1980 жылғы оқиғалар: Үкіметтік тоқтау, «юппи» сөзінің пайда болуы және басқа да жаңалықтар

Month of 1980

The first U. S. government shutdown for lack of funding took place as the U. S. Federal Trade Commission ceased operations. A total of 1,600 workers were furloughed, and meetings and court dates were canceled. The shutdown ended that evening, with the House approving a $7.6 million extension of funding 284–96, and the Senate 71–10. The shutdown was estimated to cost $700,000, of which $600,000 was for salaries. "About that urban renaissance there'll be a slight delay", an article by journalist Dan Rottenberg in Chicago magazine, contained the first recorded use of the word "yuppie" to refer to a "young urban professional". Referring to the migration of renters and buyers to Chicago from its suburbs, Rottenberg wrote "Some 20,000 new dwelling units have been built within two miles of the Loop over the past ten years to accommodate the rising tide of “Yuppies"—young urban professionals rebelling against the stodgy suburban lifestyles of their parents." Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 818 was hijacked shortly after taking off from Stockton, California for Los Angeles. The hijacker, from Ceres scaled a fence at the Stockton Municipal Airport, then ran across the grounds to where stairs had been lowered for the outside boarding of the Boeing 727. He then held one hostage, PSA flight engineer Alan Romatowski, at gunpoint for six hours until Romatowski overpowered and disarmed him. The hijacker's father said that his 25 year old son had written a screenplay about "a young man hijacking an airplane, kidnapping a senator, flying to Iran and kidnapping the Ayatollah in order to get the hostages back to the U. S. safely". After being convicted in November by a jury that rejected his defense of temporary insanity, the hijacker was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment, with the provision that he would receive psychiatric treatment until federal parole officers determined that he could be released. "Pick Six" betting, the first large jackpot wagering game in the United States, was introduced for horse race betting, based on the daily races at the Hollywood Park Racetrack in Inglewood, California. Under a format similar to a long operating program at Mexico's Agua Caliente Racetrack in Tijuana, a bettor could by a Pick Six betting card for two dollars to choose the winners for six consecutive races (the third through eighth races at Hollypark), or pay $128 for picking two possibilities for the winners of six races, with all combinations priced under formula of $2 x n, with n being the number of possibilities. The people who picked the most winners out of six races would split 75% of the pool of Pick Six purchases. Seventeen bettors received $8,491 apiece for picking all six winners in the first day of Pick Six. Died: Henry Levin, 70, American film director, died of a heart attack while directing the television film, Scout's Honor.

A referendum on system of government was held in Nepal, the first voting in 22 years. Voters decided to keep the panchayat political system that had prevailed since 1962, when an indirectly elected legislature, the Rastriya Panchayat, was created to advise King Mahendra. Votes were made by stamping the ballot blue (for the restoration of political parties) or yellow (for retaining the panchayat system). The U. S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals issued its decision in Amstar Corp. v. Domino's Pizza, Inc, 617 F.2d 295, reversing a lower court decision that had ruled that Domino's Pizza would have to change its name so as not to infringe the trademark of Domino Sugar. While the suit was in progress, new franchises for the pizza restaurant carried the name "Pizza Dispatch". One quarter of Sweden's workers went on strike, or were locked out by employers, after the 2,200,000 member Trade Unions Confederation (Landsorganisationen i Sverige or LO) was unable to reach an agreement with the Swedish Employers Association (Svenska Arbetsgivareföreningen) on wage increases. Four members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army – Robert Campbell, Joe Doherty, Angelo Fusco and Paul Magee – had taken over a house on Antrim Road. When an eight man patrol from the British Army's Special Air Service (SAS) attempted to surround the house, the IRA unit shot and killed SAS Captain Herbert Westmacott, 28.

