1963 жылдың маңызды оқиғалары

Month of 1963

The following events occurred in May 1963:

American mountaineer Jim Whittaker and Sherpa guide Nawang Gombu became the fifth and sixth people to successfully reach the top of Mount Everest, following Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay (May 29, 1953), and Ernst Reiss and Fritz Luchsinger (May 18, 1957). Whittaker, a 32 year old resident of Redmond, Washington, became the first American to accomplish the feat. McDonnell Aircraft Corporation began tests to qualify the "attitude control and maneuver electronics" (ACME) system for the Gemini spacecraft, after completing development testing. The subject of the qualification tests was the first production prototype ACME unit received from Minneapolis Honeywell. West New Guinea, the last remaining Netherlands possession in what had been the Dutch East Indies, was formally transferred to Indonesian control by the United Nations in ceremonies at Hollandia. The Indonesians renamed the territory West Irian, and Hollandia was renamed Kotabaru. Former U. S. Vice President (and future President) Richard M. Nixon continued his retirement from politics with the announcement that he would join the New York City law firm of Mudge, Stern, Baldwin & Todd on June 1. Sir Winston Churchill announced his retirement from politics at the age of 88, for reasons of health. He pledged that he would remain an M. P. until Parliament was dissolved but would not stand for re election. Died: Lope K. Santos, 83, Filipino writer and politician

Hundreds of African Americans, including children, were arrested during the Birmingham campaign as they set out from the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, to protest segregation. There were 959 people taken on the first day. Two days later, Public Safety Commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor would order the use of dogs and fire hoses to repel new demonstrators, images of which were picked up by news media around the world. Near Cuxhaven in West Germany, Berthold Seliger launched a three stage rocket with a maximum flight altitude of more than 62 mile (100 km). This was the only sounding rocket developed in Germany. Died: Jack A. Bade, 42, American World War II flying ace and test pilot, was killed in the mid air collision of two F 105 Thunderchiefs over the Catskill Mountains in New York. The other pilot, Don Seaver, was also killed.

In Brazil, 37 of the 50 people on a Cruzeiro do Sul airliner were killed as the Convair CV 340 was attempting to return to São Paulo shortly after its takeoff from the Congonhas Airport. The plane had been bound for Rio de Janeiro but its right engine caught fire. In its final approach to the runway, the aircraft nosed up to a 45 degree angle, stalled and struck a house on the Avenida Piassang. Development testing of the Gemini Agena Model 8247 main engine at Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) began, with an objective of verifying the engine's ability to start at least five times. Two major problems, turbine overspeed and gas generator valve failure in high temperature operations, were found.

All 55 people on an Air Afrique airliner died when the Douglas DC 6 crashed into Mount Cameroon less than half an hour after takeoff from Douala in Cameroon, bound for Lagos in Nigeria. Blame for the accident was placed on the pilot's decision to descend from 16,500 feet (5029 m) to 6,500 feet (1981 m) while flying toward the high mountain. One passenger, a U. S. diplomatic courier, initially survived the crash, but would die of his injuries on May 10. New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller secretly married his girlfriend, Margaretta "Happy" Murphy, despite being advised that his remarriage, after divorcing the year before, would hurt his chances for the Republican Party nomination for the U. S. presidency. Television comedian Carol Burnett, 28, married television producer Joe Hamilton in a ceremony in Juarez, Mexico, on the same day, after Hamilton had obtained "a quickie Mexican divorce". The sinking of a motor launch on the Nile River drowned more than 185 people in Egypt, nearly all of them Muslim pilgrims who were beginning the journey to Mecca from the city of Maghagha. The boat's capacity was only 80 people, but more than 200 people crowded on board to make the trip. Among the 15 people who survived were the boat's captain, its owner and its conductor, who were all jailed while the matter was investigated. Police used high pressure water hoses and police dogs to disperse a crowd of more than 1,000 African American protesters in Birmingham, Alabama. A fire at the Le Monde Theater in Diourbel, Senegal, killed 64 people. Died: Dickey Kerr, 69, American baseball pitcher for the Chicago White Sox, praised later for remaining honest during the corrupt Black Sox Scandal in 1919.

