Ключевые события мировой истории

655 – Battle of the Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. 1315 – Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy: The Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft ambushes the army of Leopold I in the Battle of Morgarten. 1532 – Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire: Commanded by Francisco Pizarro, Spanish conquistadors under Hernando de Soto meet Incan Emperor Atahualpa for the first time outside Cajamarca, arranging for a meeting in the city plaza the following day. 1533 – Francisco Pizarro arrives in Cuzco, the capital of the Inca Empire.

1705 – Rákóczi's War of Independence: The Habsburg Empire and Denmark win a military victory over the Kurucs from Hungary in the Battle of Zsibó. 1760 – The secondly built Castellania in Valletta is officially inaugurated with the blessing of the interior Chapel of Sorrows. 1777 – American Revolutionary War: After 16 months of debate the Continental Congress approves the Articles of Confederation. 1806 – Pike Expedition: Lieutenant Zebulon Pike spots a mountain peak while near the Colorado foothills of the Rocky Mountains. It is later named Pikes Peak in his honor. 1842 – A slave revolt in the Cherokee Nation commences. 1849 – Boilers of the steamboat Louisiana explode as she pulls back from the dock in New Orleans, killing more than 150 people. 1864 – American Civil War: Union General William Tecumseh Sherman begins his March to the Sea. 1884 – The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 met on 15 November 1884, and after an adjournment concluded on 26 February 1885, with the signature of a General Act, regulating the European colonisation and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period. 1889 – Brazil is declared a republic by Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca as Emperor Pedro II is deposed in a military coup.

1917 – Eduskunta declares itself the supreme state power of Finland, prompting its declaration of independence and secession from Russia. 1920 – The first assembly of the League of Nations is held in Geneva, Switzerland. 1920 – The Free City of Danzig is established. 1922 – At least 300 are massacred during a general strike in Guayaquil, Ecuador. 1928 – The RNLI lifeboat Mary Stanford capsizes in Rye Harbour with the loss of the entire 17 man crew. 1933 – Thailand holds its first election. 1938 – Nazi Germany bans Jewish children from public schools in the aftermath of Kristallnacht. 1942 – World War II: The Battle of Guadalcanal ends in a decisive Allied victory. 1943 – The Holocaust: German SS leader Heinrich Himmler orders that Gypsies are to be put "on the same level as Jews and placed in concentration camps". 1951 – Nikos Beloyannis, along with 11 comrades, is sentenced to death for attempting to reestablish the Communist Party of Greece. 1955 – The first part of the Saint Petersburg Metro is opened. 1957 – Short Solent 3 crashes near Chessell. 1965 – Craig Breedlove sets a land speed record of 600.601 mph (966.574 km/h) in his car, the Spirit of America, at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah. 1966 – Project Gemini: Gemini 12 completes the program's final mission, when it splashes down safely in the Atlantic Ocean. 1966 – Pan Am Flight 708 crashes near Dallgow Döberitz, East Germany, killing all three people on board. 1967 – The only fatality of the North American X 15 program occurs during the 191st flight when Air Force test pilot Michael J. Adams loses control of his aircraft which is destroyed mid air over the Mojave Desert. 1968 – The Cleveland Transit System becomes the first transit system in the western hemisphere to provide direct rapid transit service from a city's downtown to its major airport. 1969 – Cold War: The Soviet submarine K 19 collides with the American submarine USS Gato in the Barents Sea. 1969 – Vietnam War: In Washington, D. C., 250,000 500,000 protesters staged a peaceful demonstration against the war, including a symbolic "March Against Death". 1971 – Intel releases the world's first commercial single chip microprocessor, the 4004. 1976 – René Lévesque and the Parti Québécois take power to become the first Quebec government of the 20th century clearly in favor of independence. 1978 – A chartered Douglas DC 8 crashes near Colombo, Sri Lanka, killing 183. 1979 – A package from Unabomber Ted Kaczynski begins smoking in the cargo hold of a flight from Chicago to Washington, D. C., forcing the plane to make an emergency landing. 1983 – Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declares independence; it is only recognized by Turkey. 1985 – A research assistant is injured when a package from the Unabomber addressed to a University of Michigan professor explodes. 1985 – The Anglo Irish Agreement is signed at Hillsborough Castle by British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Irish Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald. 1987 – In Brașov, Romania, workers rebel against the communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu. 1987 – Continental Airlines Flight 1713 crashes during takeoff from Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado, killing 25. 1988 – In the Soviet Union, the uncrewed Shuttle Buran makes its only space flight. 1988 – Israeli–Palestinian conflict: An independent State of Palestine is proclaimed by the Palestinian National Council. 1988 – The first Fairtrade label, Max Havelaar, is launched in the Netherlands. 1990 – The Communist People's Republic of Bulgaria is disestablished and a new republican government is instituted. 1994 – A magnitude 7.1 earthquake hits the central Philippine island of Mindoro, killing 78 people, injuring 430 and triggering a tsunami up to high. 2000 – A chartered Antonov An 24 crashes after takeoff from Luanda, Angola, killing more than 40 people. 2000 – Jharkhand officially becomes the 28th state of India, formed from eighteen districts of southern Bihar. 2001 – Microsoft launches the Xbox game console. 2002 – Hu Jintao becomes General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and a new nine member Politburo Standing Committee is inaugurated. 2003 – The first day of the 2003 Istanbul bombings, in which two car bombs, targeting two synagogues, explode, kill 25 people and wound 300 more. 2006 – Al Jazeera English launches worldwide. 2007 – Cyclone Sidr hits Bangladesh, killing an estimated 5,000 people and destroying parts of the world's largest mangrove forest, the Sundarbans. 2012 – Xi Jinping becomes General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and a new seven member Politburo Standing Committee is inaugurated. 2013 – Sony releases the PlayStation 4 (PS4) game console. 2016 – Hong Kong's High Court bans elected politicians Yau Wai ching and Baggio Leung from the city's Parliament. 2020 – Lewis Hamilton wins the Turkish Grand Prix and secures his seventh drivers' title, equalling the all time record held by Michael Schumacher. 2022 – The world population reached eight billion.

