1963 жылдың қарашасы: Оқиғалар мен жаңалықтар

Month of 1963

The following events occurred in November 1963:

Barry E. Steiner, a 20 year old medical student at Boston University, was arrested at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport after having flown hundreds of thousands of miles on stolen airplane tickets. In 1963, it was commonplace to purchase a ticket at the airline counter, have the ticket agent fill it out, and then to board the airplane. Steiner's method was simply to reach behind an unattended counter at an airport, steal blank tickets, write in the flight number and destination of his choice, and then walk on to the appropriate plane. To avoid suspicion, he carried an authentic looking Federal Aviation Administration badge and posed as an FAA official if needed. In "the most fair election ever to be held in Greece", as the British Embassy in Athens described it, voters brought Centre Union (Enosis Kentrou or EK) party leader Georgios Papandreou into office as Prime Minister. No party got a majority of the seats in Parliament, but the EK ended up with a 138 to 132 lead (out of 338 seats) over the National Radical Union (Ethniki Rizospastiki Enosis or ERE) party of incumbent Premier Konstantinos Karamanlis. Soviet cosmonauts Andriyan Nikolayev and Valentina Tereshkova, who had been launched into space aboard Vostok 3 and Vostok 6, respectively, were married in Moscow in a ceremony attended by Party Secretary Khrushchev and other prominent government leaders. They had a daughter seven months later, and separated before the end of 1964, officially divorcing in 1982. Born: Davis Guggenheim (born Philip Davis Guggenheim), American film director and producer; in St. Louis

In the Wunder von Lengede ("Miarcle of Lengede"), 11 underground miners were rescued two weeks after they had been feared drowned in a deep iron mine near Lengede in West Germany. They had been among 129 men who were working underground when a sludge pond had given way, flooding the mines. Stuck nearly 200 feet (61 m) below the surface of the buttock, 21 people in their group had been able to find air in an unsupported section of the mine, but rockfalls had killed 10 of the survivors over the days that followed. By November 2, the forty people still entombed had all been given up for dead, but sound equipment picked up tapping, and drilling commenced. After five days, the drilled hole was large enough to lower a bomb shaped cylinder (known as the Dahlbuschbombe) into the cavity. The first person to climb inside and to be brought to the surface was 51 year old Heinz Kull, and over the next hour, the other ten came out. Last of the group was Bernhard Wolter, credited by his comrades with having kept up their hopes during the ordeal. Nelson Rockefeller, the Governor of New York, entered the 1964 U. S. presidential campaign by announcing on NBC's Today news show that he would be a candidate for the Republican Party nomination. Following that appearance from a studio in Albany, he flew to Nashua, New Hampshire to address a crowd of supporters. U. S. Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona, the front runner for the Republican nomination in polls of voters, made no comment but was expected to enter the race. President John F. Kennedy was not expected to have any opposition in his nomination as the Democratic Party candidate for 1964. Major General Leighton I. Davis outlined U. S. Department of Defense (DOD) plans for support in carrying out Project Gemini operations. As DOD representative, Major General Davis acted as DOD's single point of contact with NASA, responsible for meeting NASA's needs for DOD support in the launch, tracking network, planned contingency recovery and medical assistance, as well as communications and public affairs. Sir Alec Douglas Home, the new Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, won the by election for Kinross and Western Perthshire, to fill the House of Commons vacancy left by the August 15 death of Gilmour Leburn. Placed as a candidate in one of the most conservative constituencies in the nation, Home drew more than 57% of the vote, with more than twice as much as Liberal Party candidate Alistair Duncan Millar or Labour candidate Andrew Forrester. Having renounced his title and his place in the House of Lords, the former Earl of Home rejoined the House of Commons where he served from 1931 to 1945 and from 1950 to 1951. The Federal Bureau of Investigation installed a wiretap on the home telephone line of civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr., after approval by U. S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy on recommendations by FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover. During the rest of Dr. King's stay in the home, the FBI monitored his phone conversations, discontinuing the surveillance on April 30, 1965. All but 3 of the 25 people aboard Finnair Flight 217 were killed when the DC 3 airliner crashed as it was coming in for a landing at Mariehamn Airport. A defect in the plane's altimeter had led the pilot to believe that he was at a higher altitude as he made an instrument landing.