After 18 years of denial, the Soviet Union confirmed that it had recovered and identified the burned remains of Adolf Hitler on April 30, 1945. Marshal Vasily Sokolovsky, the Chief of Operations during the Battle of Berlin, publicly disclosed the details to American researcher Cornelius Ryan and allowed him unprecedented access to classified documents, and allowed him and English historian John Erickson to interview fifty top ranking officials. Sokolovsky told Ryan, "You should be informed that the Soviet Union officially regards Hitler as dead." Previously, the official Soviet position had been that of the Soviet commander, Georgy Zhukov, who had said, "We have found no body definitely identified as Hitler's. For all we know, he may be in Spain or Argentina." Celebrations were held in the city of Huế in South Vietnam, to honor the ordination of Ngo Dinh Thuc, elder brother of President Ngo Dinh Diem, as the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Huế. In advance of the event, the President decreed that religious banners could not be displayed above the national flag, a rule that would lead to tragedy at a Buddhist celebration three days later. NASA awarded a $6,700,000 contract to North American Aviation for the Paraglider Landing System Program, intended to allow NASA spacecraft to come down on land rather than splashing down at sea. The final contract would be completed on September 25. Her body would be discovered three days later. Notable civil rights activist and comedian Dick Gregory was beaten and jailed by police while participating in the Birmingham campaign. The Gemini Program Planning Board approved the Air Force Systems Command development plan for the Gemini/Titan II improvement program. Aerojet General delivered the first flight engines for the Gemini 1 rocket to Martin Baltimore. Tests were completed May 27.

Testing of the Gemini parachute recovery system began at El Centro, California, as a welded steel mock up of the Gemini reentry section was dropped from a C 130 aircraft at 20,000 feet (6096 m) to duplicate dynamic pressure and altitude at which actual spacecraft recovery would be initiated. The main problem, parachute tucking (which had appeared to be resolved earlier) recurred in two drops and the Gemini Project Office would suspend testing until the condition could be corrected. Qualification testing resumed August 8. The 1963 Cannes Film Festival opened.

Dr. Charles A. Berry, chief medical officer of the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), cleared Gordon Cooper as being in excellent mental and physical condition for the upcoming Mercury 9 mission. The first of 1,020 members of the news media from the U. S. and other nations began arriving at Cape Canaveral the same day to cover Cooper's mission. Kenji Kimihara of Japan won the Lake Biwa Marathon, Japan's oldest annual marathon race.

The U. S. Supreme Court decided the case of Brady v. Maryland, setting the principle that in before trial in a criminal case, the prosecution disclose any exculpatory evidence (which might exonerate the defendant) to the defense team. Named for accused killer John Leo Brady, the "Brady disclosure" is now a requirement for prosecutors. Brady, who had been sentenced to death in the original 1958 case, would be afforded a new trial, resulting in a sentence of life imprisonment, from which he would eventually be paroled. A smallpox outbreak was first detected in Stockholm in Sweden and would not be under control until July. The comic strip Modesty Blaise made its debut in England as part of the Evening Standard of London.

At 8:04 a. m. at (1304 UTC), NASA launched Mercury 9 from Cape Canaveral, with astronaut L. Gordon Cooper in the capsule designated Faith 7. Cooper's 22 orbit mission was the last for the Mercury program. Cooper entered the spacecraft at 5:33 a. m. (1033 UTC) for an 8:00 launch, and took a brief nap while awaiting liftoff. At T minus 11 minutes and 30 seconds the countdown was halted for a problem in the guidance equipment, and another hold was called at T 0:19 to determine whether automatic sequencing was working. Liftoff happened four minutes after the original time, and visual tracking was possible for two minutes. Five minutes after liftoff at 8:09 a. m., Faith 7 was inserted into an orbit that ranged from 100.2 mile (161 km) to 165.9 mile (267 km) above the Earth and reached a maximum orbital speed of Temperatures inside the capsule ranged from to , uncomfortable but tolerable, before cooling down. During his third orbit, Cooper became the first human to launch an object (the beacon) from an orbiting spacecraft. Cooper was able to see the flashing beacon on the night side of the fourth orbit.

