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Содержание
Введение
Конструкция ядерного реактора
Nuclear reactor design
Усовершенствованный реактор с кипящей водой (ABWR) – это реактор с кипящей водой третьего поколения. В настоящее время ABWR предлагается компаниями GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy (GEH) и Toshiba. ABWR вырабатывает электроэнергию, используя пар для привода турбины, соединенной с генератором; пар образуется при кипении воды за счет тепла, выделяющегося в результате реакций деления ядерного топлива. Шестой энергоблок Касивадзаки-Карива считается первым в мире реактором третьего поколения. Кипящие реакторы (КВР) являются второй по распространенности формой водо-водяного реактора с прямоточным циклом, который использует меньше крупных компонентов пароснабжения, чем реактор с водой под давлением (РВП), использующий косвенный цикл. ABWR представляет собой современное состояние техники в области кипящих реакторов и является первым реактором третьего поколения, который был полностью построен, при этом несколько реакторов построены и эксплуатируются. Первые реакторы были построены в Японии в срок и в рамках бюджета, другие строятся там и на Тайване. Заказы на ABWR были размещены в США, включая два реактора на площадке проекта в Южном Техасе. Сообщается, что проекты на Тайване и в США превысили первоначальный бюджет. Стандартная конструкция АБВР-станции имеет чистую электрическую мощность около 1,35 ГВт, вырабатываемую из около 3926 МВт тепловой мощности.
The advanced boiling water reactor (ABWR) is a Generation III boiling water reactor. The ABWR is currently offered by GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy (GEH) and Toshiba. The ABWR generates electrical power by using steam to power a turbine connected to a generator; the steam is boiled from water using heat generated by fission reactions within nuclear fuel. Kashiwazaki Kariwa unit 6 is considered the first Generation III reactor in the world. Boiling water reactors (BWRs) are the second most common form of light water reactor with a direct cycle design that uses fewer large steam supply components than the pressurized water reactor (PWR), which employs an indirect cycle. The ABWR is the present state of the art in boiling water reactors, and is the first Generation III reactor design to be fully built, with several reactors complete and operating. The first reactors were built on time and under budget in Japan, with others under construction there and in Taiwan. ABWRs were on order in the United States, including two reactors at the South Texas Project site. The projects in both Taiwan and US are reported to be over budget. The standard ABWR plant design has a net electrical output of about 1.35, generated from about 3926 of thermal power.
Сертификаты и одобрения
Немного отличающиеся версии ABWR предлагаются компаниями GE Hitachi, Hitachi GE и Toshiba. В 2013 году, после приобретения Horizon Nuclear Power, Hitachi начала процедуру общей оценки проекта ABWR Hitachi GE в Управлении по ядерному регулированию Великобритании. Она была завершена в декабре 2017 года. В июле 2016 года Toshiba отозвала заявку на продление сертификации проекта ABWR в США, поскольку "становилось все более очевидным, что снижение цен на энергоносители в США не позволяет Toshiba рассчитывать на новые возможности для реализации строительных проектов ABWR".
Slightly different versions of the ABWR are offered by GE Hitachi, Hitachi GE, and Toshiba. In 2013, following its purchase of Horizon Nuclear Power, Hitachi began the process of generic design assessment of the Hitachi GE ABWR with the UK Office for Nuclear Regulation. This was completed in December 2017. In July 2016 Toshiba withdrew the U. S. design certification renewal for the ABWR because "it has become increasingly clear that energy price declines in the US prevent Toshiba from expecting additional opportunities for ABWR construction projects".
Локации
АБВР имеет лицензию на эксплуатацию в Японии, США и Тайване, хотя большинство строительных проектов были приостановлены или заморожены.
The ABWR is licensed to operate in Japan, the United States and Taiwan, although most of the construction projects have been halted or shelved.
