounds 1,400 in Gaza during Land Day protests. 2019 – Pope Francis visits Morocco. 2023 – Donald Trump becomes the first former United States president to be indicted by a grand jury.

892 – Shi Jingtang, founder of the Later Jin Dynasty (d. 942)
1135 – Maimonides, Spanish rabbi and philosopher (April 6 also proposed, d. 1204)
1326 – Ivan II of Moscow (d. 1359)
1432 – Mehmed the Conqueror, Ottoman sultan (d. 1481)
1510 – Antonio de Cabezón, Spanish composer and organist (d. 1566)
1551 – Salomon Schweigger, German theologian (d. 1622)

1606 – Vincentio Reinieri, Italian mathematician and astronomer (d. 1647)
1632 – John Proctor, farmer hanged for witchcraft in the Salem witch trials (d. 1692)
1640 – John Trenchard, English politician, Secretary of State for the Northern Department (d. 1695)
1727 – Tommaso Traetta, Italian composer and educator (d. 1779)
1746 – Francisco Goya, Spanish French painter and sculptor (d. 1828)
1750 – John Stafford Smith, English organist and composer (d. 1836)
1793 – Juan Manuel de Rosas, Argentinian soldier and politician, 13th Governor of Buenos Aires Province (d. 1877)
1805 – Ferdinand Johann Wiedemann, German Swedish linguist and botanist (d. 1887)
1811 – Robert Bunsen, German chemist and academic (d. 1899)
1820 – Anna Sewell, English author (d. 1878)
1820 – James Whyte, Scottish Australian politician, 6th Premier of Tasmania (d. 1882)
1844 – Paul Verlaine, French poet (d. 1896)
1853 – Vincent van Gogh, Dutch French painter and illustrator (d. 1890)
1853 – Arnoldo Sartorio, German composer, pianist, and teacher (d. 1936)
1857 – Léon Charles Thévenin, French engineer (d. 1926)
1858 – Siegfried Alkan, German composer (d. 1941)
1863 – Mary Calkins, American philosopher and psychologist (d. 1930)
1864 – Franz Oppenheimer, German American sociologist and economist (d. 1943)
1874 – Charles Lightoller, English 2nd officer on the RMS Titanic (d. 1952)
1874 – Josiah McCracken, American hammer thrower, shot putter, and football player (d. 1962)
1874 – Nicolae Rădescu, Romanian general and politician, Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1953)
1875 – Thomas Xenakis, Greek American gymnast (d. 1942)
1879 – Coen de Koning, Dutch speed skater (d. 1954)
1880 – Seán O'Casey, Irish dramatist, playwright, and memoirist (d. 1964)
1882 – Melanie Klein, Austrian English psychologist and author (d. 1960)
1888 – J. R. Williams, Canadian born cartoonist (d. 1957)
1891 – Chunseong, Korean monk, writer and philosopher (d. 1977)
1892 – Stefan Banach, Polish mathematician and academic (d. 1945)
1892 – Fortunato Depero, Italian painter and sculptor (d. 1960)
1892 – Erhard Milch, German field marshal (d. 1972)
1892 – Johannes Pääsuke, Estonian photographer and director (d. 1918)
1892 – Erwin Panofsky, German historian and academic (d. 1968)
1894 – Tommy Green, English race walker (d. 1975)
1894 – Sergey Ilyushin, Russian engineer, founded Ilyushin Design Bureau (d. 1977)
1895 – Jean Giono, French author and poet (d. 1970)
1895 – Carl Lutz, Swiss vice consul to Hungary during WWII, credited with saving over 62,000 Jews (d. 1975)
1895 – Charlie Wilson, English footballer (d. 1971)
1899 – Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay, Indian author, playwright, and screenwriter (d. 1970)

1662 – François le Métel de Boisrobert, French poet and playwright (b. 1592)
1689 – Kazimierz Łyszczyński, Polish atheist and philosopher (b. 1634)
1707 – Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, French general and engineer (b. 1633)
1764 – Pietro Locatelli, Italian violinist and composer (b. 1695)
1783 – William Hunter, Scottish anatomist and physician (b. 1718)
1804 – Victor François, 2nd duc de Broglie, French general and politician, French Secretary of State for War (b. 1718)
1806 – Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire (b. 1757)
1830 – Louis I, Grand Duke of Baden (b. 1763)