Astronaut Gordon Cooper returned to Earth safely after making 22 orbits and traveling in the Faith 7 capsule. During reentry operation, Cooper fired the retrorockets manually and attained the proper re entry attitude by using his observation window scribe marks to give proper reference with the horizon and to determine if he were rolling. From the command ship in the Pacific Ocean off the Japanese coast, John Glenn advised Cooper when to jettison the retropack. The main chute deployed at 11,000 feet (3353 m). Faith 7 splashed down from the prime recovery ship, Kearsarge, at 2323 UTC after 34 hours, 19 minutes, and 49 seconds in space flight. Died: Oleg Penkovsky, 44, formerly a Soviet Army colonel and spy, was executed five days after being sentenced to death by a military tribunal for passing secrets to the United States and the United Kingdom.

A U. S. Army OH 23 helicopter with two men on board, Captains Ben W. Stutts and Charleton W. Voltz, was shot down by North Korean ground forces after straying north of the Demilitarized Zone. The two men would be freed, after 365 days of imprisonment, on May 16, 1964, following the United Nations Command agreeing to sign a statement that Stutts and Voltz had committed espionage. North Korea declined to return the helicopter. Challenger Bruno Sammartino faced champion Buddy Rogers of the World Wide Wrestling Federation (now WWE) in a professional wrestling match at New York's Madison Square Garden. Sammartino, using his signature move, "the Italian backbreaker", defeated Rogers in only 48 seconds, and would reign as the WWWF champion for the next eight years.

An accident killed 27 people, 12 of them children, who all drowned when their bus they were on was sideswiped by a passing pickup truck, and plunged into the deep Hillsboro Canal near Belle Glade, Florida. Only the driver and 14 people survived. The victims were African American farm laborers and their families, on their way home from a day of work of harvesting beans at the Kirchman Brothers Farm. Rocketdyne successfully tested a thrust chamber assembly (TCA) for the Gemini reentry control system. The development of a suitable ablative thrust chamber, however, remained a major problem, and testing was incomplete. Rocketdyne was already three months late in delivering TCA hardware to McDonnell, and completion of testing took three months longer than predicted. Died: Ernie Davis, 23, African American football star who won the 1961 Heisman Trophy at Syracuse University; of leukemia. He had been diagnosed after signing with the NFL's Cleveland Browns.

Zalman Shazar was elected by the Knesset as the third President of Israel, winning 67–33 over Peretz Bernstein. As with the first two Presidents of Israel (Chaim Weizmann and Yitzhak Ben Zvi), Shazar was a native of Russia. He had been born as Shneur Zalman Rubashov in Mir, now part of Belarus. Representatives of NASA, the U. S. Air Force Space Systems Division, and Lockheed established new rules for revising Agena development and delivery schedules, moving the Agena target vehicle rendezvous to April 1965, more than seven months after the original date. The first Atlas target launch vehicle was to be delivered in December 1964, and the Agena was to be delivered in January 1965.

Greek anti Fascist politician Grigoris Lambrakis was assassinated shortly after delivering the keynote speech at an anti war meeting in Thessaloniki. Lambrakis was run down by a trikyklo (a three wheeled delivery truck) and then clubbed to death by hired killers. He suffered brain injuries and died in the hospital five days later. The assassination would become the basis for a novel by Vassilis Vassilikos, which later was adapted to the 1969 film Z.
Lamar Hunt, owner of the American Football League's champion, the Dallas Texans, moved the team to Kansas City, Missouri, where they would be renamed the Kansas City Chiefs. The AFL trustees approved the move a week later. Born: David Bloom, American television journalist for NBC News, who died of a pulmonary embolism while covering the Iraq War (d. 2003); in Edina, Minnesota

More than 500 monks demonstrated in front of South Vietnam's National Assembly building in Saigon, evading a ban on public assembly by hiring four buses and pulling the blinds down. It was the first open protest against President Ngô Đình Diệm's regime since he came into power eight years earlier. The Coca Cola Company publicly announced its first diet drink, "TaB cola", with "one calorie per six ounce serving" made with saccharin instead of sugar. Parnelli Jones of the United States won the 1963 Indianapolis 500, finishing 34 seconds ahead of Jim Clark of Scotland.