Ключевые даты мировой истории

98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany. 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accession of his son Louis the Pious as ruler of the Frankish Empire. 1069 – Robert de Comines, appointed Earl of Northumbria by William the Conqueror, rides into Durham, England, where he is defeated and killed by rebels. This incident leads to the Harrying of the North. 1077 – Walk to Canossa: The excommunication of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, is lifted after he humbles himself before Pope Gregory VII at Canossa in Italy. 1521 – The Diet of Worms begins, lasting until May 25. 1547 – Edward VI, the nine year old son of Henry VIII, becomes King of England on his father's death. 1568 – The Edict of Torda prohibits the persecution of individuals on religious grounds in John Sigismund Zápolya's Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. 1573 – Articles of the Warsaw Confederation are signed, sanctioning freedom of religion in Poland. 1591 – Execution of Agnes Sampson, accused of witchcraft in Edinburgh.

1624 – Sir Thomas Warner founds the first British colony in the Caribbean, on the island of Saint Kitts. 1671 – Original city of Panama (founded in 1519) is destroyed by a fire when privateer Henry Morgan sacks and sets fire to it. The site of the previously devastated city is still in ruins (see Panama Viejo). 1724 – The Russian Academy of Sciences is founded in St. Petersburg, Russia, by Peter the Great, and implemented by Senate decree. It is called the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences until 1917. 1754 – Sir Horace Walpole coins the word serendipity in a letter to a friend. 1813 – Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice is first published in the United Kingdom. 1846 – The Battle of Aliwal, India, is won by British troops commanded by Sir Harry Smith. 1851 – Northwestern University becomes the first chartered university in Illinois. 1855 – A locomotive on the Panama Canal Railway runs from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean for the first time. 1871 – Franco Prussian War: The Siege of Paris ends in French defeat and an armistice. 1878 – Yale Daily News becomes the first independent daily college newspaper in the United States. 1896 – Walter Arnold of East Peckham, Kent, becomes the first person to be convicted of speeding. He was fined one shilling, plus costs, for speeding at , thereby exceeding the contemporary speed limit of .

1902 – The Carnegie Institution of Washington is founded in Washington, D. C., with a $10 million gift from Andrew Carnegie. 1908 – Members of the Portuguese Republican Party fail in their attempted coup d'état against the administrative dictatorship of Prime Minister João Franco. 1909 – United States troops leave Cuba, with the exception of Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, after being there since the Spanish–American War. 1915 – An act of the U. S. Congress creates the United States Coast Guard as a branch of the United States Armed Forces. 1916 – The Canadian province of Manitoba grants women the right to vote and run for office in provincial elections (although still excluding women of Indigenous or Asian heritage), marking the first time women in Canada are granted voting rights. 1918 – Finnish Civil War: The Red Guard rebels seize control of the capital, Helsinki; members of the Senate of Finland go underground. 1919 – The Order of the White Rose of Finland is established by Baron Gustaf Mannerheim, the regent of the Kingdom of Finland. 1920 – Foundation of the Spanish Legion. 1922 – Knickerbocker Storm: Washington, D. C.'s biggest snowfall, causes a disaster when the roof of the Knickerbocker Theatre collapses, killing over 100 people. 1932 – Japanese forces attack Shanghai. 1933 – The name Pakistan is coined by Choudhry Rahmat Ali Khan and is accepted by Indian Muslims who then thereby adopted it further for the Pakistan Movement seeking independence. 1935 – Iceland becomes the first Western country to legalize therapeutic abortion. 1938 – The World Land Speed Record on a public road is broken by Rudolf Caracciola in the Mercedes Benz W125 Rekordwagen at a speed of 1941 – Franco Thai War: Final air battle of the conflict. A Japanese mediated armistice goes into effect later in the day. 1945 – World War II: Supplies begin to reach the Republic of China over the newly reopened Burma Road. 1956 – Elvis Presley makes his first national television appearance. 1958 – The Lego company patents the design of its Lego bricks, still compatible with bricks produced today. 1960 – The National Football League announces expansion teams for Dallas to start in the 1960 NFL season and Minneapolis St. Paul for the 1961 NFL season. 1964 – An unarmed United States Air Force T 39 Sabreliner on a training mission is shot down over Erfurt, East Germany, by a Soviet MiG 19. 1965 – The current design of the Flag of Canada is chosen by an act of Parliament. 1977 – The first day of the Great Lakes Blizzard of 1977, which dumps 10 feet (3 m) of snow in one day in Upstate New York. Buffalo, Syracuse, Watertown, and surrounding areas are most affected. 1980 – collides with the tanker Capricorn while leaving Tampa, Florida and capsizes, killing 23 Coast Guard crewmembers. 1981 – Ronald Reagan lifts remaining domestic petroleum price and allocation controls in the United States, helping to end the 1979 energy crisis and begin the 1980s oil glut. 1982 – US Army General James L. Dozier is rescued by Italian anti terrorism forces from captivity by the Red Brigades. 1984 – Tropical Storm Domoina makes landfall in southern Mozambique, eventually causing 214 deaths and some of the most severe flooding so far recorded in the region. 1985 – Supergroup USA for Africa (United Support of Artists for Africa) records the hit single We Are the World, to help raise funds for Ethiopian famine relief. 1986 – Space Shuttle program: STS 51 L mission: Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrates after liftoff, killing all seven astronauts on board. 2023 – Protests begin after police beat and kill Tyre Nichols.