Япония и Тайвань
По состоянию на 2006 год в Японии эксплуатировались четыре АБВР: блоки 6 и 7 Касивадзаки-Карива, запущенные в 1996 и 1997 годах, блок 5 Хамаока, запущенный в 2004 году после начала строительства в 2000 году, и блок 2 Сика, начавший коммерческую эксплуатацию 15 марта 2006 года. Еще два частично построенных реактора находятся в Лунгмене на Тайване, и еще один (Симанэ АЭС-3) в Японии. Строительство на Лунгмене было приостановлено в 2014 году. Строительство на Симанэ было приостановлено после землетрясения 2011 года.
as of 2006, four ABWRs were in operation in Japan: Kashiwazaki Kariwa units 6 and 7, which opened in 1996 and 1997, Hamaoka unit 5, opened 2004 having started construction in 2000, and Shika 2 commenced commercial operations on March 15, 2006. Another two partially constructed reactors are in Lungmen in Taiwan, and one more (Shimane Nuclear Power Plant 3) in Japan. Work on Lungmen halted in 2014. Work on Shimane halted after the 2011 earthquake
Соединенные Штаты
19 июня 2006 года компания NRG Energy подала письмо о намерениях в Комиссию по ядерному регулированию (NRC) о строительстве двух реакторов ABWR мощностью 1358 МВт на площадке проекта South Texas Project. 25 сентября 2007 года компании NRG Energy и CPS Energy представили в NRC запрос на получение лицензии на строительство и эксплуатацию (COL) для этих электростанций. NRG Energy является независимым производителем электроэнергии, а CPS Energy – крупнейшее муниципальное энергетическое предприятие в стране. NRC одобрила COL 9 февраля 2016 года. В связи с рыночной ситуацией строительство этих двух запланированных энергоблоков может так и не состояться, и дата начала строительства не определена.
On June 19, 2006 NRG Energy filed a Letter Of Intent with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to build two 1358 MWe ABWRs at the South Texas Project site. On September 25, 2007, NRG Energy and CPS Energy submitted a Construction and Operations License (COL) request for these plants with the NRC. NRG Energy is a merchant generator and CPS Energy is the nation's largest municipally owned utility. The COL was approved by the NRC on February 9, 2016. Due to market conditions, these two planned units may never be built and do not have a planned construction date.
Великобритания
Horizon Nuclear Power планировала построить реакторы Hitachi GE ABWR на площадках Wylfa в Уэльсе и Oldbury в Англии. Оба проекта были приостановлены в марте 2012 года действующими на тот момент акционерами (RWE и E.ON) с целью продажи Horizon, после чего новым владельцем стала Hitachi. В июне 2018 года был одобрен "Заказ о согласовании проекта" для Wylfa, а в августе компания Bechtel была назначена управляющим проектом. Ввод первого реактора в эксплуатацию ожидался в середине 2020-х годов, а начало строительства на площадке Oldbury – через несколько лет после этого. Однако 17 января 2019 года Horizon Nuclear Power объявила о приостановке обоих проектов по финансовым причинам.
Horizon Nuclear Power had plans to build Hitachi GE ABWRs at Wylfa in Wales and Oldbury in England. Both projects were paused in March 2012 by the shareholders at the time (RWE and E ON) to put Horizon up for sale, with Hitachi becoming the new owner. The 'Development Consent Order' for Wylfa was accepted in June 2018 and in August Bechtel were appointed as project managers. The first reactor was expected online in the mid 2020s with construction at Oldbury expected to start a few years after this. However, on January 17, 2019, Horizon Nuclear Power announced the suspension of both these projects for financial reasons.
Надежность
По сравнению с аналогичными проектами, четыре действующих АБВР часто отключаются из-за технических проблем. Международное агентство по атомной энергии документирует это с помощью "коэффициента использования установленной мощности" (время с подачей электроэнергии относительно общего времени с момента начала коммерческой эксплуатации). Первые две электростанции в Кашивазаки Карива (блоки 6 и 7) достигают коэффициента использования установленной мощности за весь срок службы в 70%, что означает, что примерно 30% времени с момента ввода в эксплуатацию они не производили электроэнергию. Например, в 2010 году коэффициент использования установленной мощности Kashiwazaki Kariwa 6 составлял 80,9%, а в 2011 году - 93%. Однако в 2008 году она не производила электроэнергию, так как установка была отключена для технического обслуживания, и поэтому коэффициент использования установленной мощности в этом году составил 0%. Выходная мощность двух новых АБВР на электростанциях Хамаока и Шика была снижена из-за технических проблем в паротурбинном отделении электростанций. После снижения мощности обеих электростанций, они все еще имеют повышенное время простоя и демонстрируют коэффициент использования установленной мощности за весь срок службы менее 50%.
