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County in South Carolina, United States

Orangeburg County is a county located in the U. S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 84,223. The county was created in 1769. Orangeburg County comprises the Orangeburg, SC Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Columbia Sumter Orangeburg, SC Combined Statistical Area. It is located in the Midlands region of South Carolina. It is the home of South Carolina State University, the only public four year HBCU in the state of South Carolina. It is also home to Claflin University, the oldest historically black college or university (HBCU) in the state.

The district was occupied for thousands of years by succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples. By the time of European encounter, Siouan speaking tribes, such as the Cheraw and Catawba, as well as the Pee Dee, inhabited the Piedmont area above the fall line. The Orangeburg Judicial District was chartered by European Americans in 1769 from a mostly unorganized upland area between the Congaree and Savannah rivers. A county, initially of the same name but later called Orange, was organized within the district but deorganized in 1791, after the American Revolutionary War. The southwest portion bordering on the Savannah River, about half of Orangeburg District, was separated and organized as Barnwell District in 1800. In 1804 the northern third of the district was separated to form the new Lexington District, which gained another, smaller portion of Orangeburg District in 1832. During the nineteenth century, the districts and counties were developed chiefly as cotton plantations for short staple cotton. This development followed the invention of the cotton gin in the late eighteenth century, which made the processing of short staple cotton profitable. The county became a center of labor by black slaves on the plantations, who were transported from coastal areas and the Upper South to cultivate and process cotton. Those brought from the coastal areas were likely of the Gullah culture and language. The enslaved African Americans greatly outnumbered the white planters and non slaveholding whites. Reflecting the patterns of nineteenth century settlement, the area is still chiefly agricultural and majority African American in population. In 1868, under the revised state constitution during the Reconstruction era, South Carolina districts were organized as counties. Resident voters were enabled to elect their state representatives rather than having them chosen by the state legislature, as was done previously. Election of representatives by the state legislature had kept the districts dominated by the elite owners of major plantations in the Low Country and elsewhere. The changes in rules expanded participation in the franchise by more male residents. Emancipation of slaves after the war under newly ratified federal constitutional amendments resulted in freedmen voting. Using voter intimidation, white Democrats took control of the state legislature by the end of the century; they passed state electoral laws and a new constitution that essentially disfranchised most blacks, a situation that lasted until after the federal legislation of the 1965 Voting Rights Act. A small western portion of Orangeburg County was annexed in 1871 to the newly formed Aiken County during the Reconstruction era. In 1908 the northern portion of the County along the Congaree River was separated and included in the newly formed Calhoun County, with its seat at Saint Matthews. In 1910 a small western portion of Berkeley County, around Holly Hill and Eutawville, was annexed to Orangeburg County, thus bringing the county to its present size.

According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1127.89 square miles (2,921 km2), of which 1106.38 square miles (2,866 km2) is land and 21.51 square miles (56 km2) (1.91%) is water. It is the second largest county in South Carolina by land area and fifth largest by land area. Orangeburg county is a fairly big county, covering 1,128 square miles, it is about 60 miles from the western part of the county to the eastern part of the county. Orangeburg county lies within 3 "regions" of South Carolina. The western part of the county lies in the "CSRA" (Central Savannah River Area). The middle part of Orangeburg county is included in the "Midlands" Region. The eastern and south eastern part of the county are located in the "Lowcountry" region of the state.

+Orangeburg County racial compositionRaceNum. Perc. White (non Hispanic)27,78732.99%Black or African American (non Hispanic)50,80260.32%Native American4670.55%Asian8921.06%Pacific Islander370.04%Other/Mixed2,2712.7%Hispanic or Latino1,9672.34%
As of the 2020 census, there were 84,223 people, 32,129 households, and 20,620 families residing in the county.

At the 2010 census, there were 92,501 people, 35,788 households, and 23,580 families in the county. The population density was There were 42,504 housing units at an average density of The racial makeup of the county was 62.2% black or African American, 34.3% white, 0.8% Asian, 0.5% American Indian, 0.9% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.9% of the population. Of the 35,788 households, 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.1% were married couples living together, 22.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 34.1% were non families, and 29.0% of households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.06. The median age was 38.1 years.

At the 2000 census, there were 91,582 people, 34,118 households, and 23,882 families in the county. The population density was There were 39,304 housing units at an average density of The racial makeup of the county was 60.86% Black or African American, 37.17% White, 0.46% Native American, 0.43% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.36% from other races, and 0.70% from two or more races. 0.96% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 34,118 households 32.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.10% were married couples living together, 20.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.00% were non families. 26.00% of households were one person and 10.30% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.11. The age distribution was 26.00% under the age of 18, 11.90% from 18 to 24, 26.10% from 25 to 44, 22.80% from 45 to 64, and 13.20% 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 87.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.60 males. The median household income was $29,567 and the median family income was $36,165. Males had a median income of $29,331 versus $20,956 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,057. About 17.00% of families and 21.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.20% of those under age 18 and 22.30% of those age 65 or over.

Orangeburg County is home to four state recognized Native American entities.

The Beaver Creek Indian Tribe, headquartered in Salley, is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization state recognized as a tribe, with members primarily located in Aiken County. The organization was awarded the status of a state recognized tribe by the South Carolina Commission for Minority Affairs on January 27, 2006. The tribe primarily claims descent from a family who settled in Long Cane Creek (McCormick County) from Virginia in 1760 with its South Carolina progenitor Lazarus Chavis born in Edgefield County. The entity is not presently federally recognized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs
The Santee Indian Organization, headquartered in Holly Hill, is a nonprofit organization state recognized as a tribe. The organization was awarded the status of a state recognized tribe by the South Carolina Commission of Minority Affairs on March 15, 2006. The tribe claims descent from the historic Santee people, not to be confused with the similarly named Santee Dakota people. The tribe is not federally recognized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The organization does not have IRS tax exemption according to the IRS website.

The Pee Dee Indian Nation of Beaver Creek, based in Gilbert, is a nonprofit organization, not registered with IRS, and state recognized as a tribal group after separating from the Beaver Creek nonprofit organization.