Ключевые события мировой истории

98 – Trajan succeeds his adoptive father Nerva as Roman emperor; under his rule the Roman Empire will reach its maximum extent. 945 – The co emperors Stephen and Constantine are overthrown and forced to become monks by Constantine VII, who becomes sole emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1186 – Henry VI, the son and heir of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I, marries Constance of Sicily. 1302 – Dante Alighieri is condemned in absentia and exiled from Florence. 1343 – Pope Clement VI issues the papal bull Unigenitus to justify the power of the pope and the use of indulgences. Nearly 200 years later, Martin Luther would protest this.

1606 – Gunpowder Plot: The trial of Guy Fawkes and other conspirators begins, ending with their execution on January 31. 1695 – Mustafa II becomes the Ottoman sultan and Caliph of Islam in Istanbul on the death of Ahmed II. Mustafa rules until his abdication in 1703. 1759 – Spanish forces clash with indigenous Huilliches of southern Chile in the battle of Río Bueno. 1776 – American Revolutionary War: Henry Knox's "noble train of artillery" arrives in Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1785 – The University of Georgia is founded, the first state chartered public university in the United States. 1820 – A Russian expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev discovers the Antarctic continent, approaching the Antarctic coast. 1825 – The U. S. Congress approves Indian Territory (in what is present day Oklahoma), clearing the way for forced relocation of the Eastern Indians on the "Trail of Tears". 1868 – Boshin War: The Battle of Toba–Fushimi begins, between forces of the Tokugawa shogunate and pro Imperial factions; it will end in defeat for the shogunate, and is a pivotal point in the Meiji Restoration. 1869 – Boshin War: Tokugawa rebels establish the Ezo Republic in Hokkaidō. 1874 – Modest Mussorgsky's opera Boris Godunov premieres in Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg
1880 – Thomas Edison receives a patent for his incandescent lamp.

1916 – World War I: The British government passes the Military Service Act that introduces conscription in the United Kingdom. 1918 – Beginning of the Finnish Civil War. 1924 – Six days after his death Lenin's body is carried into a specially erected mausoleum. 1927 – Ibn Saud takes the title of King of Nejd. 1928 – Bundaberg tragedy: a diphtheria vaccine is contaminated with Staph. aureus bacterium, resulting in the deaths of twelve children in the Australian town of Bundaberg. 1939 – First flight of the Lockheed P 38 Lightning. 1943 – World War II: The Eighth Air Force sorties ninety one B 17s and B 24s to attack the U boat construction yards at Wilhelmshaven, Germany. This was the first American bombing attack on Germany. 1944 – World War II: The 900 day Siege of Leningrad is lifted. 1945 – World War II: The Soviet 322nd Rifle Division liberates the remaining inmates of Auschwitz Birkenau. 1951 – Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site begins with Operation Ranger. 1961 – The Soviet submarine S 80 sinks when its snorkel malfunctions, flooding the boat. 1965 – South Vietnamese Prime Minister Trần Văn Hương is removed by the military junta of Nguyễn Khánh. 1967 – Apollo program: Astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee are killed in a fire during a test of their Apollo 1 spacecraft at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. 1967 – Cold War: The Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom sign the Outer Space Treaty in Washington, D. C., banning deployment of nuclear weapons in space, and limiting the usage of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes. 1973 – The Paris Peace Accords officially ends the Vietnam War. Colonel William Nolde is killed in action becoming the conflict's last recorded American combat casualty. 1980 – Through cooperation between the U. S. and Canadian governments, six American diplomats secretly escape hostilities in Iran in the culmination of the Canadian Caper. 1983 – The pilot shaft of the Seikan Tunnel, the world's longest sub aqueous tunnel (53.85 km) between the Japanese islands of Honshū and Hokkaidō, breaks through. 1996 – In a military coup, Colonel Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara deposes the first democratically elected president of Niger, Mahamane Ousmane. 1996 – Germany first observes the International Holocaust Remembrance Day. 2002 – An explosion at a military storage facility in Lagos, Nigeria, kills at least 1,100 people and displaces over 20,000 others. 2003 – The first selections for the National Recording Registry are announced by the Library of Congress. 2010 – The 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis ends when Porfirio Lobo Sosa becomes the new President of Honduras. 2010 – Apple announces the iPad. 2011 – Arab Spring: The Yemeni Revolution begins as over 16,000 protestors demonstrate in Sana'a. 2011 – Within Ursa Minor, H1504+65, a white dwarf with the hottest known surface temperature in the universe at 200,000 K, was documented. 2013 – Two hundred and forty two people die in a nightclub fire in the Brazilian city of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. 2014 – Rojava conflict: The Kobanî Canton declares its autonomy from the Syrian Arab Republic. 2017 – A naming ceremony for the chemical element tennessine takes place in the United States. 2023 – Protests and public outrage spark across the U. S. after the release of multiple videos by the Memphis Police Department showing officers punching, kicking, and pepper spraying Tyre Nichols as a result of running away from a traffic stop, which resulted him dying in the hospital three days later after the incident. 2023 – A shooting at a synagogue in Neve Yaakov, East Jerusalem, kills seven people and injures three others.

