Краткая хроника событий мировой истории

367 – Gratian, son of Roman Emperor Valentinian I, is named co Augustus at the age of eight by his father. 394 – The Graffito of Esmet Akhom, the latest known inscription in Egyptian hieroglyphs, is written. 410 – The Visigoths under king Alaric I begin to pillage Rome. 1185 – Sack of Thessalonica by the Normans. 1200 – King John of England, signer of the first Magna Carta, marries Isabella of Angoulême in Angoulême Cathedral. 1215 – Pope Innocent III issues a bull declaring Magna Carta invalid. 1349 – Six thousand Jews are killed in Mainz after being blamed for the bubonic plague. 1482 – The town and castle of Berwick upon Tweed is captured from Scotland by an English army. 1516 – The Ottoman Empire under Selim I defeats the Mamluk Sultanate and captures present day Syria at the Battle of Marj Dabiq. 1561 – Willem of Orange marries duchess Anna of Saxony.

1608 – The first official English representative to India lands in Surat. 1643 – A Dutch fleet establishes a new colony in the ruins of Valdivia in southern Chile. 1662 – The 1662 Book of Common Prayer is legally enforced as the liturgy of the Church of England, precipitating the Great Ejection of Dissenter ministers from their benefices. 1682 – William Penn receives the area that is now the state of Delaware, and adds it to his colony of Pennsylvania. 1690 – Job Charnock of the East India Company establishes a factory in Calcutta, an event formerly considered the founding of the city (in 2003 the Calcutta High Court ruled that the city's foundation date is unknown). 1743 – The War of the Hats: The Swedish army surrenders to the Russians in Helsinki, ending the war and starting Lesser Wrath. 1781 – American Revolutionary War: A small force of Pennsylvania militia is ambushed and overwhelmed by an American Indian group, which forces George Rogers Clark to abandon his attempt to attack Detroit. 1789 – The first naval battle of the Svensksund began in the Gulf of Finland. 1941 – The Holocaust: Adolf Hitler orders the cessation of Nazi Germany's systematic T4 euthanasia program of the mentally ill and the handicapped due to protests, although killings continue for the remainder of the war. 1942 – World War II: The Battle of the Eastern Solomons. Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūjō is sunk, with the loss of seven officers and 113 crewmen. The US carrier Enterprise is heavily damaged. 1944 – World War II: Allied troops begin the attack on Paris. 1949 – The treaty creating the North Atlantic Treaty Organization goes into effect. 1950 – Edith Sampson becomes the first black U. S. delegate to the United Nations. 1951 – United Air Lines Flight 615 crashes near Decoto, California, killing 50 people. 1954 – The Communist Control Act goes into effect, outlawing the American Communist Party. 1954 – Vice president João Café Filho takes office as president of Brazil, following the suicide of Getúlio Vargas. 1963 – Buddhist crisis: As a result of the Xá Lợi Pagoda raids, the US State Department cables the United States Embassy, Saigon to encourage Army of the Republic of Vietnam generals to launch a coup against President Ngô Đình Diệm if he did not remove his brother Ngô Đình Nhu. 1967 – Led by Abbie Hoffman, the Youth International Party temporarily disrupts trading at the New York Stock Exchange by throwing dollar bills from the viewing gallery, causing trading to cease as brokers scramble to grab them. 1970 – Vietnam War protesters bomb Sterling Hall at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, leading to an international manhunt for the perpetrators. 1981 – Mark David Chapman is sentenced to 20 years to life in prison for murdering John Lennon. 1989 – Colombian drug barons declare "total war" on the Colombian government. 1989 – Tadeusz Mazowiecki is chosen as the first non communist prime minister in Central and Eastern Europe. 1991 – Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as head of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. 1991 – Ukraine declares itself independent from the Soviet Union. 2004 – Ninety passengers die after two airliners explode after flying out of Domodedovo International Airport, near Moscow. The explosions are caused by suicide bombers from Chechnya. 2006 – The International Astronomical Union (IAU) redefines the term "planet" such that Pluto is now considered a dwarf planet. 2008 – Sixty five passengers are killed when Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895 crashes during an emergency landing at Manas International Airport in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. 2008 – A Cessna 208 Caravan crashes in Cabañas, Zacapa, Guatemala, killing 11 people. 2010 – In San Fernando, Tamaulipas, Mexico, 72 illegal immigrants are killed by Los Zetas and eventually found dead by Mexican authorities. 2010 – Henan Airlines Flight 8387 crashes at Yichun Lindu Airport in Yichun, Heilongjiang, China, killing 44 out of the 96 people on board. 2010 – Agni Air Flight 101 crashes near Shikharpur, Makwanpur, Nepal, killing all 14 people on board. 2012 – Anders Behring Breivik, perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks, is sentenced to 21 years of preventive detention. 2014 – A magnitude 6.0 earthquake strikes the San Francisco Bay Area; it is the largest in that area since 1989. 2016 – An earthquake strikes Central Italy with a magnitude of 6.2, with aftershocks felt as far as Rome and Florence. Around 300 people are killed. 2016 – Proxima Centauri b, the closest exoplanet to Earth, is discovered by the European Southern Observatory. 2017 – The National Space Agency of Taiwan successfully launches the observation satellite Formosat 5 into space. 2020 – Erin O’Toole is elected leader of the Conservative Party of Canada. 2023 – Japan officially begins discharging treated radioactive water from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean, sparking international concerns and condemnation.