Hundreds of people were killed in two unrelated disasters in Japan. At 3:20 p. m. local time in the city of Omuta, a powerful explosion (believed to have been caused by a spark igniting a cloud of coal dust) ripped through the large Mitsui Mikawa coal mine, where more than 1,300 people were underground because of the afternoon shift change, twice as many as would have been present most of the time. The final death toll was 458 coal miners. Those who had not died in the blast were poisoned by carbon monoxide, and hundreds of survivors were hospitalized. Even two years after the disaster, the Asahi Evening News would report in late 1965, 286 people were still in the hospital, and 20 of them remained comatose. Under the Japanese workers' compensation law at the time, however, "compensatory aid lessens if the victim is not cured within three years". Less than seven hours later and 600 miles to the east, a triple railroad disaster at Tsurumi began shortly before 10:00 p. m. near Yokohama. The driver of a large dump truck had tried to cross a set of six tracks near the Tsurumi Station, in front of a slow moving freight train, which was derailed in the collision. Three of the freight cars were scattered over the eastbound tracks used by the high speed Yokosuka Line. In the next 30 seconds, a passenger train bound for Tokyo crashed into the freight cars, and was scattered over the Yokosuka Line's westbound tracks, where a third train collided with the first two on its way from the Tokyo suburb of Kawasaki. The final death toll was 161 people.

Ten days before his death, President Kennedy signed off on National Security Memorandum Number 271, a then secret memorandum to NASA Administrator James E. Webb, entitled "Cooperation with the USSR on Outer Space Matters", telling him "to assume personally the initiative and central responsibility" to develop specific technical proposals "for broader cooperation between the United States and the USSR in outer space, including cooperation in lunar landing programs." Following Kennedy's death, the United States continued pursuing its goal of putting a man on the Moon before the end of the decade— and without Soviet assistance. In a major political shakeup in Iraq, Ali Salih al Sa'di, the Vice Premier, was fired from the leadership of Iraq's Ba'athist Party, and he and 18 of his colleagues were seized at gunpoint and flown into exile in Madrid. Replacing the Ba'ath leadership was Prime Minister Ahmed Hassan al Bakr at the head of a 15 member council. The shakeup would lead to repercussions that would change the Iraqi government. Reportedly, 15 members of the Iraqi Army burst into a meeting of the Ba'ath Congress and seized al Sadi and the other advisers at gunpoint before putting them on the airplane to Spain. Salah al Din al Bitar stepped down as Prime Minister of Syria and was replaced by Major General Amin al Hafiz, the commander in chief of Syria's armed forces and chairman of the National Revolutionary Council. Bitar had talked for several months about his wish to resign from the Ba'ath government, and his departure was not related to the shakeup within the Ba'ath Party in neighboring Iraq.

Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) began a drop test program over Galveston Bay using a helicopter towed half scale paraglider. The first test successfully tested the U shaped deployment configuration, but on the November 26 third test, the paraglider was damaged beyond repair on impact. After a fourth test of another wing on December 19, no further paraglider tests would be done.

The eruption of an undersea volcano created the new island of Surtsey off the coast of Iceland. The crew of the Isleifur II, a fishing boat from Iceland, were the first to discover it. By June 5, 1967, upon the halt of the eruption, the island would have an area of 2.8 square kilometers (1.08 square miles). The U. S. Air Force announced that Major Robert W. Smith had set a new record for altitude reached by an airplane from ground takeoff, topping out at 118,860 feet (36229 m), or more than 22.5 mile (36 km) above sea level. Although the feat is commonly described as having happened on this date, Brigadier General Irving L. Branch noted only that it had happened "this week" rather than on that day. Major Smith, a former fighter pilot during the Korean War, was flying an F 104A Starfighter jet that had been outfitted with an additional rocket motor with of thrust. He had taken off from the Lockheed Corporation proving grounds in Palmdale, California, about 2,600 feet (792 m) above sea level, and broken a Soviet record of 113,890 feet (34714 m) set on April 28, 1961. Seven days before President Kennedy's scheduled visit to Dallas, Democratic Party leader Baxton Bryant sent an angry telegram to President Kennedy complaining that Democratic supporters were being shut out of the planned November 22 luncheon by Dallas Republicans who were in control of the Dallas Citizens Council. The plea was for the President to do something or face a boycott by his most loyal supporters. "A motorcade from Dallas Love Field to downtown Dallas was arranged for the Kennedys after another Bryant complaint," a United Press International report would note on the eve of the President's visit. The first Gemini inertial guidance system was delivered to McDonnell for testing.

