1965 жылғы қаңтардағы оқиғалар

Month of 1965

The following events occurred in January 1965:

Fatah, the "Palestinian National Liberation Movement" led by Yasser Arafat, issued its Military Communique No. 1, announcing the formation of a military wing, Al 'Asifah and declaring that it was going to launch a guerrilla action against Israel. Its declared purpose was to show that "the armed revolution is the way to Return and to Liberty" and that the cause of Palestinian reoccupation of the Israeli lands "has not died and will not die." Fatah's first attempt at an attack would come on January 13, when four men rigged an explosive device to water pumps at Beit Netofa Valley water plant and then exchanged gunfire with the Israeli Defense Forces. The #1 ranked team in college football, the Alabama Crimson Tide, was beaten by the #3 Texas Longhorns, 21–17, in the Orange Bowl. Meanwhile, the #2 Arkansas Razorbacks rallied to beat the #6 Nebraska Cornhuskers, 10–7, in the Cotton Bowl and remained the only unbeaten major team from 1964. However, since the final Associated Press and United Press International polls had been made at the end of the regular season, Alabama's loss did not affect its #1 standing. An hour before he was scheduled to broadcast a nationwide address, Nigeria's President Nnamdi Azikiwe canceled the speech. National elections had been held on December 29, but had been widely boycotted by people who felt they were fraudulent. The text of his address showed that Azkiwe planned to say that he would resign rather than to ask anyone to form a government based on the election results. Don Drummond, who was one of the most famous ska musicians in Jamaica, but who also was known to be mentally ill, stabbed and killed his girlfriend, Anita Mahfood, after she returned to their home in Kingston from a nightclub performance. Found to be insane, Drummond was committed to a mental hospital, where he would die four years later. Indonesia announced its intention to leave the United Nations, as Indonesian ambassador Lambertus Palar told the news verbally to Secretary General U Thant and UN General Assembly President Alex Quaison Sackey. No member of the United Nations had quit the organization since its creation in 1945. Twenty two people were killed, and 22 others injured, when their bus overturned near Jalapa in the Veracruz state of Mexico. More might have survived the wreck, but the bus burst into flames after one of the passengers struck a match in order to find his way out of the darkness. The Battle of Bình Gia concluded, as the Viet Cong (VC) withdrew while in a superior position. The South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) lost 201 killed, while the U. S. had its biggest losses in the Vietnam War up to that time, with five killed. Luis Muñoz Marín, Governor of Puerto Rico since 1949, was succeeded in the post after twenty years by Roberto Sánchez Vilella.

Surgeons at the Oswestry Orthopaedic Hospital in Britain performed the last of several operations on Ann Rowston, a 19 year old woman who had grown to 6 feet (2 m) tall because of a pituitary gland disorder. With the removal of four inches from her left femur, preceded by operations to take two inches from her shin bones and four from her right femur, it was hoped that her height could be reduced to slightly over 6 feet (2 m) tall. On June 2, eight months after the first surgery had started, Rowston would be recovered sufficiently to leave the hospital on crutches and to begin therapy to resume walking. Joe Namath, quarterback for the University of Alabama, signed a three year contract with the New York Jets of the American Football League (AFL) for an unprecedented $400,000 – the highest amount ever paid to a professional football player. Namath signed at a hotel in Miami, the day after completing his college football career in the Orange Bowl. The deal would prove to be a breakthrough for the AFL in its attempt to compete with the established NFL, and would be a major reason for a major contract offer by the NBC television network for the rights to broadcast the newer league's games. In Czechoslovakia, the children's television program Večerníček (featuring a boy of the same name who provides a bedtime story for young children) aired its first episode. The show would celebrate its 50th anniversary in 2015. Radio Peking said that the Panchen Lama, who had been removed from office in late 1964 as China's puppet ruler for Tibet, had confessed to conspiring with Tibetan "serf owners" to foment unrest in the former kingdom. Denis Healey, the United Kingdom Secretary of Defence, canceled the nation's fighter and military transport programmes and ordered the purchase of the U. S. built F 4 Phantom and C 130 Hercules in their place. The United Kingdom airlifted 1,200 British paratroopers, infantrymen and sailors to Singapore in order to help guard Malaysia from a threatened attack by Indonesia. Mohammed Ayub Khan was re elected as President of Pakistan, defeating challenger Fatima Jinnah, the 76 year old sister of Pakistan's founder Mohammed Ali Jinnah. Martin Meyerson replaced Edward Strong as acting chancellor of U. C. Berkeley, betokening a shift of policy towards the campus Free Speech Movement. The long running British TV sports series World of Sport was launched.

