Краткая хроника событий мировой истории

421 – Constantius III becomes co emperor of the Western Roman Empire. 1238 – The Mongols burn the Russian city of Vladimir. 1250 – Seventh Crusade: Crusaders engage Ayyubid forces in the Battle of Al Mansurah. 1347 – The Byzantine civil war of 1341–47 ends with a power sharing agreement between John VI Kantakouzenos and John V Palaiologos. 1587 – Mary, Queen of Scots is executed on suspicion of having been involved in the Babington Plot to murder her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I.

1601 – Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, unsuccessfully rebels against Queen Elizabeth I. 1693 – The College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, the second oldest institution of higher education in the Thirteen Colonies, is granted a charter by King William III and Queen Mary II. 1807 – Napoleon defeats the coalition forces of Russian General Bennigsen and Prussian General L'Estocq at the Battle of Eylau. 1817 – An army led by Grand Marshal Las Heras crosses the Andes to join San Martín in the liberation of Chile from Spain. 1837 – Richard Johnson becomes the first and only Vice President of the United States chosen by the Senate. 1865 – Delaware refuses to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, delaying the criminalization of slavery until the amendment's national adoption on December 6, 1865. The amendment is ultimately ratified by Delaware on February 12, 1901, the 92nd anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's birth. 1879 – Sandford Fleming first proposes the adoption of Universal Standard Time at a meeting of the Royal Canadian Institute. 1879 – England's cricket team, led by Lord Harris, is attacked in a riot during a match in Sydney. 1885 – The first Japanese immigrants arrive in Hawaii. 1887 – The Dawes Act is enacted, authorizing the U. S. President to divide Native American tribal land into individual allotments.

1904 – Japanese forces launch a surprise attack against Russian controlled Port Arthur, marking the start of the Russo Japanese war. 1904 – The Dutch Colonial Army's Marechaussee regiment led by General G. C. E. van Daalen launch a military campaign in the Dutch East Indies' Northern Sumatra region, leading to the deaths of thousands of civilians. 1910 – The Boy Scouts of America is incorporated by William D. Boyce. 1915 – D. W. Griffith's controversial landmark film The Birth of a Nation premieres in Los Angeles. 1924 – The first state execution in the United States by gas chamber takes place in Nevada. 1937 – Spanish Civil War: Republican forces establish the Interprovincial Council of Santander, Palencia and Burgos in Cantabria. 1942 – World War II: Japan invades Singapore. 1945 – World War II: British and Canadian forces commence Operation Veritable to occupy land between the Maas and Rhine rivers. 1945 – World War II: Mikhail Devyataev escapes with nine other Soviet POWs from a Nazi concentration camp in Peenemünde, Usedom. 1946 – The People's Republic of Korea is dissolved in the North and replaced by the communist controlled Provisional People's Committee of North Korea. 1950 – The Stasi, the secret police of East Germany, is established. 1960 – Queen Elizabeth II issues an Order in Council, proclaiming the House of Windsor and declaring that her descendants will take the name Mountbatten Windsor. 1960 – The Hollywood Walk of Fame is founded. 1962 – Nine protestors are killed at Charonne station, Paris, by French police under the command of ex Vichy official and Parisian Prefect of Police Maurice Papon. 1963 – The regime of Prime Minister of Iraq Abd al Karim Qasim is overthrown by the Ba'ath Party. 1965 – Eastern Air Lines Flight 663 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean and explodes, killing all 84 people onboard. 1968 – American civil rights movement: An attack on Black students from South Carolina State University who are protesting racial segregation leaves three dead and 28 injured in Orangeburg, South Carolina. 1971 – The NASDAQ stock market index opens for the first time. 1971 – South Vietnamese ground troops launch an incursion into Laos to try to cut off the Ho Chi Minh trail and stop communist infiltration into the country. 1974 – The crew of Skylab 4, the last mission to visit the American space station Skylab, returns to Earth after 84 days in space. 1983 – A dust storm hits Melbourne, resulting in the worst drought on record and severe weather conditions in the city. 1983 – Irish race horse Shergar is stolen and allegedly killed by gunmen in a ransom attempt by the PIRA. 1986 – Twenty three people are killed when a VIA Rail passenger train collides with a Canadian National freight train near the town of Hinton, Alberta, making it one of the worst rail accidents in Canada. 1989 – Independent Air Flight 1851 strikes Pico Alto mountain while on approach to Santa Maria Airport in the Azores, killing all 144 passengers on board. 1993 – An Iran Air Tours Tupolev Tu 154 and an Iranian Air Force Sukhoi Su 24 collide mid air near Qods, Iran, killing all 133 people onboard both aircraft. 2010 – Over of road are buried after a storm in the Hindu Kush mountains of Afghanistan triggers a series of avalanches, killing at least 172 people and trapping over 2,000 others. 2013 – A blizzard kills at least 18 and leaves hundreds of thousands of people without electricity in the northeastern United States and parts of Canada. 2014 – A hotel fire in Medina, Saudi Arabia, kills 15 Egyptian pilgrims with 130 others injured.