1840 – Beau Brummell, English French fashion designer (b. 1778)
1842 – Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, French painter (b. 1755)
1864 – Louis Schindelmeisser, German clarinet player, composer, and conductor (b. 1811)
1873 – Bénédict Morel, Austrian French psychiatrist and physician (b. 1809)
1874 – Carl Julian (von) Graba, German lawyer and ornithologist who visited and studied the Faroe Islands (b. 1799)
1879 – Thomas Couture, French painter and educator (b. 1815)
1886 – Joseph Alfred Mousseau, Canadian judge and politician, 6th Premier of Quebec (b. 1838)
1896 – Charilaos Trikoupis, Greek politician, 55th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1832)

1912 – Karl May, German author (b. 1842)
1925 – Rudolf Steiner, Austrian philosopher and author (b. 1861)
1935 – Romanos Melikian, Armenian composer (b. 1883)
1936 – Conchita Supervía, Spanish soprano and actress (b. 1895)
1940 – Sir John Gilmour, 2nd Baronet Scottish soldier and politician, Secretary of State for Scotland (b. 1876)
1943 – Jan Bytnar, Polish lieutenant; WWII resistance fighter (b. 1921)
1943 – Maciej Aleksy Dawidowski, Polish sergeant; WWII resistance fighter (b. 1920)
1945 – Béla Balogh, Hungarian actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1885)
1949 – Friedrich Bergius, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1884)
1949 – Dattaram Hindlekar, Indian cricketer (b. 1909)
1950 – Léon Blum, French lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of France (b. 1872)
1952 – Nikos Beloyannis, Greek resistance leader and politician (b. 1915)
1952 – Jigme Wangchuck, Bhutanese king (b. 1905)
1955 – Harl McDonald, American pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1899)
1956 – Edmund Clerihew Bentley, English author and poet (b. 1875)
1959 – Daniil Andreyev, Russian mystic and poet (b. 1906)
1959 – John Auden, English solicitor, deputy coroner and a territorial soldier (b. 1894)
1959 – Riccardo Zanella, Italian politician (b. 1875)
1960 – Joseph Haas, German composer and educator (b. 1879)
1961 – Philibert Jacques Melotte, English astronomer (b. 1880)
1963 – Aleksandr Gauk, Russian conductor and composer (b. 1893)
1964 – Nella Larsen, American nurse and author (b. 1891)
1965 – Philip Showalter Hench, American physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1896)
1966 – Newbold Morris, American lawyer and politician (b. 1902)
1966 – Maxfield Parrish, American painter and illustrator (b. 1870)
1966 – Erwin Piscator, German director and producer (b. 1893)
1967 – Frank Thorpe, Australian public servant (b. 1885)
1967 – Jean Toomer, American poet and novelist (b. 1894)
1969 – Lucien Bianchi, Belgian racing driver (b. 1934)
1970 – Heinrich Brüning, German economist and politician, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1885)
1972 – Mahir Çayan, Turkish politician (b. 1946)
1972 – Gabriel Heatter, American radio commentator (b. 1890)
1973 – Douglas Douglas Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton, Scottish pilot and politician (b. 1903)
1973 – Yves Giraud Cabantous, French racing driver (b. 1904)
1975 – Peter Bamm, German journalist and author (b. 1897)
1977 – Levko Revutsky, Ukrainian composer and educator (b. 1889)
1978 – George Paine, English cricketer and coach (b. 1908)
1978 – Memduh Tağmaç, Turkish general (b. 1904)
1979 – Airey Neave, English colonel, lawyer, and politician, Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland (b. 1916)
1979 – Ray Ventura, French pianist and bandleader (b. 1908)
1981 – DeWitt Wallace, American publisher, co founded Reader's Digest (b. 1889)
1984 – Karl Rahner, German Austrian priest and theologian (b. 1904)
1985 – Harold Peary, American actor and singer (b. 1908)
1986 – James Cagney, American actor and dancer (b. 1899)
1986 – John Ciardi, American poet and etymologist (b. 1916)
1988 – Edgar Faure, French historian and politician, Prime Minister of France (b. 1908)