The General Dynamics F 111 Aardvark, the first aircraft that could fold and unfold its wings while in flight, made its first successful flight. Richard L. Johnson and Val E. Pruhl, test pilots for General Dynamics, were the flight crew on the expensive fighter bomber. Johnson commented later, "For the first time, with wing sweep, we can have an airplane with supersonic performance that, at the same time, does not need a concrete lake to land upon." During the flight, "the wings were swept from the 16 degree full forward position to the 72.5 degree full aft position". U. S. Senator Karl Mundt of South Dakota introduced a proposed amendment to the U. S. Constitution that would reform the electoral college system that had been in place since 1789. Under the Mundt proposal, which would fail in the Senate, the presidential candidate with the plurality of popular votes in a particular state would not necessarily win all of the state's electoral votes. Mundt's idea was to award one electoral vote for each congressional district where a candidate finished first, with two additional electoral votes to the overall winner of a particular state. Construction of Milan Cathedral was completed after 567 years, with the installation of the last of its massive bronze doors. Giovanni Colombo, the Archbishop of Milan, blessed the event with the words, "May this door be one to hope and salvation." Hassan al Amri, "the General of Yemen", became Prime Minister of the Yemen Arab Republic for the second time, in a military government.

The town of Simacota, located in the Santander Department in northeastern Colombia, was seized by more than 100 members of the new Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN), the "National Liberation Army"). The invaders murdered three of Simacota's four policemen, robbed the local bank, harassed the townspeople and looted the local pharmacy of its medicines, before being driven out by the Colombian Army. Only three of the 100 ELN men were captured. The Bank of France demanded that the United States Treasury convert French holdings of $150,000,000 worth of United States dollars into gold. The U. S. had honored two previous requests for smaller amounts in 1962 and 1963. France's move came in light of the Finance Ministry's report that France had only 70% of its optimal gold reserve to back up its own currency. Identical twin brothers Ronnie Kray and Reggie Kray, 31, were arrested on suspicion of running a protection racket in London.

The Star of India, missing since a robbery that occurred on October 29, 1964, of the American Museum of Natural History in New York, was found along with eight other priceless jewels after suspect Allen Kuhn led detectives to a bus station in Miami. Kuhn and his partners in crime had placed the gems in "a damp and moldy bag" and hidden them in one of the station's lockers. The 1965 PGA Tour began with the Los Angeles Open golf tournament at Rancho Park Golf Course.