In comparison with comparable designs, the four ABWRs in operation are often shut down due to technical problems. The International Atomic Energy Agency documents this with the 'operating factor' (the time with electricity feed in relative to the total time since commercial operation start). The first two plants in Kashiwazaki Kariwa (block 6 & 7) reach total life operating factors of 70%, meaning that about 30% of the time, since commissioning, they were not producing electricity. For example, in 2010 Kashiwazaki Kariwa 6 had an operating capacity of 80.9%, and an operating capacity of 93% in 2011. However, in 2008 it did not produce any power as the installation was offline for maintenance, and therefore had an operating capacity of 0% for that year. The output power of the two new ABWRs at the Hamaoka and Shika power plant had to be lowered because of technical problems in the power plants steam turbine section. After throttling both power plants down, they still have a heightened downtime and show a lifetime operating factor under 50%. Reactor block Net output power (planned net output power) Commercial operation start Operating Factor since commissioning start until 2011 HAMAOKA 5 1212 MW (1325 MW) 18.01.2005 46,7% KASHIWAZAKI KARIWA 6 1315 MW 07.11.1996 72%Shika Nuclear Power Plant 11358Shika, JapanHokuriku Electric Power Company20012005The plant is currently not producing electricity in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant1267Omaezaki, JapanChuden2000On May 14, 2011, Hamaoka 5 was shut down by the request of the Japanese government. Shimane Nuclear Power Plant Reactor 31373Matsue, JapanChugoku Electric Power Company2007 Construction suspended in 2011Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant21350Gongliao Township, Republic of ChinaTaiwan Power Company1997After 2017$9.2 BillionConstruction halted in 2014Higashidōri Nuclear Power Plant31385Higashidōri, JapanTohoku Electric Power and TEPCONo firm plansŌma Nuclear Power Plant11383Ōma, JapanJ Power20102026In December 2014 J Power applied for safety checks at the Oma nuclear plant, slated for startup in 2026. South Texas Project21358Bay City, Texas, United StatesNRG Energy, TEPCO and CPS Energy$14 billionLicense granted 2016, construction is currently not scheduled
Блок реактора | Чистая выходная мощность (планируемая чистая выходная мощность) | Начало коммерческой эксплуатации | Коэффициент использования установленной мощности с начала ввода в эксплуатацию до 2011 года
---|---|---|---
HAMAOKA 5 | 1212 МВт (1325 МВт) | 18.01.2005 | 46,7%
KASHIWAZAKI KARIWA 6 | 1315 МВт | 07.11.1996 | 72%
In comparison with comparable designs, the four ABWRs in operation are often shut down due to technical problems. The International Atomic Energy Agency documents this with the 'operating factor' (the time with electricity feed in relative to the total time since commercial operation start). The first two plants in Kashiwazaki Kariwa (block 6 & 7) reach total life operating factors of 70%, meaning that about 30% of the time, since commissioning, they were not producing electricity. For example, in 2010 Kashiwazaki Kariwa 6 had an operating capacity of 80.9%, and an operating capacity of 93% in 2011. However, in 2008 it did not produce any power as the installation was offline for maintenance, and therefore had an operating capacity of 0% for that year. The output power of the two new ABWRs at the Hamaoka and Shika power plant had to be lowered because of technical problems in the power plants steam turbine section. After throttling both power plants down, they still have a heightened downtime and show a lifetime operating factor under 50%. Reactor block Net output power (planned net output power) Commercial operation start Operating Factor since commissioning start until 2011 HAMAOKA 5 1212 MW (1325 MW) 18.01.2005 46,7% KASHIWAZAKI KARIWA 6 1315 MW 07.11.1996 72%Shika Nuclear Power Plant 11358Shika, JapanHokuriku Electric Power Company20012005The plant is currently not producing electricity in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant1267Omaezaki, JapanChuden2000On May 14, 2011, Hamaoka 5 was shut down by the request of the Japanese government. Shimane Nuclear Power Plant Reactor 31373Matsue, JapanChugoku Electric Power Company2007 Construction suspended in 2011Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant21350Gongliao Township, Republic of ChinaTaiwan Power Company1997After 2017$9.2 BillionConstruction halted in 2014Higashidōri Nuclear Power Plant31385Higashidōri, JapanTohoku Electric Power and TEPCONo firm plansŌma Nuclear Power Plant11383Ōma, JapanJ Power20102026In December 2014 J Power applied for safety checks at the Oma nuclear plant, slated for startup in 2026. South Texas Project21358Bay City, Texas, United StatesNRG Energy, TEPCO and CPS Energy$14 billionLicense granted 2016, construction is currently not scheduled
АЭС Шика | 11358 Шика, Япония | Hokuriku Electric Power Company | 2001-2005
В настоящее время станция не производит электроэнергию в связи с ядерной катастрофой на Фукусиме в 2011 году.