Genuine Risk became the second female winner in the history of the Kentucky Derby, and the first since Regret won in 1915, as the filly finished in first place against a field of 12 colts. An explosion at a fireworks factory killed at least 40 of the workers, mostly women and children, and severely injured 11 more, at the city of Mandir Hasod in the Madhya Pradesh state of India. Cari Lightner, a 13 year old girl, was killed by a drunken driver while walking in a bike lane along Sunset Boulevard and New York Avenues in Fair Oaks, California. The driver was soon released, leading her mother to found Mothers Against Drunk Driving. The 46 year old driver, who had recently been arrested for another DUI hit and run, left Cari's body at the scene. Cari's mother, Candace (Candy) Lightner, organized Mothers Against Drunk Driving and subsequently served as its founding president. A 1983 television movie about Lightner garnered publicity for the group, which grew rapidly. The Irving, Texas–based organization was founded on September 5, 1980. The Helsinki Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area, signed in 1974, entered into force (after having been signed by East Germany, Poland, Finland, Denmark, Sweden) with an agreement not to allow pollution of the Baltic. Annie Wu Suk ching established Beijing Air Catering Ltd, the first joint venture company to be set up in the People's Republic of China since 1954. A group of 3,000 protesters set up a camp at Gorleben, in Lüchow Dannenberg (Wendland), in the Lower Saxony state of West Germany, to protest against the establishment of a nuclear waste dump, and declared the occupied area as the Free Republic of Wendland (Freie Republik Wendland). The "Free Republic" lasted for 32 days, until police moved in on June 4 to evict the protesters. Died: George P. Elliott, 61, American poet and novelist

Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito died at 3:05 in the afternoon at the University of Ljubljana Medical Center. Vice President Lazar Koliševski, the Communist leader of the Yugoslavian state of Macedonia, temporarily became president until the scheduled expiration of his one year vice presidency on May 15. Pope John Paul II issued a decree barring Roman Catholic priests from serving in political offices. Among those affected by the ruling was U. S. Representative Robert F. Drinan of Massachusetts, a Jesuit priest and "the only Roman Catholic cleric in Congress". Drinan, a Democrat, was running for a sixth term of office and withdrew from the race in accordance with the papal order. In a rush to see the Pope during his visit to Zaire, nine people were killed in Kinshasa and 72 others injured when the gates were opened to the grounds of the People's Palace. The United States Department of Education began operations in Washington, DC, after separating from the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Shirley Hufstedler took office as the first cabinet level Secretary of Education.

At the age of 86, Paul Geidel, convicted of second degree murder in 1911, was released from the Fishkill Correctional Facility in Beacon, New York, after 68 years and 245 days, marking the longest ever time served by an American inmate. Geidel, a bellboy at the Iroquois Hotel in New York City, had been arrested on July 28, 1911, at the age of 17 after killing an elderly stockbroker and hotel guest, William Henry Jackson. From 1926 to 1972, he had been confined at the Dannemora State Hospital for the Criminal Insane. Paroled in 1974, he elected to stay in prison for six more years. He died in a nursing home in 1987. The appointment of U. S. Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine as the new U. S. Secretary of State was confirmed by his colleagues, 94 to 2. The only votes against him were those of Senator Gordon J. Humphrey of New Hampshire and Jesse Helms of North Carolina. Muskie himself voted "present". He then resigned and was sworn into office as a cabinet secretary the next day. Roberto D'Aubuisson, Salvadoran politician believed to have ordered the assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero, was arrested on a farm and charged with planning a coup d'état to depose the ruling junta. He was soon released and resumed his campaign of terror.

Frank Fenner announced the global eradication of smallpox on behalf of the World Health Organization (WHO). The largest state funeral in history was held as world leaders from 128 of the 154 United Nations members appeared for the services for the late Yugoslavian President Josip Broz Tito. Former Philippine Senator Benigno Aquino Jr., the one time opposition leader and a critic of President Ferdinand Marcos, was released from Manila's Fort Bonifacio prison, after being in detention since 1972. Marcos had given his approval, and the Philippine Supreme Court concurred, in order for Aquino to travel to the United States for heart bypass surgery. Aquino departed the next day, pledging to return to jail within four weeks. He elected not to come back until 1983, and would be assassinated upon his return to Manila. Died: Dr. Farrokhroo Parsa, 58, the first female Iranian cabinet minister and former Minister of Education of Iran, was executed by firing squad.

