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Peterborough is a town in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 6,418 at the 2020 census. The Contoocook River and Nubanusit Brook offered numerous sites for watermills, and Peterborough became a prosperous mill town. In 1810, the first cotton factory was established. By 1859, when the population was 2,222, there were four additional cotton factories, plus a woolen mill. Other industries included two paper mills, an iron foundry, a machine shop, a carriage factory, a basket manufacturer, a maker of trusses and supporters, a boot and shoe factory, seven sawmills, and three gristmills. Reverend Abbot founded the town's first prep school, the Monadnock Summer Lyceum, and the first free library in the US, all in Peterborough. Peterborough established the first tax supported free public library in the United States in 1833. Its success led the New Hampshire State Legislature to pass legislation in 1849 authorizing towns to raise money to establish and maintain their own libraries. The library was located in the town's general store and post office, and the postmaster served as librarian. The library moved to the town hall in 1873. Other early cultural institutions include Mariarden, a summer theatre where Paul Robeson played in Eugene O'Neill's The Emperor Jones at a time when roles for black Americans were scarce. Bette Davis performed there as a teen. Performance blossomed again in 1976, when Widdie and Jonathon Hall founded the Peterborough Folkway. "Within a few years, it became a 'must play' on the East Coast for folk musicians and continued to be a popular stop" for two decades. Regular performers included Tom Paxton, Mary Chapin Carpenter, Shawn Colvin, and Suzanne Vega. In the 1980s, thanks to publisher Wayne Green, "Peterborough was clearly the per capita magazine production capital of the world." Over 100 magazines, mostly about computers and technology, were published there; these included Byte and MacComputing. Peterborough's leadership in environmental protection began in the 1990s, when its Earth Day USA office supported the US Air Force's annual Earth Day events around the world.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which are land and are water, comprising 1.06% of the town. As of the 2010 United States census, there were 6,284 people, 2,713 households, and 1,629 families residing in the town. The population density was There were 2,956 housing units at an average density of The racial makeup of the town was 96.1% White, 1.8% Asian, 0.7% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.4% some other race, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population. There were 2,713 households, out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.8% were headed by married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non families. Of all households 33.6% were made up of individuals, and 15.2% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24, and the average family size was 2.85.

Peterborough is a global village and entrepreneurial seedbed. Start ups based in Peterborough include New Hampshire Ball Bearing, Microspec, Pure Flow, Peterboro Basket Company, Borrego Solar, MobileRobots Inc., Toadstool Bookstores, Froling Energy, Brookstone, SoClean and Hyndsight Vision Systems. Approximately a third of Peterborough workers are home based entrepreneurs or remote workers. Like the rest of New Hampshire and the Monadnock region, Peterborough's third largest industry is tourism. Its cultural attractions include the Monadnock Center for History and Culture, the exhibition gallery and craft gallery of the Sharon Arts Center, the Peterborough Players theatre, Peterborough Community Theater cinema, Monadnock Music concerts, the Monadnock Summer Lyceum, MAXT Makerspace and Mariposa Children's Museum. Peterborough's First Saturday contradances are a place for singles and dance enthusiasts to enjoy live music in the spacious Peterborough Town Hall.

Many artists' introduction to the town comes as fellows to the MacDowell Colony, a wooded creative retreat that provides grants to about 300 artists per year. The town celebrates First Friday monthly with presentations by MacDowell artists, gallery openings, shopping, live music, and local pubs. The Peterborough Diner, a Worcester railway lunch car in the center of the village square, attracts many presidential hopefuls every four years. Peterborough hosts the Snow Ball in January, Children and the Arts Day in May, Thing in the Spring music festival in June, and Greenerborough, a summer festival promoting the town's sustainability. The Moses Cheney house in Peterborough served as a stop on the Underground Railroad in the mid 19th century. The Peterborough Players have performed since 1933. New Hampshire's oldest continuously active state militia unit, the Lafayette Artillery Company, was founded in Peterborough in 1804. It is now based in nearby Lyndeborough. Since the early 20th century, Peterborough has been home to the Amoskeag Veterans, founded in Manchester in 1855. The Mariposa Museum houses a collection of marionettes and puppets.

The town's outdoor amenities include hiking trails, wild flowers, cross country skiing, kayaking, cycling and small lakes for swimming, sailing, fishing and ice skating. It is a popular bird watching area, one of two sites of the NH Audubon autumn migratory raptor count.

The public schools are part of Contoocook Valley school district (SAU 1) which has a total of 11 schools and one applied technology center. Contoocook Valley Regional High School, built in 1970, serves approximately 700 students. South Meadow School, founded in 1989, serves approximately 400 students. The school began as Peterborough Middle School. Peterborough Elementary School, locally known as PES, serves approximately 250 students. While the area has many private kindergartens, pre schools and elementaries, The Well School, founded in 1967, is the only Pre 8 school within the town. The Well is a day school that serves approximately 160 students on an extensive rural campus. Clay Mathematics Institute, a foundation supporting mathematics research.

The Monadnock Ledger Transcript is published twice weekly.

The town wants to achieve 100 percent reliance on sustainable energy, and built the largest solar facility in New Hampshire, next to its wastewater treatment plant.

The town was a model for the play Our Town, written by Thornton Wilder while in residence at the MacDowell Colony. His fictional town of Grover's Corners appears to have been named for Peterborough's Grove Street. The film The Sensation of Sight was shot entirely in Peterborough.