In comparison with comparable designs, the four ABWRs in operation are often shut down due to technical problems. The International Atomic Energy Agency documents this with the 'operating factor' (the time with electricity feed in relative to the total time since commercial operation start). The first two plants in Kashiwazaki Kariwa (block 6 & 7) reach total life operating factors of 70%, meaning that about 30% of the time, since commissioning, they were not producing electricity. For example, in 2010 Kashiwazaki Kariwa 6 had an operating capacity of 80.9%, and an operating capacity of 93% in 2011. However, in 2008 it did not produce any power as the installation was offline for maintenance, and therefore had an operating capacity of 0% for that year. The output power of the two new ABWRs at the Hamaoka and Shika power plant had to be lowered because of technical problems in the power plants steam turbine section. After throttling both power plants down, they still have a heightened downtime and show a lifetime operating factor under 50%. Reactor block Net output power (planned net output power) Commercial operation start Operating Factor since commissioning start until 2011 HAMAOKA 5 1212 MW (1325 MW) 18.01.2005 46,7% KASHIWAZAKI KARIWA 6 1315 MW 07.11.1996 72%Shika Nuclear Power Plant 11358Shika, JapanHokuriku Electric Power Company20012005The plant is currently not producing electricity in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant1267Omaezaki, JapanChuden2000On May 14, 2011, Hamaoka 5 was shut down by the request of the Japanese government. Shimane Nuclear Power Plant Reactor 31373Matsue, JapanChugoku Electric Power Company2007 Construction suspended in 2011Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant21350Gongliao Township, Republic of ChinaTaiwan Power Company1997After 2017$9.2 BillionConstruction halted in 2014Higashidōri Nuclear Power Plant31385Higashidōri, JapanTohoku Electric Power and TEPCONo firm plansŌma Nuclear Power Plant11383Ōma, JapanJ Power20102026In December 2014 J Power applied for safety checks at the Oma nuclear plant, slated for startup in 2026. South Texas Project21358Bay City, Texas, United StatesNRG Energy, TEPCO and CPS Energy$14 billionLicense granted 2016, construction is currently not scheduled
АЭС Хамаока | 1267 Омаэзаки, Япония | Chuden | 2000
14 мая 2011 года, по просьбе японского правительства, была остановлена АЭС Хамаока 5.
In comparison with comparable designs, the four ABWRs in operation are often shut down due to technical problems. The International Atomic Energy Agency documents this with the 'operating factor' (the time with electricity feed in relative to the total time since commercial operation start). The first two plants in Kashiwazaki Kariwa (block 6 & 7) reach total life operating factors of 70%, meaning that about 30% of the time, since commissioning, they were not producing electricity. For example, in 2010 Kashiwazaki Kariwa 6 had an operating capacity of 80.9%, and an operating capacity of 93% in 2011. However, in 2008 it did not produce any power as the installation was offline for maintenance, and therefore had an operating capacity of 0% for that year. The output power of the two new ABWRs at the Hamaoka and Shika power plant had to be lowered because of technical problems in the power plants steam turbine section. After throttling both power plants down, they still have a heightened downtime and show a lifetime operating factor under 50%. Reactor block Net output power (planned net output power) Commercial operation start Operating Factor since commissioning start until 2011 HAMAOKA 5 1212 MW (1325 MW) 18.01.2005 46,7% KASHIWAZAKI KARIWA 6 1315 MW 07.11.1996 72%Shika Nuclear Power Plant 11358Shika, JapanHokuriku Electric Power Company20012005The plant is currently not producing electricity in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant1267Omaezaki, JapanChuden2000On May 14, 2011, Hamaoka 5 was shut down by the request of the Japanese government. Shimane Nuclear Power Plant Reactor 31373Matsue, JapanChugoku Electric Power Company2007 Construction suspended in 2011Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant21350Gongliao Township, Republic of ChinaTaiwan Power Company1997After 2017$9.2 BillionConstruction halted in 2014Higashidōri Nuclear Power Plant31385Higashidōri, JapanTohoku Electric Power and TEPCONo firm plansŌma Nuclear Power Plant11383Ōma, JapanJ Power20102026In December 2014 J Power applied for safety checks at the Oma nuclear plant, slated for startup in 2026. South Texas Project21358Bay City, Texas, United StatesNRG Energy, TEPCO and CPS Energy$14 billionLicense granted 2016, construction is currently not scheduled
АЭС Симане (реактор 3) | 1373 Мацуэ, Япония | Chugoku Electric Power Company | 2007
Строительство приостановлено в 2011 году.