A telephone conversation between future U. S. National Security Adviser and Secretary of Defense Frank Carlucci and another American diplomat, Robert Gordon, was recorded by intelligence officers in Tanzania, and Zanzibari and Tanzanian analysts concluded that the two had been discussing a military intervention in Zanzibar, codenamed "Second Twelfth". Gordon and Carlucci would maintain that "second twelfth" meant only their plans to recommend U. S. President Johnson to send congratulations to Zanzibar's President Abeid Karume in time for a celebration of the Zanzibar Revolution on February 12, and that Gordon's statement that he was going to "need more ammunition" had only been a misunderstood American colloquialism. The Tanzanians doubted the explanation, and Carlucci and Gordon would be expelled. A California teenager, 16 year old Tom Tawzer, became only the second person known to survive a drop from San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge. Up until then, there had been 278 fatal plunges from the bridge. Tawzer, from Livermore, leaped or fell 236 feet (72 m) and landed in the path of an ocean freighter, and a patrolman used flares to wave the ship off in time. Despite some internal injuries and a broken clavicle, Tawzer was able to swim to a Coast Guard crew that was coming to his rescue. The serial killer who had been dubbed "Jack the Stripper" killed his final known victim. During a 14 month period, the corpses of at least six young prostitutes in London, partially or fully undressed, were found in the area. All had been strangled or drowned. Bridget O'Hara was last seen alive on January 11, and her body would not be located until February 16. Two men who committed suicide during the spring of 1965 would be considered suspects, but the crime was never solved. Commander Henry T. Stanley, a U. S. Navy pilot, died after staying with a falling jet trainer so that he could steer it away from residences in Fremont, California. The jet, co piloted by Lt. Commander Harford Field, had taken off from the aircraft carrier Midway and narrowly missed colliding with Mission San Jose High School and area homes, before impacting on a large vacant lot. Field ejected to safety on orders from Stanley. Sixty thousand members of the International Longshoremen's Association walked out on strike on American ports on the East Coast and the Gulf Coast, from Maine to Texas. During the strike, estimated to cost shipping and receiving companies $20,000,000 per day, ships in port could not be unloaded or loaded. The experimental XC 142, a four engine tiltwing aircraft, made its first successful test of an inflight transition from horizontal to vertical wing position and back again. However, the project would be canceled after only five prototypes were built, and the XC 142 would never be put into regular operation. At a hangar in Santa Monica, California, the Douglas Aircraft Company unveiled its new commercial jet airplane, the Douglas DC 9, billed as the "first American lightweight twin jet commercial transport". , an aircraft carrier described as the British Royal Navy's most formidable warship, arrived at Singapore to become part of a 70 ship defence for Malaysia in the event of an attack from Indonesia. West Germany's Bundestag lifted all restrictions against the televising of parliamentary sessions. Died: A. V. Alexander, 79, British official who served as First Lord of the Admiralty during World War II, and later as the British Minister of Defence

Japan's Prime Minister Eisaku Satō met with U. S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara in Washington to discuss the ramifications of China's first successful test of an atomic bomb. Almost forty four years later, in 2008, the Japanese Foreign Ministry would declassify its documents from the talk, and reveal that Sato said that Japan had no plans to develop its own nuclear weapons, but that it would "of course be a different matter in the event of a war" with China. In the event of a Chinese attack, Sato said, he expected the United States "to retaliate immediately using nuclear weapons" and that Japan would allow the U. S. to place submarines near Japan in order for missiles to be launched. Wilt Chamberlain, the highest paid player in the National Basketball Association, was traded from the San Francisco Warriors to the Philadelphia 76ers shortly after he had scored 20 points for the West in the 1965 NBA All Star Game in St Louis, a 124–123 loss to the Eastern Conference stars. Reluctantly, Chamberlain returned to Philadelphia (where he had starred for the Philadelphia Warriors before their move) and on January 21, played his first game for the 76ers, and led them to a 111–102 win over his former teammates. With Chamberlain, the 76ers, who would finish 40–40 in 1965, were 55–25 in 1966 and would win the NBA championship in 1967. President Johnson announced plans for a reform on U. S. immigration law, denouncing the quotas for different nationalities as "incompatible with our basic American tradition" and proposed what would become the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. "We have no right to disparage the ancestors of millions of our fellow Americans this way", Johnson told Congress. The legislation would pass 326–69 in the House and 76–18 in the Senate, and would be signed into law on October 3, 1965, in a ceremony staged at the Statue of Liberty. The Outlaws Is Coming!, the last motion picture made by the comedy trio The Three Stooges, premiered at the Texas Theater in San Antonio, Texas, a day before being released nationwide. By then, Moe Howard and Larry Fine were over 60 years old, and "Curly Joe" DeRita (who had become the third stooge after the death of Curly Howard) was in his late 50s. The film was moderately successful.