1990 – Harry Bridges, Australian born American activist and trade union leader (b. 1901)
1991 – Athanasios Ragazos, Greek long distance runner (b. 1913)
1992 – Manolis Andronikos, Greek archaeologist and academic (b. 1919)
1993 – S. M. Pandit, Indian painter (b. 1916)
1993 – Richard Diebenkorn, American painter (b. 1922)
1995 – Rozelle Claxton, American pianist (b. 1913)
1995 – Tony Lock, English Australian cricketer and coach (b. 1929)
1995 – Paul A. Rothchild, American record producer (b. 1935)
1996 – Hugh Falkus, English pilot and author (b. 1917)
1996 – Ryoei Saito, Japanese businessman (b. 1916)
2000 – Rudolf Kirchschläger, Austrian judge and politician, 8th President of Austria (b. 1915)
2002 – Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother of the United Kingdom (b. 1900)
2002 – Anand Bakshi, Indian poet and lyricist (b. 1930)
2003 – Michael Jeter, American actor (b. 1952)
2003 – Valentin Pavlov, Russian banker and politician, 11th Prime Minister of the Soviet Union (b. 1937)
2004 – Alistair Cooke, English American journalist and author (b. 1908)
2004 – Michael King, New Zealand historian and author (b. 1945)
2004 – Timi Yuro, American singer and songwriter (b. 1940)
2005 – Robert Creeley, American novelist, essayist, and poet (b. 1926)
2005 – Milton Green, American hurdler and soldier (b. 1913)
2005 – Fred Korematsu, American political activist (b. 1919)
2005 – Chrysanthos Theodoridis, Greek singer and songwriter (b. 1934)
2005 – O. V. Vijayan, Indian author and illustrator (b. 1930)
2005 – Mitch Hedberg, American stand up comedian (b. 1968)
2006 – Red Hickey, American football player and coach (b. 1917)
2006 – John McGahern, Irish author and educator (b. 1934)
2007 – John Roberts, Canadian political scientist, academic, and politician, 46th Secretary of State for Canada (b. 1933)
2008 – Roland Fraïssé, French mathematical logician (b. 1920)
2008 – David Leslie, Scottish racing driver (b. 1953)
2008 – Richard Lloyd, English racing driver (b. 1945)
2008 – Dith Pran, Cambodian American photographer and journalist (b. 1942)
2010 – Jaime Escalante, Bolivian American educator (b. 1930)
2010 – Morris R. Jeppson, American lieutenant and physicist (b. 1922)
2010 – Martin Sandberger, German SS officer (b. 1911)
2012 – Janet Anderson Perkin, Canadian baseball player and curler (b. 1921)
2012 – Aquila Berlas Kiani, Indian Canadian sociologist and academic (b. 1921)
2012 – Francesco Mancini, Italian footballer and coach (b. 1968)
2012 – Granville Semmes, American businessman, founded 1 800 Flowers (b. 1928)
2012 – Leonid Shebarshin, Russian KGB officer (b. 1935)
2013 – Daniel Hoffman, American poet and academic (b. 1923)
2013 – Bobby Parks, American basketball player and coach (b. 1962)
2013 – Phil Ramone, South African American songwriter and producer, co founded A & R Recording (b. 1934)
2013 – Edith Schaeffer, Chinese Swiss religious leader and author, co founded L'Abri (b. 1914)
2013 – Bob Turley, American baseball player and coach (b. 1930)
2014 – Kate O'Mara, English actress (b. 1939)
2014 – Alice Raftary, American educator of blind adults (b. 1927)
2015 – Helmut Dietl, German director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1944)
2015 – Roger Slifer, American author, illustrator, screenwriter, and producer (b. 1954)
2015 – Ingrid van Houten Groeneveld, Dutch astronomer and academic (b. 1921)
2018 – Bill Maynard, English actor (b. 1928)
2020 – Manolis Glezos, Greek left wing politician, journalist, author, and folk hero (b. 1922)
2020 – Bill Withers, American singer songwriter (b. 1938)
2021 – G. Gordon Liddy, chief operative in the Watergate scandal (b. 1930)
2021 – Myra Frances, British actress (b. 1942)
2023 – Doug Mulray, Australian radio and television host (b. 1951)
2024 – Tim McGovern, American visual effects artist (b. 1955)
2024 – Chance Perdomo, British American actor (b. 1996)