In comparison with comparable designs, the four ABWRs in operation are often shut down due to technical problems. The International Atomic Energy Agency documents this with the 'operating factor' (the time with electricity feed in relative to the total time since commercial operation start). The first two plants in Kashiwazaki Kariwa (block 6 & 7) reach total life operating factors of 70%, meaning that about 30% of the time, since commissioning, they were not producing electricity. For example, in 2010 Kashiwazaki Kariwa 6 had an operating capacity of 80.9%, and an operating capacity of 93% in 2011. However, in 2008 it did not produce any power as the installation was offline for maintenance, and therefore had an operating capacity of 0% for that year. The output power of the two new ABWRs at the Hamaoka and Shika power plant had to be lowered because of technical problems in the power plants steam turbine section. After throttling both power plants down, they still have a heightened downtime and show a lifetime operating factor under 50%. Reactor block Net output power (planned net output power) Commercial operation start Operating Factor since commissioning start until 2011 HAMAOKA 5 1212 MW (1325 MW) 18.01.2005 46,7% KASHIWAZAKI KARIWA 6 1315 MW 07.11.1996 72%Shika Nuclear Power Plant 11358Shika, JapanHokuriku Electric Power Company20012005The plant is currently not producing electricity in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant1267Omaezaki, JapanChuden2000On May 14, 2011, Hamaoka 5 was shut down by the request of the Japanese government. Shimane Nuclear Power Plant Reactor 31373Matsue, JapanChugoku Electric Power Company2007 Construction suspended in 2011Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant21350Gongliao Township, Republic of ChinaTaiwan Power Company1997After 2017$9.2 BillionConstruction halted in 2014Higashidōri Nuclear Power Plant31385Higashidōri, JapanTohoku Electric Power and TEPCONo firm plansŌma Nuclear Power Plant11383Ōma, JapanJ Power20102026In December 2014 J Power applied for safety checks at the Oma nuclear plant, slated for startup in 2026. South Texas Project21358Bay City, Texas, United StatesNRG Energy, TEPCO and CPS Energy$14 billionLicense granted 2016, construction is currently not scheduled
АЭС Лунгмен | 21350 Гонгляо, Китайская Республика | Taiwan Power Company | 1997
После 2017 года | $9.2 млрд | Строительство приостановлено в 2014 году.
In comparison with comparable designs, the four ABWRs in operation are often shut down due to technical problems. The International Atomic Energy Agency documents this with the 'operating factor' (the time with electricity feed in relative to the total time since commercial operation start). The first two plants in Kashiwazaki Kariwa (block 6 & 7) reach total life operating factors of 70%, meaning that about 30% of the time, since commissioning, they were not producing electricity. For example, in 2010 Kashiwazaki Kariwa 6 had an operating capacity of 80.9%, and an operating capacity of 93% in 2011. However, in 2008 it did not produce any power as the installation was offline for maintenance, and therefore had an operating capacity of 0% for that year. The output power of the two new ABWRs at the Hamaoka and Shika power plant had to be lowered because of technical problems in the power plants steam turbine section. After throttling both power plants down, they still have a heightened downtime and show a lifetime operating factor under 50%. Reactor block Net output power (planned net output power) Commercial operation start Operating Factor since commissioning start until 2011 HAMAOKA 5 1212 MW (1325 MW) 18.01.2005 46,7% KASHIWAZAKI KARIWA 6 1315 MW 07.11.1996 72%Shika Nuclear Power Plant 11358Shika, JapanHokuriku Electric Power Company20012005The plant is currently not producing electricity in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant1267Omaezaki, JapanChuden2000On May 14, 2011, Hamaoka 5 was shut down by the request of the Japanese government. Shimane Nuclear Power Plant Reactor 31373Matsue, JapanChugoku Electric Power Company2007 Construction suspended in 2011Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant21350Gongliao Township, Republic of ChinaTaiwan Power Company1997After 2017$9.2 BillionConstruction halted in 2014Higashidōri Nuclear Power Plant31385Higashidōri, JapanTohoku Electric Power and TEPCONo firm plansŌma Nuclear Power Plant11383Ōma, JapanJ Power20102026In December 2014 J Power applied for safety checks at the Oma nuclear plant, slated for startup in 2026. South Texas Project21358Bay City, Texas, United StatesNRG Energy, TEPCO and CPS Energy$14 billionLicense granted 2016, construction is currently not scheduled
АЭС Хигасидори | 31385 Хигасидори, Япония | Tohoku Electric Power и TEPCO | Нет конкретных планов.
