Керала штатындағы Коттаям ауданы

the district in Kerala, India

Kottayam is one of 14 districts in the Indian state of Kerala. Kottayam district comprises six municipal towns: Kottayam, Changanassery, Pala, Erattupetta, Ettumanoor, and Vaikom. It is the only district in Kerala that does not border the Arabian Sea or any other Indian state. The district is bordered by hills in the east, and the Vembanad Lake and paddy fields of Kuttanad on the west. The area's geographic features include paddy fields, highlands, and hills. As of the 2011 census, 28.6% of the district's residents live in urban areas, and it reports a 97.2% literacy rate. In 2008, the district became the first tobacco free district in India. Kottayam registered the lowest Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) of zero among all districts of India, indicating no deprivation as per the report published by Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative and UNDP for districts across India. The district's headquarters are based in the city of Kottayam. Hindustan Newsprint Limited and Rubber Board are two central government organizations located in the district. The headquarters of two religious communities in Kerala are also in the Kottayam District: Nair Service Society and the Indian Orthodox Church.

The name Kottayam is a combination of the words "kotta" and "akam" in the local language of Malayalam, meaning "interior of a fort".

A substantial portion of Kottayam district may have been under the Arabian Sea during prehistoric times. The region around the city of Kottayam was known as Munjunadu, while the Vaikom Meenachil region, which lies to the north of Munjunadu was included in a province called Vempolinadu (known as Bimbali Desam in Sanskrit).) is a copper plate inscription written in Old Malayalam language that dates back to the 9th century CE found at Vazhappally in Kottayam district. Recent scholarship puts the date of the plate in c. 882/83 CE. The inscription is engraved on a single copper plate (with five lines on both sides) in an early form of the Old Malayalam language in Vatteluttu script with some Grantha characters. The contents of the plate are incomplete. The plate is owned by Muvidathu Madom, Thiruvalla. The Perunna inscription dates back to the year 1099 CE (the 10th regional year of Rama Kulasekhara).

The province Vempolinadu (Bimbali Desam) of the Chera Perumals of Mahodayapuram attained political autonomy in 1102 CE following the Chera Chola wars of the 11th century CE. However, the act only addressed the issue of sovereignty which was taken over by the State of Kerala with the accession of Travancore to the Union of India. The ownership of the Kannan Devan plantation (125000 acres)leased to John Monroe, and subsequently transferred to Tata Finlay, and finally to Tata Tea was not relinquished by the Poonjar royal family. This was established by a court challenge to the status, which was resolved by a Kerala High Court order in the early 1990s. The order was in favor of the Poonjar royal family establishing ownership. The lease terms are currently being fulfilled with regards to lease payments as per the original deed.

[[File:Cms college old building. JPG|thumbnail|The CMS College Kottayam, established in 1815, was the first Western model institute of higher education in India. They had also established the CMS College Kottayam in 1815 as the first Western style institute of higher education in India. The region progressed much in its literacy rate by the end of the 19th century CE. Vaikom Satyagraha, a protest against caste discrimination, took place in Kottayam district in 1924. Kottayam was the headquarters of the northernmost revenue division in Travancore which included the Taluks of North Paravur, Kunnathunad, Muvattupuzha, Thodupuzha, Meenachil, Changanassery, Kottayam, Vaikom, and Cherthala in 1931. The erstwhile Kingdom of Cochin was reorganized into Thrissur district and Taluks of North Paravur and Kunnathunad were transferred to that district. Similarly the Cherthala Taluk was transferred into the newly formed Kollam district on 1 July 1949. Two new Taluks, namely Kanjirappally (from Changanassery and Thiruvalla) and Udumbanchola (from Devikulam and Peerumede) were carved out on 1 October 1956. The district of Kottayam took its current shape on 26 January 1972. Now it contains five Taluks Changanassery, Kottayam, Vaikom, Meenachil, and Kanjirappally. The municipality of Kottayam was declared as the first town in India to achieve 100% literacy in 1989. The Multidimensional Poverty Index prepared by NITI Aayog based on the National Family Health Survey 2015–16 declared Kottayam as the first Indian district to achieve zero multidimensional poverty rate. The Kottayam district experienced intense red rainfall in 2001, during which the rain was colored red, yellow, green, and black.

Kottayam is linked by major roads and rail to other prominent cities in Kerala, and also by waterways allowing for waterborne travel. The Kottayam Kumali, Ettumanoor Ernakulam, Kottayam Pathanamthitta, Thiruvalla Kidangoor Central Kerala Bypass, and MC road are the major roads in the district. The nearest airport is the Cochin International Airport. SWTD operates ferry services from different parts of the Kottayam district. The ferry service from Vaikom to Thavanakkadavu in the Alappuzha district is the longest. India's first solar ferry service boat, 'Adhithya', operates from Vaikom.

Kottayam city is the administrative headquarters of the Kottayam district. The district is divided into two revenue divisions Kottayam and Pala.

There are 6 municipal towns in the district. They are:

There are three Lok Sabha constituencies in Kottayam district: Kottayam (6 assembly constituencies), Pathanamthitta (2 assembly constituencies, i. e., Kanjirappally and Poonjar) and Mavelikara (1 assembly constituency,
i. e., Changanassery). There are nine Kerala Legislative Assembly seats in Kottayam district. + Kerala Legislative Assembly Constituencies from Kottayam district (9)Sl no. ConstituencyMemberPartyAlliance 1 Pala Mani C. Kappan NCP 2 Kaduthuruthy Monce Joseph KEC 3 Vaikom C. K. Asha CPI 4 Ettumanoor V. N. Vasavan CPI(M) 5 KottayamThiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan INC 6 Puthuppally Chandy Oommen INC 7 Changanassery Job Michael KC(M) 8 Kanjirappally N. Jayaraj KC(M) 9 Poonjar Sebastian Kulathunkal KC(M)

The district lacks refineries, ports, and an airport, which are needed for major industries. Aside from two public sector companies, Hindustan Newsprint at Velloor and Travancore Cements at Nattakom, industries in the district consist mostly of small and medium size operations. These mainly include the publishing and processing of rubber or latex, and manufacturing of rubber based products. Confined mostly to the Vaikom area of the district is an industry of coir processing and making coir products. Consisting of more than twenty cooperatives, it employs around 20,000 people. In the hand loom sector, eight cooperative societies employ 2,100 persons. The district's forests include varieties of softwood and other varieties of timber providing the raw material for several small enterprises in the production of plywood, packing cases, splints, veneers, and furniture. The first printing press in Kerala, C. M. S. Press, was established in 1821 by Rev. Benjamin Bailey, a British missionary. Malayalam English and English Malayalam dictionaries were published in Kottayam in 1846 and 1847. The only cooperative society of writers, authors and publishers (SPCS) for publishing books and periodicals was established in 1945. Kottayam is home to a number of books and periodicals, and is the center of publishing business in the state. Publishing houses like Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi publications, Labour India Publications Ltd, Mangalam Publications, Deepika, D. C. Books, V Publishers, Vidhyamitram, Kerala Kaumudi daily and Kerala Kaumudi Flash are also publishers in the district. The city of Kottayam hosts several book exhibitions every year.

According to the 2011 census Kottayam district has a population of 1,974,551, roughly equal to the nation of Slovenia or the US state of New Mexico. This gives it a ranking of 234th in India (out of a total of 640).