At 9:31 in the morning, 22 residents of a neighborhood in Wichita, Kansas, were killed when a U. S. Air Force KC 135 jet tanker crashed on North Piatt Street near 20th Street, and enveloped 11 houses in flame. All seven of the crew died in the accident. Loaded with almost of jet fuel, the KC 135 had taken off from McConnell Air Force Base on a training exercise to refuel a B 52 in flight. The site where the homes once stood is now Piatt Park. Canadian Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson and U. S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Canada United States Automotive Agreement, eliminating tariffs for auto industry manufacturers, at the LBJ Ranch in Texas. The agreement would be approved by Canada two days later by an order in council, and by the United States Senate in October (and made retroactive to January). Nine people were killed and 50 injured at a train station at Bonassola, Italy, near Genoa, when a freight car with of dynamite exploded. Five of the dead and most of the injured had been passengers on a train that had stopped at the station shortly before the blast. British part time soldier Brian Spillett entered a neighbour's house to try to save him from a fire. He failed, and both men died. Spillett would be posthumously awarded the George Cross for his bravery. U. S. Marshals arrested 18 men in Philadelphia, Mississippi, including the sheriff and deputy sheriff of Neshoba County, in the case surrounding the 1964 murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner.

The Kawnpui Convention concluded after three days of meetings between over 100 leaders of the Sino Tibetan Kukir minority in northeast India, from the Paite National Council, the Vaiphei National Organisation, the Simte National Organisation, the Chin National Union, the Mizo National Union, the Hmar National Union, the Kuki National Assembly, the Gangte Tribal Union, the Kom National Union and the Biete Convention Council. Meeting under the leadership of General Secretary Holkhomang Haokip, and Chairman K. T. Lalla, at Kawnpui in Churachandpur district of the Manipur state, the diverse group agreed on a common cause of petitioning for a separate state within India. Seven years later, Mizoram would be separated from the state of Assam. On February 20, 1987, Mizoram would become the 23rd State of India. Eli Cohen, a spy for Israel's Mossad intelligence agency, was arrested in Damascus after more than two years of transmitting Syria's military secrets to his Israeli handlers. Posing as Kamal Amin Ta'abat, he had successfully posed as a wealthy Syrian Muslim who returned home after making his fortune in Argentina, where he had established friendships with Syrian government officials. Ta'abat/Cohen's downfall came when Colonel Ahmed Su'edani became chief of Syrian intelligence, and traced the origin of daily Morse code transmissions to the Mossad agent's apartment. Even under torture, Cohen would betray no relevant information about Israeli intelligence, and he would be hanged on May 18, 1965, in a televised ceremony. The Soviet Union claimed that the United States and West Germany were planning to build "an 800 mile curtain belt of atomic land mines" across the border between West Germany and the nations of East Germany and Czechoslovakia. The United States responded that there had never been any plans for "atomic land mines". At Kooyong Stadium, the Australian women's tennis team won their second straight Federation Cup. Although the U. S. team had beaten the Australians in the doubles event, it had already been mathematically eliminated after Billie Jean King lost to Margaret Smith Court in two sets.

Gemini 2, an uncrewed suborbital flight, was successfully launched from complex 19 at Cape Kennedy at 9:04 a. m. EST. Major objectives of this mission were to demonstrate the adequacy of the spacecraft reentry module's heat shields to protect the capsule's occupants during a maximum heating rate reentry, the structural integrity of the spacecraft from liftoff through reentry, and the satisfactory performance of spacecraft systems, in preparation for the first American mission to send two astronauts into space. Gemini 2 was a suborbital ballistic flight which reached a maximum altitude of Retrorockets fired 6 minutes 54 seconds after launch, and the spacecraft landed in the Atlantic Ocean 11 minutes 22 seconds later southeast of the launch site. Full duration of the mission was 18 minutes 16 seconds. The primary recovery ship, the aircraft carrier Lake Champlain, picked up the spacecraft at 10:52 a. m. EST. The U. S. Air Force Academy announced that it was investigating whether some of its cadets had cheated on recent examinations, or failed to report (pursuant to the Academy's Cadet Honor Code) their awareness that other cadets had cheated. Ultimately, 109 cadets would resign.

