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Software program for geographic data

A GIS software program is a computer program to support the use of a geographic information system, providing the ability to create, store, manage, query, analyze, and visualize geographic data, that is, data representing phenomena for which location is important. The GIS software industry encompasses a broad range of commercial and open source products that provide some or all of these capabilities within various information technology architectures.

The earliest geographic information systems, such as the Canadian Geographic Information System started in 1963, were bespoke programs developed specifically for a single installation (usually a government agency), based on custom designed data models. During the 1950s and 1960s, academic researchers during the quantitative revolution of geography began writing computer programs to perform spatial analysis, especially at the University of Washington and the University of Michigan, but these were also custom programs that were rarely available to other potential users. Perhaps the first general purpose software that provided a range of GIS functionality was the Synagraphic Mapping Package (SYMAP), developed by Howard T. Fisher and others at the nascent Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis starting in 1965. While not a true full range GIS program, it included some basic mapping and analysis functions, and was freely available to other users. Through the 1970s, the Harvard Lab continued to develop and publish other packages focused on automating specific operations, such as SYMVU (3 D surface visualization), CALFORM (choropleth maps), POLYVRT (topological vector data management), WHIRLPOOL (vector overlay), GRID and IMGRID (raster data management), and others. During the late 1970s, several of these modules were brought together into Odyssey, one of the first commercial complete GIS programs, released in 1980. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, GIS was emerging in many large government agencies that were responsible for managing land and facilities. Particularly, federal agencies of the United States government developed software that was by definition in the public domain because of the Freedom of Information Act, and was thus released to the public. Notable examples included the Map Overlay and Statistical System (MOSS) developed by the Fish & Wildlife Service and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) starting in 1976; the PROJ library developed at the United States Geological Survey (USGS), one of the first programming libraries available; and GRASS GIS originally developed by the Army Corps of Engineers starting in 1982. These formed the foundation of the open source GIS software community. The 1980s also saw the beginnings of most commercial GIS software, including Esri ARC/INFO in 1982; Intergraph IGDS in 1985, and the Mapping Display and Analysis System (MIDAS), the first GIS product for MS DOS personal computers, which later became MapInfo. These would proliferate in the 1990s with the advent of more powerful personal computers, Microsoft Windows, and the 1990 U. S. Census, which raised awareness of the usefulness of geographic data to businesses and other new users. Several trends emerged in the late 1990s that have significantly changed the GIS software ecosystem leading to the present, by moving in directions beyond the traditional full featured desktop GIS application. The emergence of object oriented programming languages facilitated the release of component libraries and application programming interfaces, both commercial and open source, which encapsulated specific GIS functions, allowing programmers to build spatial capabilities into their own programs. Second, the development of spatial extensions to object relational database management systems (also both open source and commercial) created new opportunities for data storage for traditional GIS, but also enabled spatial capabilities to be integrated into enterprise information systems, including business processes such as human resources. Third, as the World Wide Web emerged, web mapping quickly became one of its most popular applications; this led to the development of Server based GIS software that could perform the same functions as a traditional GIS, but at a location remote from a client who only needed a web browser installed. All of these have combined to enable emerging trends in GIS software, such as the use of cloud computing, software as a service (SAAS), and smartphones to broaden the availability of spatial data, processing, and visualization.

The development of open source GIS software has—in terms of software history—a long tradition with the appearance of a first system in 1978. Numerous systems are available which cover all sectors of geospatial data handling.

Apart from desktop GIS, many other types of GIS software exist.

GeoServer – Written in Java and relies on GeoTools. Allows users to share and edit geospatial data. MapGuide Open Source – Runs on Linux or Windows, supports Apache and IIS web servers, and has APIs (PHP, NET, Java, and JavaScript) for application development. Mapnik – C++/Python library for rendering used by OpenStreetMap. MapServer – Written in C. Developed by the University of Minnesota. i Boating WMTS Web map tile service for marine charts and lake maps. Runs on Windows & MacOS.

PostGIS – Spatial extensions for the open source PostgreSQL database, allowing geospatial queries. ArangoDB – Builtin features available for Spatial data management, allowing geospatial queries. SpatiaLite – Spatial extensions for the open source SQLite database, allowing geospatial queries. TerraLib – Provides advanced functions for GIS analysis. OrientDB – Builtin features available for Spatial data management, allowing geospatial queries.

package:spmodel – free and open source R package implementing a framework for fitting and applying geostatistics (i. e. mainly kriging models) to geo spatial points, and spatial regressions (i. e. mainly spatial autoregressive models) to geo spatial polygons. package:GWmodel and package:gwverse – free and open source R packages implementing two frameworks for instantiating and applying Geographically Weighted (GW) models, so to analyse any geo spatial data.

Note: Almost all of the companies below offer Desktop GIS and WebMap Server products. Some such as Manifold Systems and Esri offer Spatial DBMS products as well.

Boeing's Spatial Query Server – Spatially enables Sybase ASE. IBM Db2 – Allows spatial querying and storing of most spatial data types. Informix – Allows spatial querying and storing of most spatial data types. MySQL – Allows spatial querying and storing of most spatial data types. Microsoft SQL Server (2008 and later) – GIS products such as MapInfo and Cadcorp SIS can read and edit this data while Esri and others are expected to be able to read and edit this data at some point in the future. Oracle Spatial – Product allows users to perform geographic operations and store spatial data types in an Oracle environment. Most commercial GIS packages can read and edit spatial data stored in this way. SAP HANA – Allows users to store common spatial data types, load spatial data files with well known text (WKT) and well known binary (WKB) formats and perform spatial processing using SQL. Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) certification allows third party GIS software providers to store and process spatial data. GIS products such as ArcGIS from Esri work with HANA. Teradata – Teradata geospatial allows storage and spatial analysis on location based data which is stored using native geospatial data types within the Teradata database. VMDS – Version managed data store from Smallworld. Crunchy Certified PostGIS Open Geospatial Consortium certified open source distribution of PostgreSQL with PostGIS from Crunchy Data.

SensorUp – SensorUp provides the Cloud hosting and SDKs, based on the Open Geospatial Consortium SensorThings API standard.