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Retrocomputing is the current use of older computer hardware and software. Retrocomputing is usually classed as a hobby and recreation rather than a practical application of technology; enthusiasts often collect rare and valuable hardware and software for sentimental reasons. Occasionally, however, an obsolete computer system has to be "resurrected" to run software specific to that system, to access data stored on obsolete media, or to use a peripheral that requires that system.

Retrocomputing is part of the history of computer hardware. It can be seen as the analogue of experimental archaeology in computing. Some notable examples include the reconstruction of Babbage's Difference engine (more than a century after its design) and the implementation of Plankalkül in 2000 (more than half a century since its inception).

As old computer hardware becomes harder to maintain, there has been increasing interest in computer simulation. This is especially the case with old mainframe computers, which have largely been scrapped, and have space, power, and environmental requirements unaffordable by the average user. The memory size and speed of current systems enable simulation of many old systems to run faster than that system on original hardware. One popular simulator, the history simulator SIMH, offers simulations for over 50 historic systems, from the 1950s thru the present. The Hercules emulator simulates the IBM System/360 family from System/360 to 64 bit System/z. A simulator is available for the Honeywell Multics system. Software for older systems was not copyrighted, and was open source, so there is a wide variety of available software to run on these simulators. Some emulations are used by businesses, as running production software in a simulator is usually faster, cheaper, and more reliable that running it on original hardware.

In an interview with Conan O'Brien in May 2014, George R. R. Martin revealed that he writes his books using WordStar 4.0, an MS DOS application dating back to 1987. US based streaming video provider Netflix released a multiple choice movie branded to be part of their Black Mirror series, called Bandersnatch. The protagonist is a teenage programmer working on a contract to deliver a video game adaptation of a fantasy novel for an 8 bit computer in 1984. The multiple storylines evolve around the emotions and mental health issues resulting from a reality perception mismatch between a new generation of computer savvy teenagers and twenty somethings, and their care givers.

Due to their low complexity together with other technical advantages, 8 bit computers are frequently re discovered for education, especially for introductory programming classes in elementary schools. 8 bit computers turn on and directly present a programming environment; there are no distractions, and no need for other features or additional connectivity. The BASIC language is a simple to learn programming language that has access to the entire system without having to load libraries for sound, graphics, math, etc. The focus of the programming language is on efficiency; in particular, one command does one thing immediately (e. g. turns the screen green).

Retrocomputing (and retrogaming as aspect) has been described in one paper as preservation activity and as aspect of the remix culture.