Ключевые события мировой истории

45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda. 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of eighteen, following the death of his father, Marcus Aurelius. 455 – Petronius Maximus becomes, with support of the Roman Senate, emperor of the Western Roman Empire; he forces Licinia Eudoxia, the widow of his predecessor, Valentinian III, to marry him. 1337 – Edward, the Black Prince is made Duke of Cornwall, the first Duchy in England. 1400 – Turko Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus.

1776 – American Revolution: The British Army evacuates Boston, ending the Siege of Boston, after George Washington and Henry Knox place artillery in positions overlooking the city. 1805 – The Italian Republic, with Napoleon as president, becomes the Kingdom of Italy, with Napoleon as King of Italy. 1824 – The Anglo Dutch Treaty is signed in London, dividing the Malay archipelago. As a result, the Malay Peninsula is dominated by the British, while Sumatra and Java and surrounding areas are dominated by the Dutch. 1842 – The Female Relief Society of Nauvoo is formally organized with Emma Smith as president. 1860 – The First Taranaki War begins in Taranaki, New Zealand, a major phase of the New Zealand Wars. 1861 – The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed. 1862 – The first railway line of Finland between cities of Helsinki and Hämeenlinna, called Päärata, is officially opened. 1891 – collides with in the Bay of Gibraltar and sinks, killing 562 of the 880 passengers on board.

1921 – The Second Polish Republic adopts the March Constitution. 1942 – Holocaust: The first Jews from the Lvov Ghetto are gassed at the Belzec death camp in what is today eastern Poland. 1945 – The Ludendorff Bridge in Remagen, Germany, collapses, ten days after its capture. 1948 – Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Brussels, a precursor to the North Atlantic Treaty establishing NATO. 1950 – Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley announce the creation of element 98, which they name "californium". 1957 – A plane crash in Cebu, Philippines kills Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay and 24 others. 1958 – The United States launches the first solar powered satellite, which is also the first satellite to achieve a long term orbit. 1960 – U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the National Security Council directive on the anti Cuban covert action program that will ultimately lead to the Bay of Pigs Invasion. 1960 – Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 710 crashes in Tobin Township, Perry County, Indiana, killing 63. 1963 – Mount Agung erupts on Bali killing more than 1,100 people. 1966 – Off the coast of Spain in the Mediterranean, the DSV Alvin submarine finds a missing American hydrogen bomb. 1968 – As a result of nerve gas testing by the U. S. Army Chemical Corps in Skull Valley, Utah, over 6,000 sheep are found dead. 1969 – Golda Meir becomes the first female Prime Minister of Israel. 1973 – The Pulitzer Prize winning photograph Burst of Joy is taken, depicting a former prisoner of war being reunited with his family, which came to symbolize the end of United States involvement in the Vietnam War. 1979 – The Penmanshiel Tunnel collapses during engineering works, killing two workers. 1985 – Serial killer Richard Ramirez, aka the "Night Stalker", commits the first two murders in his Los Angeles murder spree. 1988 – A Colombian Boeing 727 jetliner, Avianca Flight 410, crashes into a mountainside near the Venezuelan border killing 143. 1988 – Eritrean War of Independence: The Nadew Command, an Ethiopian army corps in Eritrea, is attacked on three sides by military units of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front in the opening action of the Battle of Afabet. 1992 – Israeli Embassy attack in Buenos Aires: Car bomb attack kills 29 and injures 242. 1992 – A referendum to end apartheid in South Africa is passed 68.7% to 31.2%. 2000 – Five hundred and thirty members of the Ugandan cult Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God die in a fire, considered to be a mass murder or suicide orchestrated by leaders of the cult. Elsewhere another 248 members are later found dead. 2003 – Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council, Robin Cook, resigns from the British Cabinet in disagreement with government plans for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. 2004 – Unrest in Kosovo: More than 22 are killed and 200 wounded. Thirty five Serbian Orthodox shrines in Kosovo and two mosques in Serbia are destroyed. 2016 – Rojava conflict: At a conference in Rmelan, the Movement for a Democratic Society declares the establishment of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria.