598 – Taizong, emperor of the Tang dynasty (d. 649)
1312 – Joan II, queen of Navarre (d. 1349)
1368 – Razadarit, king of Hanthawaddy (d. 1421)
1457 – Henry VII, king of England (d. 1509)
1533 – Paul Luther, German scientist (d. 1593)
1540 – Ludolph van Ceulen, German Dutch mathematician and academic (d. 1610)
1582 – John Barclay, French Scottish poet and author (d. 1621)
1600 – Clement IX, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1669)

1608 – Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, Italian physiologist and physicist (d. 1679)
1611 – Johannes Hevelius, Polish astronomer and politician (d. 1687)
1622 – Adrien Auzout, French astronomer and instrument maker (d. 1691)
1693 – Gregor Werner, Austrian composer (d. 1766)
1701 – Charles Marie de La Condamine, French mathematician and geographer (d. 1774)
1706 – John Baskerville, English printer and typographer (d. 1775)
1712 – Tokugawa Ieshige, Japanese shōgun (d. 1761)
1717 – Mustafa III, Ottoman sultan (d. 1774)
1719 – Johann Elias Schlegel, German poet and critic (d. 1749)
1726 – Christian Felix Weiße, German poet and playwright (d. 1802)
1755 – Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring, Polish German physician, anthropologist, and paleontologist (d. 1830)
1784 – George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, Scottish politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1860)
1797 – Charles Gray Round, English lawyer and politician (d. 1867)
1818 – George S. Boutwell, American lawyer and politician, 28th United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1905)
1822 – Alexander Mackenzie, Scottish Canadian politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1892)
1833 – Charles George Gordon, English general and politician (d. 1885)
1853 – José Martí, Cuban journalist, poet, and theorist (d. 1895)
1853 – Vladimir Solovyov, Russian philosopher, poet, and critic (d. 1900)
1855 – William Seward Burroughs I, American businessman, founded the Burroughs Corporation (d. 1898)
1858 – Tannatt William Edgeworth David, Welsh Australian geologist and explorer (d. 1934)
1861 – Julián Felipe, Filipino composer and educator (d. 1944)
1863 – Ernest William Christmas, Australian American painter (d. 1918)
1864 – Charles W. Nash, American businessman, founded Nash Motors (d. 1948)
1865 – Lala Lajpat Rai, Indian author and politician (d. 1928)
1865 – Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, Finnish lawyer, judge, and politician, 1st President of Finland (d. 1952)
1873 – Colette, French novelist and journalist (d. 1954)
1873 – Monty Noble, Australian cricketer (d. 1940)
1874 – Alex Smith, Scottish golfer (d. 1930)
1875 – Julián Carrillo, Mexican violinist, composer, and conductor (d. 1965)
1878 – Walter Kollo, German composer and conductor (d. 1940)
1880 – Herbert Strudwick, English cricketer and coach (d. 1970)
1884 – Auguste Piccard, Swiss physicist and explorer (d. 1962)
1885 – Vahan Terian, Armenian poet and activist (d. 1920)
1886 – Marthe Bibesco, Romanian French author and poet (d. 1973)
1886 – Hidetsugu Yagi, Japanese engineer and academic (d. 1976)
1887 – Arthur Rubinstein, Polish American pianist and educator (d. 1982)
1897 – Valentin Kataev, Russian author and playwright (d. 1986)
1900 – Alice Neel, American painter (d. 1984)

1613 – Thomas Bodley, English diplomat and scholar, founded the Bodleian Library (b. 1545)
1621 – Pope Paul V (b. 1550)
1666 – Tommaso Dingli, Maltese architect and sculptor (b. 1591)
1672 – Pierre Séguier, French politician, Lord Chancellor of France (b. 1588)
1681 – Richard Allestree, English priest and academic (b. 1619)
1687 – Johannes Hevelius, Polish astronomer and politician (b. 1611)
1688 – Ferdinand Verbiest, Flemish Jesuit missionary in China (b. 1623)
1697 – Sir John Fenwick, 3rd Baronet, English general and politician (b. 1645)
1754 – Ludvig Holberg, Norwegian Danish historian and philosopher (b. 1684)
1782 – Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville, French geographer and cartographer (b. 1697)
1832 – Augustin Daniel Belliard, French general (b. 1769)
1859 – F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich, English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1782)
1864 – Émile Clapeyron, French physicist and engineer (b. 1799)
1873 – John Hart, English Australian politician, 10th Premier of South Australia (b. 1809)

