1880-ші жылдар: Әлем тарихындағы бір онжылдық

Decade of the Gregorian calendar

The 1880s (pronounced "eighteen eighties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1880, and ended on December 31, 1889. The period was characterized in general by economic growth and prosperity in many parts of the world, especially Europe and the Americas, with the emergence of modern cities signified by the foundation of many long lived corporations, franchises, and brands and the introduction of the skyscraper. The decade was a part of the Gilded Age (1874–1907) in the United States, the Victorian Era in the British Empire and the Belle Époque in France. It also occurred at the height of the Second Industrial Revolution and saw numerous developments in science and a sudden proliferation of electrical technologies, particularly in mass transit and telecommunications. The last living person from this decade, María Capovilla, died in 2006.

3 August 1881: The Pretoria Convention peace treaty is signed, officially ending the war between the Boers and Britain. 3 May 1882: The Chinese Exclusion Act was signed into law by President Chester A. Arthur. 1884: International Meridian Conference in Washington D. C., held to determine the Prime Meridian of the world. 1884–1885: Berlin Conference, when the western powers divided Africa. The United States had five Presidents during the decade, the most since the 1840s. They were Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison. 20 22 June 1887: The Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria was celebrated marking Queen Victoria's 50 year reign.

May to August, 1883: Krakatoa, a volcano in Indonesia, erupted cataclysmically; 36,000 people were killed, the majority being killed by the resulting tsunami. September 1887: The Yellow river flooded and killed about 900,000 people.

Heinrich Hertz discovered the photoelectric effect. The Michelson–Morley experiment was undertaken, which suggested that the speed of light is invariant. The James–Lange theory of emotion was produced. William James publishes numerous articles on human thought, leading to the 1890 publication of his The Principles of Psychology.

About 600,000 Swedes Emigrated to America. Chinese, Scandinavians and Irish immigrants laid 73000 mile (117482 km) of Railroad tracks in America. Syrian Canadians started immigrating to the Americas.

Home Insurance Building, the first skyscraper in history, becomes the tallest man made structure ever built after it officially opened in 1885. March 31, 1889 – The Eiffel Tower is inaugurated (opens May 6). At 300 m, its height exceeds the previous tallest structure in the world by 130 m.

The Romantic style, most prominent in Europe, emphasised strong melodies, beautiful harmony, and the unique vision of the artist. Loud, extreme contrasts in dynamics and accentuated rhythmic patterns were featured in the music of the time. The influence of Ludwig van Beethoven was strong, especially in the German language area. Many of the artists involved in the Romantic music movement were disappointed with the effects of the Industrial Revolution and urbanisation, and drew influence from nature, the countryside, commoners, and old myths and legends. Nevertheless, music was seen as separate from politics, an ethereal sphere dominated by sublime expressions of the artists' deepest, primal sentiments. It was seen as something almost divine, with a unique ability to portray passionate emotions like love directly to the listener. Romantic orchestral pieces tended to be quite long and required more players than before, with symphonies regularly taking a whole hour to perform completely. Within the Russian Empire, the influence of the Five, or "the Mighty Handful" and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky had been crucial in developing a new national understanding of music.

8 May 1886 — Coca Cola was invented. 1888 — Whitechapel murders by the infamous Jack the Ripper.