At a dinner party, August Busch, Jr., Chairman of the Anheuser Busch Brewing Company, made an unfortunate remark that ended plans for Walt Disney to locate his new theme park in St. Louis, Missouri. Mayor Raymond Tucker had suggested that the proposed park should offer beer and liquor to its patrons, but the Disney Company had reiterated its position that alcohol sales would be inconsistent with the company's image. Busch remarked to Disney, "Any man who thinks he can design an attraction that is going to be a success in this city, and not serve beer or liquor, ought to have his head examined." A historian would write later, "[T]he remark had not offended Walt's sense of morality; it was actually worse than that. It had insulted his business acumen." Disney said nothing to Busch, but upon returning to his hotel, he canceled the next day's plans to sign a letter of commitment to building Riverfront Square in St. Louis, and told one of his vice presidents, "It's all finished. We're not coming. Forget about it." Five days later, he would find a site in central Florida for his next theme park. In Mexico City, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional or PRI) nominated Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, who had recently resigned as Interior Minister, as its candidate for the 1964 Mexican presidential election. In that the PRI candidate had won seven consecutive presidential elections since 1929, it was expected that Díaz would be the next President of Mexico; he would receive 89% of the popular vote on July 5. Douglas Aircraft Corporation began tests of the structural integrity of the Gemini target docking adapter (TDA) for the danger of shroud separation during the launch and ascent of the Agena target vehicle. Testing successfully demonstrated the compatibility of the TDA with the shroud system. However, an Atlantic City grand jury did not find probable cause to return an indictment. Iraqi president Abdul Salam Arif, his brother, Brigade General Abdul Rahman Arif and their Iraqi Army supporters suppressed the Ba'ath National Guard Militia, bombed its headquarters, and removed Prime Minister al Bakr from office and deposed him as Ba'ath Party leader. A new Party Council, was created, which did not include al Bakr or former Vice Premier al Sadi. Prince Norodom Sihanouk, the ruling monarch of Cambodia, announced that his Southeast Asian nation would sever all military and economic relations with the United States. Sihanouk told a crowd that Cambodian rebels were using American equipment and making incursions into Cambodia from neighboring South Vietnam. The first electronic push button telephone with touch tone dialing was commercially offered by Bell Telephone to customers in the Pittsburgh area towns of Carnegie and Greensburg, Pennsylvania. In the U. S., NBC's evening TV news program The Huntley–Brinkley Report featured a four minute news feature on The Beatles, marking the group's first appearance on American TV. The Dartford Tunnel under the River Thames opened in the United Kingdom, 164 years after the idea had first been proposed in 1799.

The deathbed wish of Aldous Huxley, author of Brave New World, was honored by his wife Laura, who injected him with 200 micrograms of the hallucinogen LSD. The drug was delivered to her by recently fired Harvard University Professor Timothy Leary. Huxley would die two days later. The Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination was adopted by voice vote, without any dissent, by the United Nations General Assembly.

A fire killed 63 elderly people at the Golden Age Nursing Home, located at Fitchville, Ohio, Investigators concluded that the fire was caused by the overloading of electrical circuits, and that the lack of plans for an evacuation procedure, the lack of a fire hydrant within five miles of the facility, and the lack of knowledge of the correct fire department to call added to the death toll. Tragically, the first call to a phone operator for help went to the fire department of Norwalk, Ohio, but the dispatcher declined to respond because Fitchville was outside of the Norwalk jurisdiction. The New London, Ohio department did not reach the scene until half an hour after the electrical fire, traced to the plugging in of a steam table, had started. At 5:15 p. m. on the BBC television network, the very first episode of the series Doctor Who was broadcast. William Hartnell was the first actor to portray the title character, in a story entitled An Unearthly Child. During the 60 years of the show's run, 15 actors would portray the Doctor, and the change of appearance would be explained as the ability of Time Lords to accomplish "regeneration".