763 – Harun al Rashid, Abbasid caliph (d. 809)
1231 – Emperor Shijō of Japan (d. 1242)
1473 – James IV of Scotland (d. 1513)
1523 – Giovanni Francesco Commendone, Catholic cardinal (d. 1584)
1537 – Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Japanese daimyō (d. 1598)

1611 – Robert Douglas, Count of Skenninge, Swedish field marshal (d. 1662)
1665 – Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre, French harpsichord player and composer (d. 1729)
1676 – Thomas Boston, Scottish philosopher and theologian (d. 1732)
1686 – Jean Baptiste Oudry, French painter and engraver (d. 1755)
1725 – Lachlan McIntosh, Scottish American general and politician (d. 1806)
1777 – Patrick Brontë, Irish English priest and author (d. 1861)
1777 – Roger B. Taney, American politician and jurist, 5th Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1864)
1780 – Thomas Chalmers, Scottish minister, economist, and educator (d. 1847)
1781 – Ebenezer Elliott, English poet and educator (d. 1849)
1804 – Jim Bridger, American fur trader and explorer (d. 1881)
1806 – Norbert Rillieux, African American inventor and chemical engineer (d. 1894)
1820 – Jean Ingelow, English poet and author (d. 1897)
1834 – Gottlieb Daimler, German engineer and businessman, co founded Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (d. 1900)
1839 – Josef Rheinberger, Liechtensteiner German organist and composer (d. 1901)
1842 – Rosina Heikel, Finnish physician (d. 1929)
1846 – Kate Greenaway, English author and illustrator (d. 1901)
1849 – Charles F. Brush, American businessman and philanthropist, co invented the Arc lamp (d. 1929)
1849 – Cornelia Clapp, American marine biologist (d. 1934)
1856 – Mikhail Vrubel, Russian painter (d. 1910)
1862 – Martha P. Falconer, American social reformer (d. 1941)
1862 – Silvio Gesell, Belgian merchant and economist (d. 1930)
1864 – Joseph Baptista, Indian engineer, lawyer, and politician (d. 1930)
1866 – Pierce Butler, American lawyer and jurist (d. 1939)
1867 – Patrice Contamine de Latour, Spanish poet (d. 1926)
1877 – Edith New, English militant suffragette (d. 1951)
1877 – Otto Gross, Austrian German psychoanalyst and philosopher (d. 1920)
1877 – Ville Kiviniemi, Finnish politician (d. 1951)
1880 – Patrick Hastings, English lawyer and politician, Attorney General for England and Wales (d. 1952)
1880 – Lawrence Oates, English lieutenant and explorer (d. 1912)
1881 – Walter Rudolf Hess, Swiss physiologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)
1884 – Alcide Nunez, American clarinet player (d. 1934)
1885 – Ralph Rose, American track and field athlete (d. 1913)
1886 – Princess Patricia of Connaught (d. 1974)
1888 – Paul Ramadier, French lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of France (d. 1961)
1889 – Harry Clarke, Irish stained glass artist and book illustrator (d. 1931)
1891 – Ross McLarty, Australian politician, 17th Premier of Western Australia (d. 1962)
1892 – Floyd B. Barnum, American college football coach (d. 1965)
1892 – Sayed Darwish, Egyptian singer songwriter and producer (d. 1923)
1894 – Paul Green, American playwright and academic (d. 1981)
1895 – Lloyd Rees, Australian painter (d. 1988)
1900 – Alfred Newman, American composer and conductor (d. 1970)

1611 – Sophia of Sweden, duchess of Saxe Lauenburg (b. 1547)
1620 – John Sarkander, Polish Moravian priest and saint (b. 1576)
1640 – Philip Massinger, English playwright (b. 1583)
1649 – Gabriel Lalemant, French missionary and saint (b. 1610)
1663 – Jerome Weston, 2nd Earl of Portland, English diplomat (b. 1605)
1680 – François de La Rochefoucauld, French author (b. 1613)
1704 – Menno van Coehoorn, Dutch soldier and engineer (b. 1641)
1715 – Gilbert Burnet, Scottish bishop and historian (b. 1643)
1741 – Jean Baptiste Rousseau, French poet and playwright (b. 1671)
1764 – George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield, English astronomer and politician (b. 1695)
1782 – Daniel Bernoulli, Dutch Swiss mathematician and physicist (b. 1700)
1828 – James Edward Smith, English botanist and entomologist (b. 1759)
1829 – Sophia Albertina, princess abbess of Quedlinburg (b. 1753)
1830 – Laurent de Gouvion Saint Cyr, French general and politician (b. 1764)
1846 – Friedrich Bessel, German astronomer, mathematician, and physicist (b. 1784)
1849 – William II, Dutch sovereign prince and king (b. 1792)
1853 – Christian Doppler, Austrian physicist and mathematician (b. 1803)
1871 – Robert Chambers, Scottish geologist and publisher, co founded Chambers Harrap (b. 1802)
1875 – Ferdinand Laub, Czech violinist and composer (b. 1832)
1893 – Jules Ferry, French lawyer and politician, 44th Prime Minister of France (b. 1832)