1903 – Augusta Holmès, French pianist and composer (b. 1847)
1912 – Gustave de Molinari, Belgian economist and theorist (b. 1819). 1912 – Eloy Alfaro, former president of Ecuador (b. 1842)
1918 – John McCrae, Canadian soldier, physician, and author (b. 1872)
1921 – Mustafa Suphi, Turkish journalist and politician (b. 1883)
1930 – Emmy Destinn, Czech soprano and poet (b. 1878)
1935 – Mikhail Ippolitov Ivanov, Russian composer and conductor (b. 1859)
1937 – Anastasios Metaxas, Greek architect and target shooter (b. 1862)
1938 – Bernd Rosemeyer, German race car driver (b. 1909)
1939 – W. B. Yeats, Irish poet and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1865)
1942 – Edward Siegler, American gymnast and triathlete (b. 1881)
1945 – Roza Shanina, Russian sergeant and sniper (b. 1924)
1947 – Reynaldo Hahn, Venezuelan French composer, conductor, and critic (b. 1875)
1948 – Hans Aumeier, German SS officer (b. 1906)
1949 – Jean Pierre Wimille, French race car driver (b. 1908)
1950 – Nikolai Luzin, Russian mathematician and academic (b. 1883)
1953 – James Scullin, Australian journalist and politician, 9th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1876)
1953 – Neyzen Tevfik, Turkish philosopher and poet (b. 1879)
1959 – Walter Beall, American baseball player (b. 1899)
1960 – Zora Neale Hurston, American novelist, short story writer, and folklorist (b. 1891)
1963 – Gustave Garrigou, French cyclist (b. 1884)
1965 – Tich Freeman, English cricketer (b. 1888)
1965 – Maxime Weygand, Belgian French general (b. 1867)
1971 – Donald Winnicott, English paediatrician and psychoanalyst (b. 1896)
1973 – John Banner, Austrian actor (b. 1910)
1976 – Marcel Broodthaers, Belgian painter and poet (b. 1924)
1978 – Ward Moore, American author (b. 1903)
1983 – Billy Fury. English pop star (b. 1940)
1983 – Frank Forde, Australian educator and politician, 15th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1890)
1986 – Space Shuttle Challenger crew
Gregory Jarvis, American captain, engineer, and astronaut (b. 1944)
Christa McAuliffe, American educator and astronaut (b. 1948)
1996 – Joseph Brodsky, Russian American poet and essayist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1940)
1996 – Burne Hogarth, American cartoonist and author (b. 1911)
1996 – Jerry Siegel, American author and illustrator, co created Superman (b. 1914)
1998 – Shotaro Ishinomori, Japanese author and illustrator (b. 1938)
1999 – Valery Gavrilin, Russian composer (b. 1939)
2001 – Ranko Marinković, Croatian author and playwright (b. 1913)
2002 – Gustaaf Deloor, Belgian cyclist and soldier (b. 1913)
2002 – Astrid Lindgren, Swedish author and screenwriter (b. 1907)
2002 – Ayşe Nur Zarakolu, Turkish author and activist (b. 1946)
2003 – Mieke Pullen, Dutch runner (b. 1957)
2004 – Lloyd M. Bucher, American captain (b. 1927)
2005 – Jim Capaldi, English singer songwriter and drummer (b. 1944)
2007 – Carlo Clerici, Swiss cyclist (b. 1929)
2007 – Robert Drinan, American priest, lawyer, and politician (b. 1920)
2007 – Yelena Romanova, Russian runner (b. 1963)
2007 – Karel Svoboda, Czech composer (b. 1938)
2009 – Werner Flume, German jurist (b. 1908)
2009 – Billy Powell, American keyboard player and songwriter (b. 1952)
2012 – Roman Juszkiewicz, Polish astronomer and astrophysicist (b. 1952)
2012 – Don Starkell, Canadian adventurer and author (b. 1932)
2013 – Florentino Fernández, Cuban American boxer and coach (b. 1936)
2013 – Hattie N. Harrison, American educator and politician (b. 1928)
2013 – Oldřich Kulhánek, Czech painter, illustrator, and stage designer (b. 1940)
2014 – John Cacavas, American composer and conductor (b. 1930)
2014 – Harry Gamble, American football player, coach, and manager (b. 1930)
2014 – Dwight Gustafson, American composer and conductor (b. 1930)
2014 – Nigel Jenkins, Welsh poet, journalist, and geographer (b. 1949)
2014 – Jorge Obeid, Argentinian engineer and politician, Governor of Santa Fe (b. 1947)
2015 – Suraj Abdurrahman, Nigerian general, architect, and engineer (b. 1954)
2015 – Yves Chauvin, French chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1930)
2015 – Lionel Gilbert, Australian historian, author, and academic (b. 1924)
2016 – Signe Toly Anderson, American singer (b. 1941)
2016 – Paul Kantner, American singer songwriter and guitarist (b. 1941)
2016 – Franklin Gene Bissell, American football player and coach (b. 1926)
2016 – Buddy Cianci, American lawyer and politician, 32nd Mayor of Providence (b. 1941)
2016 – Bob Tizard, New Zealand lawyer and politician, 6th Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1924)
2017 – Alexander Chancellor, British journalist (b. 1940)
2017 – Geoff Nicholls, British musician (b. 1948)
2019 – Pepe Smith, Filipino rock musician (b. 1947)
2021 – Cicely Tyson, American actress (b. 1924)