1980 жылдың қарашасы: Әлемдегі оқиғалар

Month of 1980

The following events occurred in November 1980:

The CSX Corporation, which now operates about 21000 mile (33796 km) of track, was created by the merger of two U. S. railroads, the Chessie System and the Seaboard Line. The merged company operated the tracks of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway (C&O), Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O), the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad (SCL), and the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L&N). For the first time, contraceptives could be sold legally in Ireland as the Family Planning Act went into effect. Sale was not mandatory, and Ireland's Catholic Guild of Pharmacists, of which half of the nation's pharmacists were members, urged druggists to refuse to sell birth control devices. At the same time, the law required the eight private family planning clinics in Ireland to register with the government or to be closed. For several years, the private clinics had bypassed the law against sales by giving out contraceptives and accepting voluntary donations of money. Edward Seaga was sworn in as the new Prime Minister of Jamaica. An agreement was signed in Plymouth, Montserrat by the leaders of six Caribbean island nations and the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat to create the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), which would result in the signing of the Treaty of Basseterre on June 18, 1981. The other founding members were Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. At the request of the West African nation of Gambia, neighboring Senegal airlifted 150 troops to prevent a possible invasion by Libya.

Iran's parliament, the Majlis voted to free the 52 U. S. Embassy hostages if, and only if, four demands were met: (1) a commitment by the U. S. to not interfere with the affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran; (2) the release of frozen Iranian assets that had been frozen on November 14, 1979; (3) the cancellation of economic sanctions against Iran; and (4) to return to Iran all U. S. properties of the late Shah of Iran. The Indian Army sent troops into the Assam state after protesters had spent 10½ months blockading a pipeline that shipped the state's crude oil to the rest of the nation. The final incident that led to the army intervention was when students held 43 state legislators prisoner inside a building at Dispur. Since the protests— which centered on demands that all foreigners should be expelled from Assam, primarily those who fled from Bangladesh — had started at the beginning of the year, at least 1,600 people had been killed or had disappeared. After his Liberal Party coalition lost 13 seats in House of Representatives elections, Australia's Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser fired five of his cabinet ministers including Business and Consumer Affairs Minister Eric Robinson. Died: Willie Sutton, 79, American bank robber. Sutton, who spent 44 years in prison until being paroled at the end of 1969, estimated that he had stolen more than two million dollars from banks before going into hiding in 1946, and eluded capture until 1952. When asked about why he robbed banks, Sutton famously replied "Because that's where the money is."

Control of the 49 American hostages at the U. S. Embassy in Tehran was turned over by their student captors to the Iranian government, almost a year after the November 4, 1979 takeover. The hostages, however, continued to be held by the students. The U. S. State Department issued an embargo against the importation of tuna from Ecuador, in reprisal from the South American nation's seizure of American boats fishing more than 12 mile (19 km) off of its coast. Ecuador, which sought to collect a license fee of $100,000 per each boat, claimed that its territorial waters extended 200 mile (322 km) into the Pacific Ocean.

The first activation of a surgically implanted insulin pump in a human being took place at the University of Minnesota, when a 54 year old patient with Type 2 diabetes was deemed ready for the use of the "Infusaid Model 400 Constant Rate" delivery of insulin. Although external intravenous insulin pumps had first been used in 1963 for outpatient therapy, the device (described as the size of an ice hockey puck) was the first small enough to be placed into a person's body, an operation which had taken place on September 5. Sir David Beattie took office as the new Governor General of New Zealand after being appointed by Queen Elizabeth II on the recommendation of Prime Minister Robert Muldoon. Beattie succeeded Sir Keith Holyoake, who had resigned on October 25, and served as New Zealand's head of state until November 10, 1985. Former Iranian foreign minister Sadegh Ghotbzadeh was arrested in Tehran after criticizing government television's "first channel" and its Islamic fundamentalist administrators during a debate on the "second channel". He was released after a few days on the intervention of the Ayatollah Khomeini.

On the Islamic calendar, the 15th Century AH (anno hegirae) began on 1 Muharram 1401 AH. At 2:28 in the morning local time (1028 UTC), a 7.3 magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of California at a depth of , causing damages of more than two million dollars and six injuries, none of them fatal. The quake led to the cancellation of plans to restart the Humboldt Bay Nuclear Power Plant near Eureka, California.

The United Kingdom's Labour Party members of parliament voted on a new leader to replace James Callaghan as Leader of the Opposition. Callaghan's deputy, Michael Foot, narrowly won over former Chancellor of the Exchequer Denis Healey, 139 to 129.