Despite being surrounded by a crowd of officers in the Dallas Police Department headquarters, Lee Harvey Oswald, the accused assassin of John F. Kennedy, was shot and mortally wounded by nightclub owner Jack Ruby. Because his imminent transfer from the police department to the Dallas County jail was being covered on live television by all of the U. S. broadcast networks, millions of viewers were watching as Ruby shot Oswald in the abdomen, at point blank range, with a .38 caliber revolver. The shooting took place at 11:21 a. m. local time; Oswald was taken into surgery at Parkland Memorial Hospital, and died at 1:07 p. m., never to face trial. North American Aviation issued its final report of a study for MSC of extended missions for the Apollo program, especially the effects of prolonged weightlessness, and suggested missions of up to one year in an Earth orbiting laboratory. For shorter missions, modification of existing Mercury and Gemini systems was suggested rather than developing new space hardware. North American gave detailed descriptions of how existing systems could be modified for the Apollo command and service module to a separate laboratory and habitable module with self contained systems and life support equipment, and said that the basic concepts were technically sound and could meet objectives for both development time and cost. At one of his first meetings with foreign policy advisors since becoming president, Lyndon Johnson rescinded President Kennedy's plans to withdraw soldiers from South Vietnam. According to McGeorge Bundy, the National Security Advisor, Johnson told the group, "I am not going to lose Vietnam. I am not going to be the President who saw Southeast Asia go the way China went." Johnson then issued a statement reaffirming the nation's commitment to support South Vietnam militarily and economically. The National Football League played all seven of its Week 11 games as scheduled, at Cleveland, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, while the American Football League postponed all three of its games.

The state funeral of John F. Kennedy took place in Washington, D. C., as the late President's casket was transported in the funeral procession to the Arlington National Cemetery. Millions of viewers watched the funeral on live television worldwide. Present at the occasion were 220 foreign dignitaries from 92 countries, including eight heads of state and ten prime ministers. In addition to U. S. President Lyndon Johnson were the presidents of France (Charles de Gaulle); West Germany (Heinrich Lübke); Ireland (Éamon de Valera); South Korea (Park Chung Hee); the Philippines (Diosdado Macapagal) and Israel (Zalman Shazar), and former U. S. Presidents Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower. Prime Ministers arrived from the United Kingdom (Alec Douglas Home); Canada (Lester B. Pearson); West Germany (Chancellor Ludwig Erhard); Japan (Hayato Ikeda); Sweden (Tage Erlander); Norway (Einar Gerhardsen); Denmark (Jens Otto Krag); Austria (Chancellor Alfons Gorbach; Turkey (İsmet İnönü); Tunisia (Bahi Ladgham); Yugoslavia (Petar Stambolić); and Jamaica (Alexander Bustamante). Royal personages were Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia and King Baudouin I of Belgium, as well as Prince Philip, the husband of Queen Elizabeth II; Queen Frederica, wife of the King of Greece; and Jean, the heir apparent to the duchy of Luxembourg. The Soviet Union was represented by its First Deputy Prime Minister, Anastas Mikoyan. The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Boston, Richard Cardinal Cushing, delivered the funeral mass at the St. Matthew's Cathedral, in the presence of the late President's widow, daughter and son. Three hours after the funeral of President Kennedy was completed, graveside services were held for Lee Harvey Oswald at the Rose Hill Cemetery near Fort Worth, Texas. Local police and the U. S. Secret Service did not allow the general public to be present, and the only other persons present were Oswald's wife, mother, brother, and two daughters. After a Lutheran minister from Dallas reconsidered appearing for the service, the Reverend Louis Saunders appeared on behalf of the Fort Worth Council of Churches, telling newsmen, "We do not want it said a man can be buried in Fort Worth without a minister." Oswald was buried in a family plot that had been owned for several years by his mother, and six of the reporters present served as pallbearers. The Miller Funeral Home of Fort Worth was hired for the arrangements, and police with guard dogs were stationed at the cemetery indefinitely in order to protect against vandalism. The first renaming of places for the late President Kennedy took place in two cities outside the United States. At El Biar, a suburb of Algiers, President of Algeria Ahmed Ben Bella and U. S. Ambassador William J. Porter attended a ceremony where the Place de la Republique was designated as the Place John Kennedy. That evening in West Berlin, the Rudolf Wilde Platz in front of the City Hall, where Kennedy had delivered his "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech, was renamed the John F. Kennedy Platz in a memorial ceremony. A few months later, the Algerian sign with Kennedy's name would be removed and not be replaced; a report a year after Kennedy's death said that the square at El Biar was dominated by "a huge billboard with the words 'Self management is the sure way of socialism!" For only the third time in history, telephone service in the United States was halted for one minute. At noon, Eastern time, AT&T operators bowed their heads in mourning for President Kennedy. The only other occasions were on April 18, 1920, after the death of AT&T President Theodore N. Vail, and on August 4, 1922, following the death of telephone inventor Alexander Graham Bell. Funeral services were held for fallen Dallas policeman J. D. Tippit at the Beckley Hills Baptist Church in Dallas, in a service attended by 1,000 of his fellow officers and mourners from the community. Burial followed at the Laureland Cemetery, in a memorial presided over by Pastor C. D. Tipps, in the presence of Tippit's widow, daughter and two sons. MSC received proposals for the Gemini extravehicular life support system package during "spacewalks" of up to 15 minutes. The package would include a high pressure gaseous oxygen supply bottle and regulators and valves for control of oxygen flow in an open loop. The contract was awarded to the Garrett Corporation in January. Las Vegas closed all of its casinos for only the third time in its history. The first two times had been on Good Friday (March 22) in 1940, and on April 12, 1945, after President Franklin D. Roosevelt died.