Eight Cuban Air Force MiG fighter planes attacked and sank the patrol boat HMBS Flamingo, a patrol boat of the Royal Bahamas Defence Force, after Flamingo attempted to seize two Cuban fishing vessels, Ferrocem 165 and Ferrocem 54, which had entered Bahamian territorial waters near Ragged Island. Four of the Bahamian Marines were killed, while the commander of Flamingo and the 15 remaining crew were picked up by the vessels. Lee Iacocca, Chairman of the Board of the Chrysler Corporation, received final approval from the three member U. S. Chrysler Loan Guarantee Board for a federally guaranteed $1.5 billion loan from the United States Treasury. The money, which was available to Chrysler starting May 27, was sufficient to rescue the company from bankruptcy. Treasury Secretary G. William Miller conceded that, without federal aid, "quite frankly, the resources of Chrysler would be exhausted this month." Greek Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis was sworn in as the new President of Greece, succeeding Christos Sartzetakis. Georgios Rallis became the new Prime Minister of Greece. For the first time in the history of the Statue of Liberty, the 94 year old structure was scaled by climbers. Mountaineers Kevin Drummond and Stephen Rutherford had staged the event to protest the 1972 murder conviction of Black Panther leader Geronimo Pratt. In the process, they caused an estimated $80,000 in damage to the thin copper skin of the robe of Miss Liberty, before spending the night "on the gigantic foot of the statue."

Inventors Michel Mirowski, Morton M. Mower, Alois A. Langer and Marlin S. Heilman were issued U. S. Patent 4,202,340 for the ICD, the first heart defibrillator that could be surgically implanted. Pending since February 15, 1978, the patent application was titled “Method and Apparatus for Monitoring Heart Activity, Detecting Abnormalities, and Cardioverting a Malfunctiong Heart.”
The U. S. Imported Oil Fee was declared unconstitutional.

The Sumpul River massacre occurred in Chalatenango in El Salvador, as the Salvadoran Army killed more than 300 refugees who were trying to flee into neighboring Honduras during the government's campaign against the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) guerrilla group. The United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) was renamed the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in advance of the inauguration of the new U. S. Department of Education. HEW Secretary Patricia Roberts Harris, who remained after U. S. Department of Education was created on May 4, continued as HHS Secretary. In South Korea, at least 50,000 university students battled with police and army troops in six cities, demanding that President Chun Doo hwan resign and martial law be lifted. At Seoul, riot police fired tear gas to rout students as they approached the national capitol, and anti government demonstrators stole three city buses to push back police barricades, while another 10,000 protested at Gwangju. Protests also broke out in Daegu, Jeonju, Suwon, and Incheon. After martial law was extended to the entire nation, the government arrested the leaders of the student movement and protests escalated, eventually to be shut down with mass killings.

Libya's President Muammar Gaddafi announced a currency exchange program and the introduction of new Libyan dinar banknotes for the five and ten dinar denominations (worth, at the time, $16 and $32) and directed that citizens would be allowed one week to exchange their existing notes at the Central State Bank branches, after which only the old 5 and 10 dinar notes would be worthless. People making the exchange, however, were informed that only 1,000 dinars worth of new notes would be allowed per customer, a move that "effectively wiped out the savings of the middle class as well as the hoarded cash of the black marketeers" and that "brought a windfall of £1.5 billion to the cash starved Treasury". After a public uproar, announced on June 11 that the seized money would not be confiscated or invested without full consultation with the 167 local "People's Congresses" in Libya. Cvijetin Mijatović became the new Yugoslavian head of state as Chairman of the Collective Presidency, which rotated annually among the heads of the six constituent republics and two autonomous provinces. Mijatović, the leader of the SR Bosnia Herzegovina, succeeded Lazar Koliševski, who had assumed office 11 days earlier on the death of President Tito, and served exactly one year until May 15, 1981. West Germany's Olympic Committee joined the group of nations boycotting the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, after its delegates voted, 59 to 40, to punish the Soviet Union for its invasion of Afghanistan. U. S. Senator Edward M. Kennedy, trailing in the delegate count in his campaign against President Carter for the Democratic Party nomination, offered to drop out of the race if Carter would agree to a nationally televised debate. Carter declined the challenge.