The Athlit ram was discovered by a scuba diver in the waters off of the coast of Atlit in Israel, and proved to be an important archaeological find, because it was the first evidence for historians to confirm that ancient galley warships carried a battering ram that could be used to inflict damage as the galley was rowed back and forth. The age of the timbers used for the warship was discovered by radiocarbon dating to at least 270 BC. The bronze ram was long, high and weighed
Comedian Ted Knight, known previously as part of the supporting cast The Mary Tyler Moore Show, became the star of his own situation comedy with the premiere of Too Close for Comfort on the ABC television network. After three seasons on ABC, the show had three more seasons as a syndicated TV series until Knight's death from cancer in 1986.

The U. S. space probe Voyager I made its closest approach to the planet Saturn at 2346 UTC, flying within of the planet's cloud tops and sent the first high resolution images of Saturn back to scientists on Earth. On March 5, 1979, Voyager had made a flyby of the planet Jupiter. Among the findings made as the probe began sending data was that Saturn's rings consisted of at least "95 discrete rings" surrounding the planet. and a 15th moon Because the probe was roughly 950000000 mile (1528873000 km) from Earth, data required 85 minutes to reach the Earth. President Chun Doo Hwan of South Korea announced a list of 811 politicians who would be banned from holding public office for the next 7½ years, unable to serve before June 1, 1988. Born: Ryan Gosling, Canadian television and film actor and 2017 Golden Globe winner for Best Film Actor; in London, Ontario. Died: Andrei Amalrik, 42, Soviet Russian writer and dissident, was killed in an auto accident while in exile in Spain. Amalrik was driving toward the city of Guadalajara when he lost control of his vehicle on a slick roadway and swerved across the median into the path of an oncoming truck. His wife and two other passengers received only minor injuries.

The first successful tests of a nuclear pumped laser were conducted by scientists of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California. Luís Cabral, the first President of Guinea Bissau since the West African nation's independence in 1973, was overthrown by his Prime Minister, Major João Bernardo Vieira. Cabral and his family were on vacation on the island of Bubaque at the time. Only four days earlier, the nation's parliament had approved a new constitution that gave additional powers to a president. Jeff Chandler won the World Boxing Association bantamweight championship at Miami, knocking out Julian Solis in the 14th round.

Pope John Paul II arrived in Köln, becoming the first Roman Catholic Pontiff to visit Germany in almost 200 years. Celebrating mass at a nearby airfield at Butzweilerhof before an estimated 300,000 people, the Pope said that he had visited to honor "the entire German nation", both West Germany and East Germany. The last pontiff to visit Germany had been Pope Pius VI, who had traveled through Bavaria in 1782. Prosecutors in the People's Republic of China unsealed the indictment against the "Gang of Four", charging Mao Zedong's widow Jiang Qing, three accomplices and six other prominent radicals of causing the deaths of 34,380 people " during the Cultural Revolution during the late 1960s, and persecuting hundreds of thousands of other victims. NBC's late night sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live began its sixth season with a new producer, a completely new (and largely unknown) cast and a new team of writers while Lorne Michaels left his producer role for a year. The sixth season proved to be a disaster, with all of the cast fired at season's end in 1981 except for Eddie Murphy and Joe Piscopo. In college football, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish accepted an invitation to play in the 1981 Sugar Bowl postseason game after defeating Alabama, 7 to 0, while the #1 ranked Georgia Bulldogs effectively clinched the SEC championship and the automatic bid to the Sugar Bowl with a 31 21 win over the Auburn University Tigers. The expectation that Notre Dame would reach the #2 spot in the next wire service poll proved correct, setting up the expectation of a rare postseason bowl game between the #1 and #2 teams in the United States. Notre Dame would lose to USC three weeks later, however, turning the Sugar Bowl into a #1 vs. #7 matchup.

Wang Xiwen, a policeman in the city of Handan in the Hebei province of the People's Republic of China, broke into the armory of a public security brigade that had recently fired him. After taking 28 hand grenades, 2,700 rounds of ammunition, eight rifles and a machine gun, Wang began firing at people at random. He killed seven bystanders and injured 12 others over the next six hours before he was arrested. Wang was later executed by firing squad on June 10, 1981. Canadian serial killer Clifford Olson killed his first victim, 12 year old Christine Weller of Surrey, British Columbia. Over more than eight months, he killed 11 teenagers and children until his arrest on August 12, 1981. An agreement was reached between the U. S. and Palau, a set of islands that was part of the U. S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Under the terms of the 75 page document, the Republic of Palau became independent on January 1 with the right to manage its own internal and foreign affairs, while the U. S. pledged to be responsible for Palau's defense and security. Died: Jorge Salazar Arguello, 41, Nicaraguan coffee entrepreneur and opponent of the nation's Sandinista government, was murdered by national security forces after being lured to a meeting that he thought would be with government opponents.