In comparison with comparable designs, the four ABWRs in operation are often shut down due to technical problems. The International Atomic Energy Agency documents this with the 'operating factor' (the time with electricity feed in relative to the total time since commercial operation start). The first two plants in Kashiwazaki Kariwa (block 6 & 7) reach total life operating factors of 70%, meaning that about 30% of the time, since commissioning, they were not producing electricity. For example, in 2010 Kashiwazaki Kariwa 6 had an operating capacity of 80.9%, and an operating capacity of 93% in 2011. However, in 2008 it did not produce any power as the installation was offline for maintenance, and therefore had an operating capacity of 0% for that year. The output power of the two new ABWRs at the Hamaoka and Shika power plant had to be lowered because of technical problems in the power plants steam turbine section. After throttling both power plants down, they still have a heightened downtime and show a lifetime operating factor under 50%. Reactor block Net output power (planned net output power) Commercial operation start Operating Factor since commissioning start until 2011 HAMAOKA 5 1212 MW (1325 MW) 18.01.2005 46,7% KASHIWAZAKI KARIWA 6 1315 MW 07.11.1996 72%Shika Nuclear Power Plant 11358Shika, JapanHokuriku Electric Power Company20012005The plant is currently not producing electricity in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant1267Omaezaki, JapanChuden2000On May 14, 2011, Hamaoka 5 was shut down by the request of the Japanese government. Shimane Nuclear Power Plant Reactor 31373Matsue, JapanChugoku Electric Power Company2007 Construction suspended in 2011Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant21350Gongliao Township, Republic of ChinaTaiwan Power Company1997After 2017$9.2 BillionConstruction halted in 2014Higashidōri Nuclear Power Plant31385Higashidōri, JapanTohoku Electric Power and TEPCONo firm plansŌma Nuclear Power Plant11383Ōma, JapanJ Power20102026In December 2014 J Power applied for safety checks at the Oma nuclear plant, slated for startup in 2026. South Texas Project21358Bay City, Texas, United StatesNRG Energy, TEPCO and CPS Energy$14 billionLicense granted 2016, construction is currently not scheduled
АЭС Ома | 11383 Ома, Япония | J Power | 2010-2026
В декабре 2014 года J Power подала заявку на проверку безопасности АЭС Ома, запуск которой запланирован на 2026 год.
In comparison with comparable designs, the four ABWRs in operation are often shut down due to technical problems. The International Atomic Energy Agency documents this with the 'operating factor' (the time with electricity feed in relative to the total time since commercial operation start). The first two plants in Kashiwazaki Kariwa (block 6 & 7) reach total life operating factors of 70%, meaning that about 30% of the time, since commissioning, they were not producing electricity. For example, in 2010 Kashiwazaki Kariwa 6 had an operating capacity of 80.9%, and an operating capacity of 93% in 2011. However, in 2008 it did not produce any power as the installation was offline for maintenance, and therefore had an operating capacity of 0% for that year. The output power of the two new ABWRs at the Hamaoka and Shika power plant had to be lowered because of technical problems in the power plants steam turbine section. After throttling both power plants down, they still have a heightened downtime and show a lifetime operating factor under 50%. Reactor block Net output power (planned net output power) Commercial operation start Operating Factor since commissioning start until 2011 HAMAOKA 5 1212 MW (1325 MW) 18.01.2005 46,7% KASHIWAZAKI KARIWA 6 1315 MW 07.11.1996 72%Shika Nuclear Power Plant 11358Shika, JapanHokuriku Electric Power Company20012005The plant is currently not producing electricity in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant1267Omaezaki, JapanChuden2000On May 14, 2011, Hamaoka 5 was shut down by the request of the Japanese government. Shimane Nuclear Power Plant Reactor 31373Matsue, JapanChugoku Electric Power Company2007 Construction suspended in 2011Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant21350Gongliao Township, Republic of ChinaTaiwan Power Company1997After 2017$9.2 BillionConstruction halted in 2014Higashidōri Nuclear Power Plant31385Higashidōri, JapanTohoku Electric Power and TEPCONo firm plansŌma Nuclear Power Plant11383Ōma, JapanJ Power20102026In December 2014 J Power applied for safety checks at the Oma nuclear plant, slated for startup in 2026. South Texas Project21358Bay City, Texas, United StatesNRG Energy, TEPCO and CPS Energy$14 billionLicense granted 2016, construction is currently not scheduled
Проект в Южном Техасе | 21358 Bay City, Техас, США | NRG Energy, TEPCO и CPS Energy | $14 млрд
Лицензия получена в 2016 году, строительство в настоящее время не запланировано.