By a margin of 243 against him and only 187 in his favor, Japan's Prime Minister Masayoshi Ohira and his government lost a vote of confidence in the Shugiin, the lower house of Japan's bicameral parliament, the National Diet. Ohira was reportedly stunned as members of his own Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) abstained rather than voting in his favor on a resolution that he had been expecting to win by a simple majority. The action marked the first time in 27 years that a ruling prime minister had lost a confidence vote. Given the choice between resigning or calling new elections, Ohira chose the latter and died a few weeks later during the campaign. Rookie Earvin "Magic" Johnson scored 42 points to lead the Los Angeles Lakers to a 123–107 victory over the Philadelphia 76ers to clinch the National Basketball Association championship in Game 6 of the best 4 of 7 series for the Lakers. The Lakers prevailed despite the absence of Kareem Abdul Jabbar, who had sprained his ankle two days earlier. Although the game was tied, 50 to 50, at halftime, the Lakers had an 83–73 lead after three quarters. High scorer for the Sixers was Julius "Dr. J" Erving, who had 27 points.

A U. S. federal court jury in Tampa, Florida, acquitted four members of the Miami Dade Police Department of civil rights charges in the Miami killing of Arthur McDuffie, an African American insurance executive. The decision that led to three days of rioting in Miami that killed 19 people and injured 350. The 12 member jury, composed of all white men, returned its verdict at 2:36 in the afternoon after deliberating for three hours. Less than four hours after the verdict was reported, an estimated 5,000 outraged black Miamians surrounded Miami's Metro Justice Center building and violence began. Three people were dead by midnight in the predominantly black Liberty City neighborhood. On December 17, McDuffie had been beaten by the four defendants, who had chased him after he had reportedly driven through a red traffic light on his motorcycle, and he died four days later. After their exoneration, the four police officers and another suspended policeman were restored to their jobs. In the worst accident since the Mariel boatlift had started, a yacht carrying 52 Cuban refugees capsized in the Caribbean Sea, 28 mile (45 km) north of Cuba. Ten people drowned and four others were missing. Two U. S. Coast Guard cutters, USCGC Courageous and USCGC Vigorous rescued 38 passengers, only half of whom had life jackets. The two member crew of the boat, the Olo Yumi, did not send a distress signal, and the rescue did not begin until a Coast Guard helicopter spotted it while on patrol. A high profile national memorial ceremony was held for the last President of China, Liu Shaoqi,more than a decade after he had died in disgrace in 1969. Liu's ashes were scattered into the sea at Qingdao in accordance with his last wishes.

South Korea's military leaders ordered the shutdown of the nation's 300 member unicameral parliament, the National Assembly (Daehanminguk Gukhoe), one day before it was to begin its new session, and closed the headquarters of both major political parties, the Democratic Republican Party and the opposition New Democratic Party. The New Democrats had previously announced that they would introduce a resolution that would legally end martial law. William Voltz, the captain of American Airlines Flight 71 saved 261 people at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, averting a collision with Braniff International flight 231 at the last moment during a landing. Both aircraft were Boeing 727 airliners. The American flight from Newark had 128 on board, and was cleared to land on O'Hare's Runway 9 Left, which intersected Runway 4 Left, where the Braniff jet (with 133 on board) was taxiing for takeoff to Kansas City. Voltz was able to lift his plane and missed the Braniff 727 by only 100 feet (30 m).