1016 – Fujiwara no Genshi, Japanese empress consort (d. 1039)
1113 – Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou (d. 1151)
1198 – Alexander II of Scotland (d. 1249)
1358 – John I of Castile (d. 1390)
1393 – Arthur III, Duke of Brittany (d. 1458)
1423 – Thomas Rotherham, English cleric (d. 1500)
1498 – John, Hereditary Prince of Saxony (d. 1537)
1510 – Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick Calenberg Göttingen (d. 1558)
1552 – Lavinia Fontana, Italian painter and educator (d. 1614)
1556 – Sophia Brahe, Danish horticulturalist and astronomer (d. 1643)
1561 – Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk (d. 1626)
1578 – John Taylor, English poet and author (d. 1653)
1591 – Robert Herrick, English poet and cleric (d. 1674)

1631 – Philip Henry, English minister (d. 1696)
1635 – Peder Griffenfeld, Danish lawyer and politician (d. 1699)
1684 – Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet, British politician (d. 1746)
1714 – Alaungpaya, Burmese king (d. 1760)
1758 – Duchess Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg Schwerin (d. 1794)
1759 – William Wilberforce, English philanthropist and politician (d. 1833)
1772 – William I of the Netherlands (d. 1840)
1787 – James Weddell, Belgian English sailor, hunter, and explorer (d. 1834)
1824 – Antonio Stoppani, Italian geologist and scholar (d. 1891)
1837 – Théodore Dubois, French organist, composer, and educator (d. 1924)
1843 – Boyd Dunlop Morehead, Australian politician, 10th Premier of Queensland (d. 1905)
1845 – James Calhoun, American lieutenant (d. 1876)
1851 – Tom Kendall, Australian cricketer and journalist (d. 1924)
1852 – Agnes Marshall, English culinary entrepreneur, inventor, and celebrity chef (d. 1905)
1860 – David Bowman, Australian lawyer and politician (d. 1916)
1862 – Zonia Baber, American geographer and geologist (d. 1956)
1863 – Dragutin Lerman, Croatian explorer (d. 1918)
1865 – Ferdinand I of Romania (d. 1927)
1872 – Max Beerbohm, English essayist, parodist, and caricaturist (d. 1956)
1884 – Earl Derr Biggers, American author and playwright (d. 1933)
1887 – Harry Hooper, American baseball player (d. 1974)
1888 – Valentine Baker, Welsh co founder of the Martin Baker Aircraft Company (d. 1942)
1890 – Duke Kahanamoku, American swimmer, actor, and surfer (d. 1968)
1899 – Albert Claude, Belgian biologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1983)

1617 – Rose of Lima, Peruvian saint (b. 1586)
1647 – Nicholas Stone, English sculptor and architect (b. 1586)
1679 – Jean François Paul de Gondi, French cardinal and author (b. 1614)
1680 – Thomas Blood, Irish colonel (b. 1618)
1680 – Ferdinand Bol, Dutch painter and etcher (b. 1616)
1683 – John Owen, English theologian and academic (b. 1616)
1759 – Ewald Christian von Kleist, German poet and soldier (b. 1715)
1770 – Thomas Chatterton, English poet and prodigy (b. 1752)
1779 – Cosmas of Aetolia, Greek monk and saint (b. 1714)
1798 – Thomas Alcock, English priest and author (b. 1709)
1804 – Peggy Shippen, American wife of Benedict Arnold and American Revolutionary War spy (b. 1760)
1818 – James Carr, American lawyer and politician (b. 1777)
1821 – John William Polidori, English writer and physician (b. 1795)
1832 – Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, French physicist and engineer (b. 1796)
1832 – Richard Weymouth, British Royal Navy commander (b. 1780/81)
1838 – Ferenc Kölcsey, Hungarian poet, critic, and politician (b. 1790)
1841 – Theodore Hook, English civil servant and composer (b. 1788)
1841 – John Ordronaux, French American soldier (b. 1778)
1888 – Rudolf Clausius, German physicist and mathematician (b. 1822)
1895 – Albert F. Mummery, English mountaineer and author (b. 1855)