1365 – Edward of Angoulême, English noble (d. 1370)
1443 – Albert III, Duke of Saxony (d. 1500)
1546 – Joachim III Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1608)
1571 – Abbas I of Persia (d. 1629)
1585 – Hendrick Avercamp, Dutch painter (d. 1634)

1603 – Sir Harbottle Grimston, 2nd Baronet, English lawyer and politician, Speaker of the House of Commons (d. 1685)
1603 – Humphrey Mackworth, English politician, lawyer and judge (d. 1654)
1621 – Thomas Willis, English physician and anatomist (d. 1675)
1662 – Richard Bentley, English scholar and theologian (d. 1742)
1663 – George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington, Royal Navy admiral (d. 1733)
1687 – Johann Balthasar Neumann, German engineer and architect, designed Würzburg Residence and Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers (d. 1753)
1701 – Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim, German historian and theologian (d. 1790)
1708 – Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia (d. 1728)
1741 – Hester Thrale, Welsh author (d. 1821)
1756 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian pianist and composer (d. 1791)
1775 – Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, German Swiss philosopher and academic (d. 1854)
1782 – Titumir, Bengali revolutionary (d. 1831)
1790 – Juan Álvarez, Mexican general and president (1855) (d. 1867)
1795 – Eli Whitney Blake, American engineer, invented the Mortise lock (d. 1886)
1803 – Eunice Hale Waite Cobb, American writer, public speaker, and activist (d. 1880)
1805 – Maria Anna of Bavaria (d. 1877)
1805 – Samuel Palmer, English painter and etcher (d. 1881)
1806 – Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga, Spanish composer and educator (d. 1826)
1808 – David Strauss, German theologian and author (d. 1874)
1814 – Eugène Viollet le Duc, French architect, designed the Lausanne Cathedral (d. 1879)
1821 – John Chivington, American colonel and pastor (d. 1892)
1823 – Édouard Lalo, French violinist and composer (d. 1892)
1824 – Urbain Johnson, Canadian farmer and political figure (d. 1917)
1826 – Mikhail Saltykov Shchedrin, Russian journalist and author (d. 1889)
1826 – Richard Taylor, American general, historian, and politician (d. 1879)
1832 – Lewis Carroll, English novelist, poet, and mathematician (d. 1898)
1832 – Carl Friedrich Schmidt, Estonian Russian geologist and botanist (d. 1908)
1836 – Leopold von Sacher Masoch, Austrian journalist and author (d. 1895)
1842 – Arkhip Kuindzhi, Ukrainian Russian painter (d. 1910)
1848 – Tōgō Heihachirō, Japanese admiral (d. 1934)
1850 – John Collier, English painter and author (d. 1934)
1850 – Samuel Gompers, English American labor leader (d. 1924)
1850 – Edward Smith, English captain (d. 1912)
1858 – Neel Doff, Dutch Belgian author (d. 1942)
1859 – Wilhelm II, German Emperor (d. 1941)
1869 – Will Marion Cook, American violinist and composer (d. 1944)
1878 – Dorothy Scarborough, American author (d. 1935)
1885 – Jerome Kern, American composer and songwriter (d. 1945)
1885 – Seison Maeda, Japanese painter (d. 1977)
1886 – Radhabinod Pal, Indian academic and jurist (d. 1967)
1889 – Balthasar van der Pol, Dutch physicist and academic (d. 1959)
1893 – Soong Ching ling, Chinese politician, Honorary President of the People's Republic of China (d. 1981)
1895 – Joseph Rosenstock, Polish American conductor and manager (d. 1985)
1895 – Harry Ruby, American composer and screenwriter (d. 1974)
1900 – Hyman G. Rickover, American admiral (d. 1986)