459 – B'utz Aj Sak Chiik, Mayan king (d. 501)
1316 – John I, king of France and Navarre (d. 1316)
1397 – Nicholas V, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1455)
1498 – Eleanor of Austria, queen of Portugal and France (d. 1558)
1511 – Johannes Secundus, Dutch poet and author (d. 1536)
1556 – Jacques Davy Duperron, French cardinal (d. 1618)

1607 – Madeleine de Scudéry, French author (d. 1701)
1660 – Hermann von der Hardt, German historian and orientalist (d. 1746)
1661 – Christoph von Graffenried, Swiss American settler and author (d. 1743)
1692 – Eusebius Amort, German poet and theologian (d. 1775)
1708 – William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, English politician, Prime Minister of Great Britain (d. 1778)
1738 – William Herschel, German English astronomer and composer (d. 1822)
1741 – Johann Kaspar Lavater, Swiss poet and physiognomist (d. 1801)
1746 – Joseph Quesnel, French Canadian poet, playwright, and composer (d. 1809)
1757 – Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher, Danish surgeon, botanist, and academic (d. 1830)
1776 – José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, Mexican journalist and author (d. 1827)
1784 – Jérôme Bonaparte, French husband of Catharina of Württemberg (d. 1860)
1791 – Friedrich Ernst Scheller, German lawyer, jurist, and politician (d. 1869)
1793 – Michel Chasles, French mathematician and academic (d. 1880)
1849 – Mary E. Byrd, American astronomer and educator (d. 1934)
1852 – Tewfik Pasha, Egyptian ruler (d. 1892)
1859 – Christopher Hornsrud, Norwegian businessman and politician, 11th Prime Minister of Norway (d. 1960)
1862 – Gerhart Hauptmann, German novelist, poet, and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1946)
1865 – John Earle, Australian politician, 22nd Premier of Tasmania (d. 1932)
1866 – Cornelia Sorabji, Indian lawyer, social reformer and writer (d. 1954)
1867 – Emil Krebs, German polyglot (d. 1930)
1868 – Emil Racoviță, Romanian biologist, zoologist, and explorer (d. 1947)
1873 – Sara Josephine Baker, American physician and academic (d. 1945)
1874 – Dimitrios Golemis, Greek runner (d. 1941)
1874 – August Krogh, Danish zoologist and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1949)
1879 – Lewis Stone, American actor (d. 1953)
1881 – Franklin Pierce Adams, American journalist and author (d. 1960)
1882 – Felix Frankfurter, Austrian American lawyer and jurist (d. 1965)
1886 – René Guénon, French Egyptian philosopher and author (d. 1951)
1887 – Marianne Moore, American poet, critic, and translator (d. 1972)
1887 – Georgia O'Keeffe, American painter and educator (d. 1986)
1888 – Artie Matthews, American pianist and composer (d. 1958)
1890 – Richmal Crompton, English author and educator (d. 1969)
1891 – W. Averell Harriman, American businessman and politician, 11th United States Secretary of Commerce (d. 1986)
1891 – Erwin Rommel, German field marshal (d. 1944)
1892 – Naomi Childers, American actress (d. 1964)
1895 – Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (d. 1918)
1895 – Antoni Słonimski, Polish journalist, poet, and playwright (d. 1976)
1896 – Leonard Lord, English businessman (d. 1967)
1897 – Aneurin Bevan, Welsh journalist and politician, Secretary of State for Health (d. 1960)
1897 – Sacheverell Sitwell, English author and critic (d. 1988)
1899 – Avdy Andresson, Estonian American soldier and diplomat, Estonian Minister of War (d. 1990)