1923 – Kate Douglas Wiggin, American author and educator (b. 1856)
1930 – Tom Norman, English businessman and showman (b. 1860)
1932 – Kate M. Gordon, American activist (b. 1861)
1939 – Frederick Carl Frieseke, American painter and educator (b. 1874)
1940 – Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, Polish German technician and inventor, invented the Nipkow disk (b. 1860)
1943 – Antonio Alice, Argentinian painter and educator (b. 1886)
1943 – Ettore Muti Italian aviator, adventurer and politician (b. 1902)
1943 – Simone Weil, French philosopher and activist (b. 1909)
1946 – James Clark McReynolds, American lawyer and judge, 48th United States Attorney General (b. 1862)
1954 – Getúlio Vargas, Brazilian lawyer and politician, 14th President of Brazil (b. 1882)
1956 – Kenji Mizoguchi, Japanese director and screenwriter (b. 1898)
1957 – Ronald Knox, English Catholic priest (b. 1888)
1958 – Paul Henry, Irish painter and educator (b. 1876)
1967 – Henry J. Kaiser, American businessman, founded Kaiser Shipyards and Kaiser Aluminum (b. 1882)
1974 – Alexander P. de Seversky, Russian American pilot and businessman, co founded Republic Aviation (b. 1894)
1977 – Buddy O'Connor, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1916)
1978 – Louis Prima, American singer songwriter, trumpet player, and actor (b. 1910)
1979 – Hanna Reitsch, German soldier and pilot (b. 1912)
1980 – Yootha Joyce, English actress (b. 1927)
1982 – Félix Antoine Savard, Canadian priest and author (b. 1896)
1983 – Kalevi Kotkas, Estonian Finnish high jumper and discus thrower (b. 1913)
1983 – Scott Nearing, American economist, educator, and activist (b. 1883)
1985 – Paul Creston, American composer and educator (b. 1906)
1987 – Malcolm Kirk, English rugby player and wrestler (b. 1936)
1990 – Sergei Dovlatov, Russian American journalist and author (b. 1941)
1990 – Gely Abdel Rahman, Sudanese Egyptian poet and academic (b. 1931)
1991 – Bernard Castro, Italian American inventor (b. 1904)
1992 – André Donner, Dutch academic and judge (b. 1918)
1997 – Luigi Villoresi, Italian racing driver (b. 1907)
1998 – E. G. Marshall, American actor (b. 1910)
1999 – Mary Jane Croft, American actress (b. 1916)
1999 – Alexandre Lagoya, Egyptian guitarist and composer (b. 1929)
2000 – Andy Hug, Swiss martial artist and kick boxer (b. 1964)
2001 – Jane Greer, American actress (b. 1924)
2001 – Roman Matsov, Estonian violinist, pianist, and conductor (b. 1917)
2002 – Nikolay Guryanov, Russian priest and mystic (b. 1909)
2003 – Wilfred Thesiger, Ethiopian English explorer and author (b. 1910)
2004 – Elisabeth Kübler Ross, Swiss American psychiatrist and academic (b. 1926)
2006 – Rocco Petrone, American soldier and engineer (b. 1926)
2006 – Léopold Simoneau, Canadian tenor and educator (b. 1916)
2007 – Andrée Boucher, Canadian educator and politician, 39th Mayor of Quebec City (b. 1937)
2007 – Aaron Russo, American director and producer (b. 1943)
2010 – Satoshi Kon, Japanese director and screenwriter (b. 1963)
2011 – Seyhan Erözçelik, Turkish poet and author (b. 1962)
2011 – Mike Flanagan, American baseball player, coach, and sportscaster (b. 1951)
2012 – Dadullah, Pakistani Taliban leader (b. 1965)
2012 – Pauli Ellefsen, Faroese surveyor and politician, 6th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (b. 1936)
2012 – Steve Franken, American actor (b. 1932)
2012 – Félix Miélli Venerando, Brazilian footballer and manager (b. 1937)
2013 – Gerry Baker, American soccer player and manager (b. 1938)
2013 – Nílton de Sordi, Brazilian footballer and manager (b. 1931)
2013 – Julie Harris, American actress (b. 1925)
2013 – Muriel Siebert, American businesswoman and philanthropist (b. 1928)
2014 – Richard Attenborough, English actor, director, producer, and politician (b. 1923)
2014 – Antônio Ermírio de Moraes, Brazilian businessman (b. 1928)
2015 – Charlie Coffey, American football player and coach (b. 1934)
2015 – Joseph F. Traub, German American computer scientist and academic (b. 1932)
2015 – Justin Wilson, English racing driver (b. 1978)
2016 – Walter Scheel, German politician, 4th President of Germany (b. 1919)
2017 – Jay Thomas, American actor, comedian, and radio talk show host (b. 1948)
2020 – Gail Sheehy, American author, journalist, and lecturer (b. 1936)
2021 – Charlie Watts, English musician (b. 1941)
2023 – Windham Rotunda, American professional wrestler, most commonly known as Bray Wyatt (b. 1987)