120 – Vettius Valens, Greek astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer (d. ~175)
412 – Proclus, Greek mathematician and philosopher (d. ~485)
882 – Muhammad ibn Tughj al Ikhshid, Egyptian commander and politician, Abbasid Governor of Egypt (d. 946)
1191 – Yaroslav II of Vladimir (d. 1246)
1291 – Afonso IV of Portugal, Portuguese king (d. 1357)
1405 – Constantine XI Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1453)
1487 – Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg, German duke (d. 1550)
1514 – Daniele Barbaro, Venetian churchman, diplomat and scholar (d. 1570)
1552 – Agrippa d'Aubigné, French poet and soldier (d. 1630)
1577 – Robert Burton, English priest, physician, and scholar (d. 1640)
1591 – Guercino, Italian painter (d. 1666)

1685 – Charles Jean François Hénault, French historian and author (d. 1770)
1700 – Daniel Bernoulli, Dutch Swiss mathematician and physicist (d. 1782)
1720 – Emperor Sakuramachi, Japanese emperor (d. 1750)
1741 – André Grétry, Belgian French organist and composer (d. 1813)
1762 – Gia Long, Vietnamese emperor (d. 1820)
1764 – Joseph Leopold Eybler, Austrian composer and conductor (d. 1846)
1792 – Caroline Augusta of Bavaria, German princess (d. 1873)
1798 – Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia, Russian grand duke (d. 1849)
1807 – Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins, English sculptor and zoologist (d. 1889)
1817 – Richard S. Ewell, American general (d. 1872)
1819 – John Ruskin, English author, critic, and academic (d. 1900)
1820 – William Tecumseh Sherman, American general (d. 1891)
1822 – Maxime Du Camp, French photographer and journalist (d. 1894)
1825 – Henry Walter Bates, English geographer, biologist, and explorer (d. 1892)
1828 – Jules Verne, French author, poet, and playwright (d. 1905)
1829 – Vital Justin Grandin, French Canadian bishop and missionary (d. 1902)
1834 – Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist and academic (d. 1907)
1850 – Kate Chopin, American author (d. 1904)
1860 – Adella Brown Bailey, American politician and suffragist (d. 1937)
1866 – Moses Gomberg, Ukrainian American chemist and academic (d. 1947)
1876 – Paula Modersohn Becker, German painter (d. 1907)
1878 – Martin Buber, Austrian Israeli philosopher and academic (d. 1965)
1880 – Franz Marc, German soldier and painter (d. 1916)
1880 – Viktor Schwanneke, German actor and director (d. 1931)
1882 – Thomas Selfridge, American lieutenant and pilot (d. 1908)
1883 – Isak Penttala, Finnish politician (d. 1955)
1883 – Joseph Schumpeter, Czech American economist and political scientist (d. 1950)
1884 – Snowy Baker, Australian boxer, rugby player, and actor (d. 1953)
1886 – Charlie Ruggles, American actor (d. 1970)
1888 – Edith Evans, English actress (d. 1976)
1890 – Claro M. Recto, Filipino lawyer, jurist, and politician (d. 1960)
1893 – Ba Maw, Burmese lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of Burma (d. 1977)
1894 – King Vidor, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1982)
1897 – Zakir Husain, Indian academic and politician, 3rd president of India (d. 1969)
1899 – Lonnie Johnson, American singer songwriter and guitarist (d. 1970)

1676 – Alexis of Russia (b. 1629)
1696 – Ivan V of Russia (b. 1666)
1709 – Giuseppe Torelli, Italian violinist and composer (b. 1658)
1725 – Peter the Great, Russian emperor (b. 1672)
1749 – Jan van Huysum, Dutch painter (b. 1682)
1750 – Aaron Hill, English playwright and poet (b. 1685)
1772 – Princess Augusta of Saxe Gotha (b. 1719)
1849 – François Habeneck, French violinist and conductor (b. 1781)
1849 – France Prešeren, Slovenian poet and lawyer (b. 1800)
1856 – Agostino Bassi, Italian entomologist and academic (b. 1773)