1628 – Roque González de Santa Cruz, Paraguayan missionary and martyr (b. 1576)
1630 – Johannes Kepler, German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1571)
1670 – John Amos Comenius, Czech bishop, philosopher, and educator (b. 1592)
1691 – Aelbert Cuyp, Dutch painter (b. 1620)
1706 – Tsangyang, Tibetan dalai lama (b. 1683)
1712 – James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton, Scottish general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire (b. 1658)
1712 – Charles Mohun, 4th Baron Mohun, English politician (b. 1675)
1787 – Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer (b. 1714)
1794 – John Witherspoon, Scottish American minister and academic (b. 1723)
1795 – Charles Amédée Philippe van Loo, French painter (b. 1719)
1832 – Jean Baptiste Say, French economist and businessman (b. 1767)
1836 – Herman of Alaska, Russian missionary and saint (b. 1750s)
1845 – William Knibb, English Baptist minister and Jamaican missionary (b. 1803)
1853 – Maria II, Portuguese queen and regent (b. 1819)
1892 – Thomas Neill Cream, Scottish Canadian serial killer (b. 1850)
1897 – Alfred Kennerley, English Australian politician, 10th Premier of Tasmania (b. 1810)

1908 – Cixi, China empress dowager and regent (b. 1835)
1910 – Wilhelm Raabe, German author (b. 1831)
1916 – Henryk Sienkiewicz, Polish journalist and author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1846)
1917 – Émile Durkheim, French sociologist, psychologist, and philosopher (b. 1858)
1919 – Mikhail Dolivo Dobrovolsky, Polish Russian engineer, electrician, and inventor (b. 1862)
1919 – Mohammad Farid, Egyptian lawyer and politician (b. 1868)
1919 – Alfred Werner, French Swiss chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1866)
1921 – Tadhg Barry, veteran Irish republican and leading trade unionist (b. 1880)
1922 – Dimitrios Gounaris, Greek lawyer and politician, 94th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1866)
1922 – Petros Protopapadakis, Greek mathematician and politician, 107th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1854)
1922 – Nikolaos Stratos, Greek lawyer and politician, 106th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1872)
1941 – Wal Handley, English motorcycle racer (b. 1902)
1942 – Annemarie Schwarzenbach, Swiss author and photographer (b. 1908)
1945 – Frank Chapman, American ornithologist and photographer (b. 1864)
1949 – Narayan Apte, Indian activist, assassin of Mahatma Gandhi (b. 1911)
1949 – Nathuram Godse, Indian assassin of Mahatma Gandhi (b. 1910)
1958 – Tyrone Power, American actor, singer, and producer (b. 1914)
1959 – Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, Scottish physicist and meteorologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1869)
1960 – Robert Raymond Cook, Canadian murderer (b. 1937)
1961 – Elsie Ferguson, American actress (b. 1883)
1961 – Johanna Westerdijk, Dutch pathologist and academic (b. 1883)
1963 – Fritz Reiner, Hungarian American conductor (b. 1888)
1966 – Dimitrios Tofalos, Greek weightlifter and wrestler (b. 1877)
1966 – William Zorach, Lithuanian American sculptor and painter (b. 1887)
1967 – Michael J. Adams, American soldier, pilot, and astronaut (b. 1930)
1970 – Konstantinos Tsaldaris, Egyptian Greek politician (b. 1884)
1971 – Rudolf Abel, English Russian colonel (b. 1903)
1976 – Jean Gabin, French actor, singer, and producer (b. 1904)
1978 – Margaret Mead, American anthropologist and author (b. 1901)