Voters in Quebec rejected independence from Canada by a margin of 60% to 40%. The question on the ballot was whether to give the Canadian province "exclusive power to make its laws, levy its taxes and establish relations abroad — in other words, sovereignty — and at the same time to maintain with Canada an economic association including a common currency." (Québec d'acquérir le pouvoir exclusif de faire ses lois, de percevoir ses impôts et d’établir ses relations extérieures, ce qui est la souveraineté, et, en même temps, de maintenir avec le Canada une association économique comportant l’utilisation de la même monnaie)
A fire killed 157 elderly women residing at the Eventide Home for the Aged in Kingston, Jamaica. The telephone wires to the home had been severed, and four men were seen running from the building shortly before the blaze started at 1:00 in the morning, but the arsonists were never located or identified. Shin Hyun hwak resigned after five months as Prime Minister of South Korea, along with all 18 members of his cabinet, in protest over the installation of martial law. As the protests in Gwangju developed into a civilian rebellion, South Korean Air Force Major General Park Choon hoon was named the next day as the new Prime Minister, and many of Premier Shin's cabinet returned to their positions. The first test launch of the Kh 80 Meteorit Soviet cruise missile was made, but failed because the missile failed to emerge from its container on the mobile ground launcher and burned the mechanism instead. Three other attempts were unsuccessful until December 16, 1981, when the missile launched successfully and flew It had a maximum range of Henryk Jaskuła of Poland became the third man to circumnavigate the globe non stop and single handed, returning in yacht, Dar Przemyski, to the port of Gdynia, where he had departed on June 12, 1979. Jaskula would die, less than a week before the 40th anniversary of his cruise, at the age of 96.

The Empire Strikes Back, the long awaited sequel to the 1977 blockbuster Star Wars, premiered in 126 cities in the United States and Canada in advance of Memorial Day weekend and would become the highest grossing film of the year. It had been unveiled on May 17 at the Kennedy Center in Washington DC. In Deadwood, South Dakota, a raid by county, state and federal agents closed the houses of prostitution that had been allowed to operate for more than a century since Deadwood's "Wild West" days of the 1870s. Deadwood's three remaining brothels — "The White Door", "Pam's Purple Door" and "Dixie's Green Door" — were closed down as the new local government did, as one reporter put it, "what Marshal Hickok never would have done,"
Eintracht Frankfurt won the 1980 UEFA Cup Final, 1 to 0 at home over Borussia Mönchengladbach, two weeks after its 2 to 3 loss at Mönchengladbach in the first of two games. Although the aggregate score of the two games was 3 to 3, Frankfurt won the Cup based on the higher number of away goals. The final four of UEFA Cup teams were all West German, with Bayern Munich and Stuttgart having won their quarterfinals in March.

Pac Man, the highest grossing arcade game of all time, was test marketed by Namco in Japan at locations in the Shibuya section of Tokyo. It had been invented by a team headed by Toru Iwatani and was originally branded as "Puck Man" when it was distributed in Japan in July. Voters in Egypt approved six constitutional amendments, including the creation of a Shura Council as a second chamber for the formerly unicameral Parliament of Egypt; requiring Islamic principles as the basis of new legislation; and creating a multiparty system of elections. Another amendment removed the requirement that a president be limited to two six year terms in office, making President Anwar Sadat eligible to run for a third term in 1982, which would "open the way for Anwar Sadat to remain president for life." Sadat would serve as president for the rest of his life, assassinated 17 months later on October 6, 1981. His successor, Hosni Mubarak, was elected for four consecutive terms before being removed from office in 2011. Gustáv Husák was elected to another term as President of Czechoslovakia by a 343 to 0 vote in the Communist nation's Federal Assembly (Federální shromáždění (Czech) or Federálne zhromaždenie (Slovak)). Husak, the Chairman of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) was the only candidate considered by the 150 member House of the Nations (the Sněmovna národů , which consisted of 75 Czech and 75 Slovak deputies) and the 200 member House of the People (Sněmovna lidu). Popular talk show host Phil Donahue and television actress Marlo Thomas married.