In the by election in the London suburb of Leyton, Ronald Buxton of the Conservative Party narrowly defeated the Labour Party's Patrick Gordon Walker, Prime Minister Harold Wilson's choice for Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. It was the second failure for Walker, who had also been beaten in an October by election in the Birmingham suburb of Smethwick. Buxton won by only 205 votes (16,544 to 16,339), but the victory reduced the Labour Party's majority in the House of Commons to only three seats, with only 318 of the 630 member body. Hassan Ali Mansur, the 41 year old Prime Minister of Iran, was shot and fatally wounded as he stepped out of his limousine and prepared to walk into the parliament building in Tehran. Mohammed Bokhara'i, a 19 year old student, fired five shots and struck Mansur twice, wounding him in the abdomen and in the neck. Bokhara'i was a member of the Islamic radical group Fada'iyan e Islam, a group affiliated with Muslim clerics close to the exiled Ayatollah Khomeini. Born: Jam Master Jay (stage name for Jason Mizell), American rap DJ with Run D. M. C.; in New York City (murdered, 2002)
Died: Dixie Bibb Graves, 82, American politician who served as United States Senator for Alabama from August 1937 to January 1938 at the same time that she was the First Lady of Alabama for her husband, incumbent Governor Bibb Graves.

At a meeting of the Chinese Communist Party's Politburo, Party Chairman Mao Zedong and Chinese President Liu Shaoqi had what proved to be a fateful confrontation over Mao's proposals for an overthrow of the party's bureaucracy. It was then, Mao would tell interviewer Edgar Snow years later, that he decided that Liu "had to go". The death of former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was mourned worldwide. In the United States, President Johnson ordered that all U. S. flags be flown at half staff on federal buildings, naval vessels, and American embassies, bases and government installations worldwide. The British liner RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 ran aground off Cherbourg, France, but was refloated undamaged shortly afterwards. Joseph Bamina became the new Prime Minister of Burundi, ten days after the assassination of Pierre Ngendandumwe. Malta became the 18th nation to join the Council of Europe. Pope Paul VI appointed 27 new cardinals.

The state funeral of Sir Winston Churchill took place with the largest assembly of statesmen in the world until the 2005 funeral of Pope John Paul II. Guests from 110 of the world's nations included "five presidents, plus one former president; four kings, two queens, [and] 11 prime ministers". The ceremony was televised worldwide, with an estimated audience of 350,000,000 people watching (including 45,000,000 in the United States, where NBC, CBS and ABC televised it), and one million gathered on the streets of London to watch the funeral procession, which included 7,000 marching soldiers and nine military bands. Churchill's casket was then transported from St. Paul's Cathedral in London to his birthplace, the village of Bladon, where he was buried at the St. Martin's Church graveyard. Israel permitted American inspectors to make a ten hour tour of its Negev nuclear research facility near Dimona. Though the Americans were "not given as comprehensive and intensive a tour as they wanted, they came to the conclusion that it was sufficient to allow them to determine the nature of the Dimona reactor", and that Israel had no intention of developing nuclear capability, although its production capacity was at a high enough level to make it possible in the future. The New York Times would reveal the details two months later, on March 14. In one of the most famous high school basketball games in history, the 71 game winning streak of the Power Memorial Academy Panthers (from New York City) was brought to an end in a 46–43 upset by the DeMatha Catholic High School Stags (from Hyattsville, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, D. C.) at a game played in College Park, Maryland. The Panthers' Lew Alcindor (who would change his name to Kareem Abdul Jabbar) was held to only 16 points, less than half of his average. The Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China and its Language Reform Committee issued The Table of the Typeface of the Currently Used Chinese Characters, setting the 6,196 Chinese characters that would be used in printed documents. Two days earlier, the Department of State Affairs had issued The Plan for Chinese Character Simplification to outline the 569 simplified Chinese characters. Died: Frol Kozlov, 56, former deputy prime minister of the Soviet Union who had once been viewed as a likely successor to Communist Party First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev.

In Guadalajara in Mexico, 25 people, many of them children, were killed when members of a crowd panicked at an entrance to a stage show. There were 50,000 available seats at the El Progresso stadium, and the people who were trampled had been caught when the crowd leaving the first show encountered another crowd trying to get into the second one.