1901 – Giuseppe Verdi, Italian composer (b. 1813)
1910 – Thomas Crapper, English plumber and businessman (b. 1836)
1917 – Ernst Sars, Norwegian historian (b. 1835)
1919 – Endre Ady, Hungarian poet and journalist (b. 1877)
1921 – Maurice Buckley, Australian sergeant (b. 1891)
1922 – Nellie Bly, American journalist and author (b. 1864)
1927 – Jurgis Matulaitis Matulevičius, Lithuanian bishop (b. 1871)
1931 – Nishinoumi Kajirō II, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 25th Yokozuna (b. 1880)
1940 – Isaac Babel, Russian short story writer, journalist, and playwright (b. 1894)
1942 – Kaarel Eenpalu, Estonian journalist and politician, Prime Minister of Estonia (b. 1888)
1951 – Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Finnish field marshal and politician, 6th President of Finland (b. 1867)
1956 – Erich Kleiber, Austrian conductor and director (b. 1890)
1961 – Bernard Friedberg, Austrian scholar and author (b. 1876)
1963 – John Farrow, Australian American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1904)
1965 – Abraham Walkowitz, American painter (b. 1878)
1967 – crew of Apollo 1
Roger B. Chaffee, American pilot, engineer, and astronaut (b. 1935)
Gus Grissom, American pilot and astronaut (b. 1926)
Ed White, American colonel, engineer, and astronaut (b. 1930)
1967 – Alphonse Juin, Algerian French general (b. 1888)
1970 – Rocco D'Assunta, Italian actor, comedian and playwright (b. 1904)
1970 – Marietta Blau, Austrian physicist and academic (b. 1894)
1971 – Jacobo Árbenz, Guatemalan captain and politician, President of Guatemala (b. 1913)
1972 – Mahalia Jackson, American singer (b. 1911)
1973 – William Nolde, American colonel (b. 1929)
1974 – Georgios Grivas, Cypriot general (b. 1898)
1975 – Bill Walsh, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1913)
1979 – Victoria Ocampo. Argentine writer (b. 1890)
1982 – Trần Văn Hương, South Vietnamese politician, 3rd President of South Vietnam, 3rd Vice President of South Vietnam, and 3rd Prime Minister of South Vietnam (b. 1902)
1983 – Louis de Funès, French actor and screenwriter (b. 1914)
1986 – Lilli Palmer, German American actress (b. 1914)
1987 – Norman McLaren, Scottish Canadian animator and director (b. 1914)
1988 – Massa Makan Diabaté, Malian historian, author, and playwright (b. 1938)
1989 – Thomas Sopwith, English ice hockey player and pilot (b. 1888)
1993 – André the Giant, French professional wrestler and actor (b. 1946)
1994 – Claude Akins, American actor (b. 1918)
1996 – Ralph Yarborough, American colonel, lawyer, and politician (b. 1903)
2000 – Friedrich Gulda, Austrian pianist and composer (b. 1930)
2003 – Henryk Jabłoński, Polish historian and politician, President of Poland (b. 1909)
2004 – Salvador Laurel, Filipino lawyer and politician, 10th Vice President of the Philippines (b. 1928)
2004 – Jack Paar, American talk show host and author (b. 1918)
2006 – Gene McFadden, American singer songwriter and producer (b. 1948)
2006 – Johannes Rau, German journalist and politician, 8th President of Germany (b. 1931)
2007 – Yang Chuan kwang, Taiwanese decathlete, long jumper, and hurdler (b. 1933)
2008 – Suharto, Indonesian general and politician, 2nd President of Indonesia (b. 1921)
2008 – Gordon B. Hinckley, American religious leader and author, 15th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints (b. 1910)
2008 – Louie Welch, American businessman and politician, 54th Mayor of Houston (b. 1918)
2009 – John Updike, American novelist, short story writer, and critic (b. 1932)
2009 – R. Venkataraman, Indian lawyer and politician, 8th President of India (b. 1910)
2010 – Zelda Rubinstein, American actress (b. 1933)
2010 – J. D. Salinger, American soldier and author (b. 1919)
2010 – Howard Zinn, American historian, author, and activist (b. 1922)
2011 – Charlie Callas, American comedian and musician (b. 1927)
2012 – Greg Cook, American football player and sportscaster (b. 1946)
2012 – Ted Dicks, English composer and screenwriter (b. 1928)
2012 – Jeannette Hamby, American nurse and politician (b. 1933)
2012 – Kevin White, American politician, 51st Mayor of Boston (b. 1929)
2013 – Ivan Bodiul, Ukrainian Russian politician (b. 1918)
2013 – Stanley Karnow, American journalist and historian (b. 1925)
2014 – Pete Seeger, American singer songwriter, guitarist and activist (b. 1919)
2014 – Epimaco Velasco, Filipino lawyer and politician, Governor of Cavite (b. 1935)
2014 – Paul Zorner, German soldier and pilot (b. 1920)
2015 – Rocky Bridges, American baseball player and coach (b. 1927)
2015 – David Landau, English Israeli journalist (b. 1947)
2015 – Joseph Rotman, Canadian businessman and philanthropist (b. 1935)
2015 – Charles Hard Townes, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)
2015 – Larry Winters, American wrestler and trainer (b. 1956)
2016 – Carlos Loyzaga, Filipino basketball player and coach (b. 1930)
2017 – Emmanuelle Riva, French actress (b. 1927)
2017 – Arthur H. Rosenfeld, American physicist (b. 1926)
2018 – Ingvar Kamprad, Founder of IKEA (b. 1926)
2018 – Mort Walker, American cartoonist (b. 1923)
2019 – Countess Maya von Schönburg Glauchau, German socialite (b. 1958)
2020 – Lina Ben Mhenni, Tunisian Internet activist and blogger (b. 1983)
2021 – Cloris Leachman, American actress and comedian (b. 1926)
2021 – Nunuk Nuraini, Indonesian food scientist (b. 1961)
2022 – Andy Devine, British TV actor (b. 1942)