President Johnson issued National Security Action Memorandum 273 (NSAM 273), a modification of American policy in Vietnam. Although the memorandum had already been drafted by adviser McGeorge Bundy at the request of President Kennedy, Johnson added some modifications. Most notably, the memo "for the first time introduced the word 'win' into the U. S. objective". The declaration read that "It remains the central object of the United States in South Vietnam to assist the people and Government of that country to win their contest against the externally directed and supported Communist conspiracy," which, one historian observes, "unmistakably obliged the United States to deeper responsibilities that would lead to war." During a meeting between U. S. President Johnson and Soviet Vice Premier Anastas Mikoyan at the White House, made while Mikoyan was in town for John F. Kennedy's funeral, the President assured the Soviet envoy that the United States would not invade Cuba during his presidency. Two days later, however, Johnson instructed CIA Director John A. McCone to develop policies that were "more aggressive", including a possible May 30, 1964 invasion. The U. S. Federal Reserve Bank began the removal of silver certificates from circulation, starting with the discontinuation of the one dollar notes. After a dramatic increase in the U. S. Department of the Treasury's supply of silver dollars in one month, Secretary Douglas Dillon would announce on March 25, 1964, that the certificates would no longer be exchangeable for anything other than regular bills of the same denomination. All regularly scheduled television programming resumed in the United States, after having been preempted since Friday afternoon for news coverage of, and tributes to, the late President Kennedy. National network broadcasting of entertainment programs began at 8:00 a. m. Eastern time with Captain Kangaroo on CBS, local programs on ABC at 10:00, and the game show Word for Word on NBC at 10:30. Jack Ruby was formally indicted by the grand jury of Dallas County, Texas, for the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald. He would be found guilty of murder on March 14, 1964, and sentenced to be executed in the electric chair, though an appeals court would reverse the conviction in 1966 and remand the case for a second trial. Before he could be retried, Ruby would die from lung cancer on January 3, 1967. Big Butte School, in Butte, Montana, became the first of almost 1,000 schools to be renamed in honor of the late President. Upon unanimous vote of the board for the school board district at a special meeting, the institution was rechristened as "John F. Kennedy Elementary School". Parliamentary elections were held in South Korea. Despite receiving only one third of the votes overall, the Democratic Republican Party won 110 of the 175 seats in the National Assembly because the opposition for most seats was split among several other political parties. Cuba issued Law 1129, directing all Cuban males between the age of 16 and 44 to register for military service, effective December 1. Teenage boys would enter military schools beginning in April 1964. The American satellite Explorer 18 was launched as a project to study the magnetic field around the Moon, using a package of instruments referred to as the "IMP" (Interplanetary Monitoring Platform). Died: Edwin B. Willis, 70, American set designer for MGM Studios, who won eight Academy Awards during his career