1980 – Bill Lee, American actor and singer (b. 1916)
1981 – Steve Macko, American baseball player and coach (b. 1954)
1981 – Enid Markey, American actress (b. 1894)
1981 – Khawar Rizvi, Pakistani poet and scholar (b. 1938)
1982 – Vinoba Bhave, Indian philosopher and Gandhian, Bharat Ratna Awardee (b. 1895)
1982 – Martín de Álzaga, Argentinian race car driver (b. 1901)
1983 – John Grimaldi, English keyboard player and songwriter (b. 1955)
1983 – Charlie Grimm, American baseball player and manager (b. 1898)
1983 – John Le Mesurier, English actor (b. 1912)
1984 – Baby Fae, American infant, who received baboon heart (b. 1984)
1985 – Méret Oppenheim, German Swiss painter, photographer, and poet (b. 1913)
1988 – Billo Frómeta, Dominican conductor and composer (b. 1915)
1988 – Ieronymos I of Athens, Greek archbishop and theologian (b. 1905)
1994 – Elizabeth George Speare, American author (b. 1908)
1996 – Alger Hiss, American lawyer and diplomat (b. 1904)
1997 – Saul Chaplin, American director and composer (b. 1912)
1998 – Stokely Carmichael, Trinidadian American activist (b. 1941)
1998 – Ludvík Daněk, Czech discus thrower (b. 1937)
2000 – Edoardo Agnelli, son of industrialist Gianni Agnelli, converted to Shia Islam (b. 1954)
2003 – Ray Lewis, Canadian runner (b. 1910)
2003 – Dorothy Loudon, American actress and singer (b. 1925)
2003 – Laurence Tisch, American businessman, co founded the Loews Corporation (b. 1923)
2003 – Speedy West, American guitarist and producer (b. 1924)
2004 – Elmer L. Andersen, American businessman and politician, 30th Governor of Minnesota (b. 1909)
2004 – John Morgan, Welsh Canadian actor and screenwriter (b. 1930)
2005 – Adrian Rogers, American pastor and author (b. 1931)
2005 – Arto Salminen, Finnish journalist and author (b. 1959)
2006 – David K. Wyatt, American historian and author (b. 1937)
2007 – Joe Nuxhall, American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1928)
2008 – Grace Hartigan, American painter (b. 1922)
2009 – Serbian Patriarch Pavle II (b. 1914)
2010 – Larry Evans, American chess player and journalist (b. 1932)
2010 – Ed Kirkpatrick, American baseball player (b. 1944)
2010 – William Edwin Self, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1921)
2011 – Oba Chandler, American murderer (b. 1946)
2012 – Théophile Abega, Cameroonian footballer and politician (b. 1954)
2012 – Luís Carreira, Portuguese motorcycle racer (b. 1976)
2012 – Maleli Kunavore, Fijian rugby player (b. 1983)
2012 – K. C. Pant, Indian politician, 18th Indian Minister of Defence (b. 1931)
2012 – Frode Thingnæs, Norwegian trombonist, composer, and conductor (b. 1940)
2013 – Sheila Matthews Allen, American actress and producer (b. 1929)
2013 – Glafcos Clerides, Cypriot lawyer and politician, 4th President of Cyprus (b. 1919)
2013 – Mike McCormack, American football player and coach (b. 1930)
2014 – Jack Bridger Chalker, English painter and academic (b. 1918)
2014 – Lucien Clergue, French photographer and educator (b. 1934)
2014 – Valéry Mézague, Cameroonian footballer (b. 1983)
2014 – Reg Withers, Australian soldier and politician, Australian Minister for the Capital Territory (b. 1924)
2015 – Gisèle Prassinos, French author (b. 1920)
2015 – Herbert Scarf, American economist and academic (b. 1930)
2015 – Saeed Jaffrey, Indian British actor (b. 1929)
2016 – Mose Allison, American pianist and songwriter (b. 1927)
2017 – Lil Peep, American singer and rapper (b. 1996)
2023 – Žarko Laušević, Serbian actor (b. 1960)