1907 – Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom, Dutch chemist and academic (b. 1854)
1910 – Hans Jæger, Norwegian philosopher and activist (b. 1854)
1915 – François Langelier, Canadian journalist, lawyer, and politician, 10th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (b. 1838)
1921 – George Formby Sr, English actor and singer (b. 1876)
1921 – Peter Kropotkin, Russian zoologist, geographer, and philologist (b. 1842)
1928 – Theodor Curtius, German chemist (b. 1857)
1932 – Yordan Milanov, Bulgarian architect, designed the Sveti Sedmochislenitsi Church (b. 1867)
1935 – Eemil Nestor Setälä, Finnish linguist and politician, Minister for Foreign Affairs (b. 1864)
1936 – Charles Curtis, American lawyer and politician, 31st Vice President of the United States (b. 1860)
1938 – Olga Taratuta, Ukrainian Jewish anarchist (b. 1876)
1945 – Italo Santelli, Italian fencer and coach (b. 1866)
1956 – Connie Mack, American baseball player and manager (b. 1862)
1957 – Walther Bothe, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1891)
1957 – John von Neumann, Hungarian American mathematician and physicist (b. 1903)
1959 – William J. Donovan, American head of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) (b. 1883)
1960 – J. L. Austin, English philosopher and academic (b. 1911)
1960 – Giles Gilbert Scott, English architect and engineer, designed the Red telephone box and Liverpool Cathedral (b. 1880)
1963 – George Dolenz, Italian American actor (b. 1908)
1964 – Ernst Kretschmer, German psychiatrist and author (b. 1888)
1970 – Cahir Healy, Northern Irish republican and politician (b. 1877)
1971 – Kanaiyalal Munshi, Indian independence movement activist, politician, writer and educationist (b. 1887)
1972 – Markos Vamvakaris, Greek singer songwriter and bouzouki player (b. 1905)
1975 – Robert Robinson, English chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b.1886)
1977 – Eivind Groven, Norwegian composer and theorist (b. 1901)
1979 – Dennis Gabor, Hungarian English physicist and engineer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1900)
1980 – Nikos Xilouris, Greek singer songwriter (b. 1936)
1982 – John Hay Whitney, American financier and diplomat, United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom (b. 1904)
1985 – William Lyons, English businessman, co founded Swallow Sidecar Company (b. 1901)
1987 – Harriet E. MacGibbon, American actress (b. 1905)
1990 – Del Shannon, American singer songwriter and guitarist (b. 1934)
1990 – Ernest Titterton, British Australian nuclear physicist (b. 1916)
1992 – Stanley Armour Dunham, American sergeant (b. 1918)
1994 – Raymond Scott, American pianist and composer (b. 1908)
1996 – Del Ennis, American baseball player (b. 1925)
1997 – Corey Scott, American motorcycle stunt rider (b. 1968)
1998 – Halldór Laxness, Icelandic author, poet, and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
1998 – Enoch Powell, English soldier and politician, Secretary of State for Health (b. 1912)
1998 – Julian Simon, American economist and author (b. 1932)
1999 – Iris Murdoch, Irish born British novelist and philosopher (b. 1919)
2000 – Sid Abel, Canadian American ice hockey player, coach, and sportscaster (b. 1918)
2000 – Derrick Thomas, American football player (b. 1967)
2001 – Ivo Caprino, Norwegian director and screenwriter (b. 1920)
2002 – Ong Teng Cheong, Singaporean architect and politician, 5th President of Singapore (b. 1936)
2004 – Julius Schwartz, American journalist and author (b. 1915)
2005 – A. Chandranehru, Sri Lankan sailor and politician (b. 1944)
2006 – Elton Dean, English saxophonist, songwriter, and producer (b. 1945)
2006 – Thierry Fortineau, French actor (b. 1953)
2006 – Akira Ifukube, Japanese composer (b. 1914)
2007 – Anna Nicole Smith, American model and actress (b. 1967)
2007 – Ian Stevenson, Canadian American psychiatrist and academic (b. 1918)
2008 – Ruby Garrard Woodson, American educator and cultural historian (b. 1931)
2010 – John Murtha, American colonel and politician (b. 1932)
2011 – Tony Malinosky, American baseball player and soldier (b. 1909)
2012 – Wando, Brazilian singer songwriter (b. 1945)
2012 – Luis Alberto Spinetta, Argentinian singer songwriter (b. 1950)
2013 – Giovanni Cheli, Italian cardinal (b. 1918)
2013 – James DePreist, American conductor and educator (b. 1936)
2013 – Maureen Dragone, American journalist and author (b. 1920)
2013 – Nevin Scrimshaw, American scientist (b. 1918)
2014 – Els Borst, Dutch physician and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1932)
2014 – Maicon Pereira de Oliveira, Brazilian footballer (b. 1988)
2014 – Nancy Holt, American sculptor and painter (b. 1938)
2015 – Rauni Leena Luukanen Kilde, Finnish physician and parapsychologist (b. 1939)
2016 – Amelia Bence, Argentine actress (b. 1914)
2016 – Nida Fazli, Indian poet and songwriter (b. 1938)
2016 – Margaret Forster, English historian, author, and critic (b. 1938)
2016 – Violette Verdy, French ballerina (b. 1933)
2017 – Peter Mansfield, English physicist, Nobel laureate (b. 1933)
2017 – Rina Matsuno, Japanese idol singer (b. 1998)
2017 – Alan Simpson, English scriptwriter (b. 1929)
2020 – Robert Conrad, American actor (b. 1935)
2021 – Marty Schottenheimer, American football player and coach (b. 1943)
2021 – Mary Wilson, American singer (b. 1944)
2023 – Arto Heiskanen, Finnish professional hockey player (b. 1963)