In comparison with comparable designs, the four ABWRs in operation are often shut down due to technical problems. The International Atomic Energy Agency documents this with the 'operating factor' (the time with electricity feed in relative to the total time since commercial operation start). The first two plants in Kashiwazaki Kariwa (block 6 & 7) reach total life operating factors of 70%, meaning that about 30% of the time, since commissioning, they were not producing electricity. For example, in 2010 Kashiwazaki Kariwa 6 had an operating capacity of 80.9%, and an operating capacity of 93% in 2011. However, in 2008 it did not produce any power as the installation was offline for maintenance, and therefore had an operating capacity of 0% for that year. The output power of the two new ABWRs at the Hamaoka and Shika power plant had to be lowered because of technical problems in the power plants steam turbine section. After throttling both power plants down, they still have a heightened downtime and show a lifetime operating factor under 50%. Reactor block Net output power (planned net output power) Commercial operation start Operating Factor since commissioning start until 2011 HAMAOKA 5 1212 MW (1325 MW) 18.01.2005 46,7% KASHIWAZAKI KARIWA 6 1315 MW 07.11.1996 72%Shika Nuclear Power Plant 11358Shika, JapanHokuriku Electric Power Company20012005The plant is currently not producing electricity in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant1267Omaezaki, JapanChuden2000On May 14, 2011, Hamaoka 5 was shut down by the request of the Japanese government. Shimane Nuclear Power Plant Reactor 31373Matsue, JapanChugoku Electric Power Company2007 Construction suspended in 2011Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant21350Gongliao Township, Republic of ChinaTaiwan Power Company1997After 2017$9.2 BillionConstruction halted in 2014Higashidōri Nuclear Power Plant31385Higashidōri, JapanTohoku Electric Power and TEPCONo firm plansŌma Nuclear Power Plant11383Ōma, JapanJ Power20102026In December 2014 J Power applied for safety checks at the Oma nuclear plant, slated for startup in 2026. South Texas Project21358Bay City, Texas, United StatesNRG Energy, TEPCO and CPS Energy$14 billionLicense granted 2016, construction is currently not scheduled
Конструкция ABWR-II
Было рассмотрено несколько вариантов конструкции, с выходной мощностью от 600 до 1800 МВтэ. Наиболее проработанным вариантом является ABWR II, разработка которого началась в 1991 году – увеличенный ABWR мощностью 1718 МВтэ, предназначенный для повышения конкурентоспособности атомной энергетики в конце 2010-х годов. Ни один из этих проектов не был реализован. Ожидалось, что новые проекты позволят снизить эксплуатационные расходы на 20%, капитальные затраты на 30% и соблюдать сжатый график строительства в 30 месяцев. Конструкция также обеспечит большую гибкость в выборе ядерного топлива.
A number of design variants have been considered, with power outputs varying from 600 to 1800 MWe. The most developed design variant is the ABWR II, started in 1991, an enlarged 1718 MWe ABWR, intended to make nuclear power generation more competitive in the late 2010s. None of these designs have been deployed. The new designs hoped to achieve 20% reductions in operating costs, 30% reduction in capital costs, and tight planned construction schedule of 30 months. The design would allow for more flexibility in choices of nuclear fuels.