In its decision in United States v Iran, the International Court of Justice ruled that the militants holding 50 U. S. Embassy personnel hostage were 'agents' of the Iranian Government, and ordered the Iranian government to release of embassy captives and to pay reparations. Iran did not comply with the World Court's decision, and the hostages would not be released until January 20, 1981. Five of the seven conspirators in the October 26 assassination of Park Chung hee, President of South Korea, were executed by hanging. Kim Jae gyu, the former director of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency, who had shot Park in the head after the two had argued at a dinner party, went to the gallows at the Seoul prison at 7:30 in the morning along with four of the co conspirators. The New York Islanders won their first Stanley Cup, after Game 6 of the Stanley Cup went into sudden death overtime. Bobby Nystrom made the goal for the 4–3 win over the Philadelphia Flyers after 7 minutes and 11 seconds of extra play before 14,495 fans in Uniondale, New York to win the Stanley Cup for the first time in team history. In their first season, the team, placed on suburban New York's Long Island only two years earlier, the Islanders had filed for bankruptcy before reversing their fortunes.

The Republic of Vemerana was declared on the island of Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu), with Jimmy Stevens as its Prime Minister. Sources with the colonial government said that the separatists had been funded by an American group of businessmen, the Phoenix Foundation, of Carson City, Nevada, with the objective of establishing "an independent country, free of taxes and government restrictions". After the New Hebrides was granted independence in July as Vanuatu, the Vemerana rebellion was ended in August. Johnny Rutherford won a third Indianapolis 500 while driving Jim Hall's revolutionary ground effect Chaparral car, designed by John Bernard and fabricated by Bob Sparshot. The race was the slowest in 18 years, with the winner driving at an average speed of less than
Boxer James Scott, a contender for the world light heavyweight title despite having to conduct his bouts at the Rahway State Prison in New Jersey, had his first professional loss, in an upset by Jerry "Bull" Martin. Scott, convicted of the murder of Everett Russ, would get a reversal of his conviction and a new trial, but would be found guilty in January and sentenced to life in prison. Martin's loss and his subsequent conviction ended his aspiration for a world title.

Bertalan Farkas, the first cosmonaut from Hungary, was launched on Soyuz 36 to the Salyut 6 space station along with Valeri Kubasov at 9:21 p. m. Moscow time (1821 UTC) from Baikonur Cosmodrome in the Kazakh SSR. Farkas and Kubasov returned to Earth on July 31. Former U. N. Ambassador and Congressman George Bush, Ronald Reagan's remaining opponent for the Republican nomination, conceded defeat and urged his supporters to back Reagan. Speaking from his campaign headquarters in Houston, Bush said "I see the world not as I wish it were, but as it is." Six days earlier, Bush had seen the biggest victory of his campaign, a 2 to 1 win over Reagan in the Michigan primary, but Reagan had reached the number of delegates necessary for nomination in other primary results that evening. As Reagan's running mate, Bush would be elected Vice President of the United States in November and would be elected the 41st President of the United States in 1988. In Bloomington, California, serial killer Stephen Wayne Anderson burglarized the house of 81 year old Elizabeth Lyman, murdered her, robbed her house, and then prepared himself a meal in her kitchen. As Anderson, who had escaped from the Utah State Prison on November 12, was eating and watching television, San Bernardino County Sheriff's deputies responded to a neighbor's call and arrested him. Anderson admitted to the murder of Lyman and eight other people, and would be executed by lethal injection at California's San Quentin State Prison on January 29, 2002.