President Lyndon B. Johnson addressed a joint session of Congress in his first major speech since being sworn in as President of the United States, and pledged that he would not depart from the programs that had been started by his predecessor, John F. Kennedy. In what would become known as his "Let Us Continue" speech, he urged Congress to pass legislation for a tax cut and a civil rights bill. "All I have I would have given gladly not to be standing here today," Johnson told Congress, calling Kennedy "the greatest leader of our time struck down by the foulest deed of our time." Reminding his listeners that Kennedy had said "let us begin" in his inaugural address, Johnson added, "Today in this moment of new resolve, I would say to my fellow Americans, let us continue Let us here highly resolve that John Fitzgerald Kennedy did not live— or die— in vain." The day after the launch of the IMP into space, the United States made its first successful test of the Atlas Centaur launch system, as well as a new rocket propellant combining liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. The payload was, in the words of a NASA spokesman, a "relatively worthless satellite, made up mostly of old rocket casing", but large enough to be visible with the naked eye. The spokesman compared its apparent magnitude to "a second or third magnitude star a tumbling action will make it sort of flash in the sky." By comparison, all but one of the stars within the "Big Dipper" in Ursa Major are second magnitude. The Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (FALN), a group of leftist revolutionaries in Venezuela, kidnapped Colonel James K. Chenault, the deputy chief of the U. S. Army mission in Caracas, as the mission chauffeur was picking him up at his home. The FALN gunmen would release Colonel Chenault, unharmed, on December 5. The 17 members of the Council of Europe signed the Strasbourg Patent Convention, providing for a common patent law to apply in Western European countries. It would not be ratified by enough nations to make it effective, however, until August 1, 1980.

All 118 people on board Trans Canada Airlines Flight 831, were killed when the Douglas DC 8, crashed in a field near the village of Sainte Thérèse, Quebec, shortly after taking off from Montreal's Dorval International Airport en route to Toronto as the first stop on a flight to Vancouver. Most of the passengers were on their way to Vancouver to watch the Grey Cup game for the championship of the Canadian Football League; 16 other people had been caught in a traffic jam on the way to the airport and were fortunate enough to have missed their flight. Until December 12, 1985, when all 256 persons on board Arrow Air Flight 1285 would be killed in an accident at Newfoundland, the Trans Canada flight would be the worst air disaster in Canada's history. President Johnson established the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination of John F. Kennedy. It would take until September 24, 1964 for the Warren Commission to deliver its report. The foundation stone for Mirzapur Cadet College was laid in the city of Gorai in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), by President Ayub Khan.

A crisis in the island republic of Cyprus, between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots who lived there, was triggered by a 13 point proposal from the President to reform the dual government that had existed there since the nation had gained independence on August 16, 1960. The President, Archbishop Makarios III, was of Greek descent, while the vice president, Dr. Fazıl Küçük was of Turkish descent, and each had the right to veto the decisions of the other. In addition, enactment of laws had to be done by separate majorities of the Greek Cypriot and the Turkish Cypriot members of the House of Representatives, and each of the five largest cities had separate Greek and Turkish municipalities. With the encouragement of the British High Commissioner, Makarios proposed to amend the nation's constitution to reduce the power of the Turkish minority; the American ambassador to Cyprus had persuaded Makarios to phrase the 13 amendments as suggestions rather than as a declaration. In voting for all 122 seats of the Australian House of Representatives, the coalition of the Liberal Party of Prime Minister Robert Menzies with the Country Party, which had a slim 62–60 majority over the Australian Labor Party, increased its lead to a 72–50 margin as the ALP lost ten seats. The election marked the first time that indigenous Australians (referred to at the time as Aborigines) were allowed to vote in nationwide elections on the same basis as other electors, a franchise that had not been available in the states of Western Australia and Queensland or the Northern Territory. In addition, it was the first election where the results could be tallied simultaneously from all electorates on live, nationwide television. What would be called the "No Change Election" was held for all 80 seats of the New Zealand House of Representatives. Robert Chapman would write the next day, "it is positively uncanny how, yesterday, the voters of New Zealand went out and repeated themselves. They simply conducted the 1960 election over again with the same amount of non voting " Only one of the 80 seats in the Parliament, the Manukau electorate, was filled by a different political party. With results were almost identical to those of three years earlier, the National Party went from having a 46 to 34 majority, to a 45 to 35 majority over the Labour Party. Died: Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall, 77, who had served as the Governor General of New Zealand from 1941 to 1946; in England, on the same day as the nationwide election.