A 6.9 magnitude earthquake in southern Italy killed 2,483 people and injured 8,934 others. The main shock, with an epicenter at Eboli, struck at 7:34 in the evening local time (1834 UTC). Among the casualties were over 100 people attending Mass at a Roman Catholic church in Balvano who were buried when the front wall collapsed as they were trying to get out. The U. S. men's soccer team defeated Mexico for the first time since 1934, and for only the second time overall. Playing in the rain before a crowd of only 2,126 people in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, the Americans won, 2 to 1 in a World Cup qualification game. Both goals came from Steve Moyers, a forward for the recently disbanded California Surf of the North American Soccer League. The U. S. team had already failed to qualify in the three way round robin between the U. S., Canada and Mexico.

In the long awaited rematch for the world welterweight boxing championship in New Orleans between World Boxing Council champion Roberto Duran and former WBC champion Sugar Ray Leonard, whom Duran had defeated on June 20. The fight ended abruptly in the closing seconds of the eighth round when Duran quit the fight, reportedly telling referee Octavio Meyran "No más" (Spanish for "no more"), and Leonard reclaimed his WBC title. Earlier in the evening at the same card of fights Sugar De León won the WBC cruiserweight boxing title in a decision over Marvin Camel. Sangoulé Lamizana was overthrown in a coup d'état after almost 15 years as President of Upper Volta (now called Burkina Faso). The former Foreign Minister, Colonel Saye Zerbo, installed himself as president and prime minister, but would be overthrown in another coup after less than two years. An explosion killed 105 women and girls who were attending an engagement party in the Turkish village of Danaciobasi, about 55 mile (89 km) northeast of Ankara. As the party went past midnight, a power outage in the village led to the hosts using a canister of liquefied gas to provide illumination, unaware that the container was leaking. After an initial blast caused panic, a second massive explosion killed almost all of the people who had been unable to flee. In the Gang of Four trial of 10 defendants in Beijing, three former generals confessed to participating in a 1971 plot by former Defense Minister Lin Biao to assassinate Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong. Huang Yongsheng, who had been Chief of Staff of the Army, and Li Zuopeng, the former political commissar of the Chinese Navy, said that they had passed privileged information to Mr. Lin that had led to the plot. The other general, former Nanjing political commissar Jiang Tengjiao, said he took part in a secret meeting with Lin's son Lin Liguo, who had organized the plot.

Six pedestrians were killed and 25 injured in Reno, Nevada when a woman intentionally ran over people on a sidewalk on the Nevada town's Virginia Street. At 3:00 in the afternoon on Thanksgiving Day, Ford drove her car along the sidewalk into crowds standing in front of Club Cal Neva, Harrah's and Harold's casinos. Five died at the scene while a sixth person died shortly after the arraignment of Priscilla Joyce Ford for murder and attempted murder. Ford reportedly told police that she had deliberately driven on the sidewalk to attack gamblers. On March 19, 1982, after a trial that lasted more than five months, a jury would reject Ford's defense of insanity and would convict her of six murders. The jury would later recommend a death sentence. She would die in prison in 2005. Soyuz T 3 was launched by the Soviet Union and was the first Soyuz spacecraft with a three member crew since the 1971 Soyuz 11 disaster. The team of Leonid Kizim, Oleg Makarov and Gennady Strekalov docked with the Salyut 6 space station in order to make repairs, and returned to Earth on December 11. In Tehran, the 49 American hostages held captive at the U. S. Embassy were evacuated from the embassy grounds and turned over to the Iranian government. The other three hostages had been held at the Iranian Foreign Ministry for more than a year. The situation comedy Bosom Buddies, the first major role for actor Tom Hanks, premiered in the U. S. on the ABC television network. Hanks and his co star, Peter Scolari. The premise of the show, about two single men at an advertising agency "disguising themselves as women in order to live in the one apartment they could afford" in New York City required Hanks and Scolari to be "in drag" during the sequences when they were at home at an all female hotel.

Voters in the South American nation of Uruguay overwhelmingly voted to reject a proposed constitution that would have made permanent the provision for the President to seek the approval of the military officers of COSENA (Consejo de Seguridad Nacional or National Security Council) in decisions, and a 28 officer Council of the Nation to serve in place of an elected legislature. The proposed charter was approved by less than 43% of the voters, with 57.2% of the votes (945,176 out of 1,689,424). A civilian government would finally replace the military government on March 1, 1985. A crew of Japanese researchers completed a voyage by sailboat to prove that "Japanese sailors could have contributed to South America's ancient culture", as the catamaran Yasei Go (Japanese for "Wild Adventure") arrived in the port of Arica in Chile. In May, the Yasei Go, built to specifications similar to those known for fishing boats in ancient Japan, had departed Shimoda, then followed Pacific Ocean currents east to North America and southward along South America. The expedition's captain, Kanzunohu Fujimoto, said "We have proved such a voyage can be made in a boat like those used by Japanese fishermen 5,000 years before Christ." George Rogers of South Carolina became the 1980 Heisman Trophy winner. that season he ran for 1,781 yards and a remarkable 6 yards per carry.