1902 – John Houlding, English businessman, founded Liverpool Football Club (b. 1833)
1917 – Franz Brentano, German philosopher and psychologist (b. 1838)
1926 – Aleksei Brusilov, Georgian Russian general (b. 1853)
1934 – Bede Jarrett, English Dominican priest (b. 1881)
1940 – Philomène Belliveau, Canadian artist (b. 1854)
1942 – Nada Dimić, People's Hero of Yugoslavia, victim of Genocide of Serbs (b. 1923)
1946 – Dai Li, Chinese general (b. 1897)
1947 – Mike, American Wyandotte chicken, lived 18 months following decapitation (h. 1945)
1949 – Aleksandra Ekster, Russian French painter and set designer (b. 1882)
1956 – Fred Allen, American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and author (b. 1894)
1956 – Irène Joliot Curie, French physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)
1957 – Ramon Magsaysay, Filipino captain and politician, 7th President of the Philippines (b. 1907)
1958 – John Pius Boland, Irish tennis player and politician (b. 1870)
1958 – Bertha De Vriese, Belgian physician (b. 1877)
1961 – Susanna M. Salter, American activist and politician (b. 1860)
1965 – Amos Alonzo Stagg, American football player and coach (b. 1862)
1974 – Louis Kahn, American architect and academic, designed Jatiyo Sangsad Bhaban (b. 1901)
1976 – Luchino Visconti, Italian director and screenwriter (b. 1906)
1981 – Paul Dean, American baseball player (b. 1913)
1983 – Haldan Keffer Hartline, American physiologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1903)
1983 – Louisa E. Rhine, American botanist and parapsychologist (b. 1891)
1986 – Clarence D. Lester, African American fighter pilot (b. 1923)
1990 – Capucine, French model and actress (b. 1928)
1990 – Dinkar G. Kelkar, Indian art collector (b. 1896)
1992 – Grace Stafford, American actress (b. 1903)
1993 – Helen Hayes, American actress (b. 1900)
1994 – Charlotte Auerbach, German Jewish Scottish folklorist, geneticist, and zoologist (b. 1899)
1994 – Mai Zetterling, Swedish English actress and director (b. 1925)
1995 – Sunnyland Slim, American blues pianist (b. 1906)
1996 – René Clément, French director and screenwriter (b. 1913)
1996 – Terry Stafford, American singer songwriter (b. 1941)
1997 – Jermaine Stewart, American singer songwriter and dancer (b. 1957)
1999 – Ernest Gold, Austrian American composer (b. 1921)
1999 – Jean Pierre Bloch, French activist (b. 1905)
2001 – Anthony Storr, English psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, and author (b. 1920)
2002 – Rosetta LeNoire, American actress and producer (b. 1911)
2002 – Văn Tiến Dũng, Vietnamese general and politician, 6th Minister of Defence for Vietnam (b. 1917)
2002 – Sylvester "Pat" Weaver, American television broadcaster and producer (b. 1908)
2005 – Royce Frith, Canadian lawyer, politician, and diplomat, Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom (b. 1923)
2005 – George F. Kennan, American historian and diplomat, United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union (b. 1904)
2005 – Andre Norton, American author (b. 1912)
2006 – Oleg Cassini, French American fashion designer (b. 1913)
2006 – Ray Meyer, American basketball player and coach (b. 1913)
2006 – İstemihan Taviloğlu, Turkish composer and educator (b. 1945)
2007 – John Backus, American mathematician and computer scientist, designed Fortran (b. 1924)
2008 – Roland Arnall, French American businessman and diplomat, 63rd United States Ambassador to the Netherlands (b. 1939)
2009 – Clodovil Hernandes, Brazilian television host and politician (b. 1937)
2010 – Alex Chilton, American singer songwriter, guitarist, and producer (b. 1950)
2010 – Sid Fleischman, American author and screenwriter (b. 1920)
2011 – Michael Gough, English actor (b. 1916)
2011 – Ferlin Husky, American country music singer (b. 1925)
2012 – Shenouda III, pope of Alexandria (b. 1923)
2012 – Margaret Whitlam, Australian swimmer and author (b. 1919)
2013 – William B. Caldwell III, American general (b. 1925)
2013 – Lawrence Fuchs, American scholar and academic (b. 1927)
2013 – A. B. C. Whipple, American journalist and historian (b. 1918)
2014 – Marek Galiński, Polish cyclist (b. 1974)
2014 – Joseph Kerman, American musicologist and critic (b. 1924)
2014 – Rachel Lambert Mellon, American gardener, philanthropist, art collector and political patron (b. 1910)
2015 – Frank Perris, Canadian motorcycle racer (b. 1931)
2016 – Meir Dagan, Israeli general (b. 1945)
2016 – Zoltán Kamondi, Hungarian director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1960)
2018 – Mike MacDonald, Canadian comedian (b. 1954)
2018 – Phan Văn Khải, the fifth Prime Minister of Vietnam (b. 1933)
2021 – John Magufuli, the fifth President of Tanzania (b. 1959)
2023 – Lance Reddick, American actor (b. 1962)