For the first time, women graduated as officers from the three major United States service academies, with 61 from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, 55 from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, and 97 from the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The top ranking female cadets were Andrea Hollen, 8th in her class of 870 at West Point; Kathleen Conley, 8th from the Air Force Academy class of 887; and Elizabeth Belzer, 30th in the Annapolis class of 938. Jean M. Butler was first in her class at the United States Coast Guard Academy at New London, Connecticut. Twenty three workmen for the Canadian Pacific Railway were killed, and 11 injured, in a horrific bus crash near the small village of Webb, Saskatchewan. The Nixon White House tapes, tape recordings made at the Oval Office during the administration of U. S. President Richard M. Nixon, were made available for the general public to listen to at the U. S. National Archives. On the first day, the National Archives played 31 historic recordings, 30 of which had been listened to by the Watergate grand jury in 1974. Isao Harimoto of the Lotte Orions became the first (and only) Japanese baseball player to have 3,000 hits in his career. Born in Hiroshima to Korean parents five years before the dropping of the atomic bomb, Harimoto had played in the Pacific League since 1959. Harimoto's 3,000th hit, a home run, came in an 11 to 4 win over the visiting Hankyu Braves at Kawasaki. Ichiro Suzuki of Japan surpassed 3,000 hits in U. S. Major League Baseball, after getting 1,278 in Japan's Pacific League. The Flag of Newfoundland (now Newfoundland and Labrador) was approved by the House of Assembly of the province of Newfoundland by a vote of 22 to 10. The geometrical design by Chris Pratt, of "six triangles and an arrow" had been unveiled on April 29 and eliminated any use of the former British flag, the Union Jack, which had been adopted as Newfoundland's official provincial flag in 1952. Died: Walter Tobagi, 33, Italian journalist and writer, was killed in a terrorist attack by the Brigade XXVIII March, a left wing terrorist group.

American civil rights leader Vernon Jordan, the president of the National Urban League, was shot and critically injured by a sniper as he stepped out of his car in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Jordan had addressed 450 people at a dinner for the Urban League at the Marriott Inn the night before, and was at the hotel parking lot at 2:05 in the morning. The assassination attempt, made from a car that had stopped on an exit ramp on Interstate Highway 69 in sight of the hotel, was later charged to Joseph Paul Franklin. The U. S. Federal Communications Commission voted to limit the protection for the nation's 25 clear channel stations to a 750 mile (1,207 km) radius around the transmitter. Stations on those AM radio frequencies outside the area of protection were no longer required to sign off or power down after sundown.

Pope John Paul II became the first pontiff in more than 175 years to visit France, arriving at Orly Airport near Paris, where he was greeted by France's Prime Minister Raymond Barre. The Pope and his retinue then flew by helicopter to a meeting with President Valery Giscard d'Estaing. The last papal visit had been by Pius VII, who had presided at the December 2, 1804, Coronation of Napoleon I. The first of six women to die in the Tynong North and Frankston Murders in Australia, Allison Rooke, disappeared after experiencing trouble with her car. Rooke, a 66 year old resident of Frankston, Victoria, had told neighbors she was preparing to take a bus to do grocery shopping at the Frankston Shopping Centre and to see a realtor. Her decomposed body was found on July 5. A federal court ruled, in the case of Fricke v. Lynch, that a gay high school student could bring a same sex date to a high school dance. The Court held that the free speech provisions of the First Amendment protected the rights of gay and lesbian students to attend their high school events with a date of their choice. Amid heavy security, Aaron Fricke appeared that evening at the senior prom for Cumberland High School with a male companion, Paul Guilbert. The dance itself took place at the Pleasant Valley Country Club at Sutton, Massachusetts rather than at Rhode Island high school. Since the Fricke ruling, American public high schools increasingly allowed gay and lesbian students to attend school functions with their same sex partners.

Japan's Prime Minister Masayoshi Ohira was hospitalized for exhaustion the day after campaigning opened for the June 22 general election. Ohira had complained of tiredness for several days before making speeches in Tokyo on the first day of the campaign, and was taken by ambulance to the Toranomon Hospital in Tokyo after becoming ill at home. Doctors diagnosed him with angina pectoris and recommended that he remain in the hospital and Ohira turned the campaign for the Liberal Democratic Party to the LDP vice chairman, Eiichi Nishimura, on June 6. While in the hospital, Ohira suffered a heart attack and died on June 12.