Бейсбол добының құрылысы мен тарихы

Ball used in the sport of baseball

A baseball is the ball used in the sport of baseball. It consists of a rubber or cork center wrapped in yarn and covered with white natural horsehide or cowhide, or a synthetic composite leather. A regulation baseball is in circumference i. e. in diameter, with a weight of
The leather cover is commonly formed from two saddle shaped pieces stitched together, typically with red dyed thread. There are 108 stitches on a regulation baseball. That stitching plays a significant role in the trajectory of a thrown baseball due to the drag caused by the interaction between the stitching and the air. Controlling the orientation of the stitches and the speed of the ball's rotation allows a pitcher to affect the behavior of the pitched ball in specific ways. Commonly employed pitches include the curveball, the slider, the two seam fastball, the four seam fastball, the sinker, the cutter and the changeup.

In the early, mid 1800s days of baseball, there was a great variety in the size, shape, weight, and manufacturing of baseballs. Early baseballs were made with a rubber core from old, melted shoes, wrapped in yarn and leather. Fish eyes were also used as cores in some places. Pitchers usually made their own balls, which were used throughout the game, softening and coming unraveled as the game went on. One of the more popular earlier ball designs was the "lemon peel ball," named after its distinct four lines of stitching design. Lemon peel balls were darker, smaller, and weighed less than other baseballs, prompting them to travel further and bounce higher, causing very high scoring games. In the mid 1850s, teams in and around New York met in an attempt to standardize the baseball. They decided to regulate the weight of baseballs at 51/2–6 oz, and with a circumference of 8–11 inches. There were still many variations of baseballs since they were completely handmade. Balls with more rubber and a tighter winding went further and faster (known as "live balls"), and balls with less rubber and a looser winding (known as "dead balls") did not travel as far or fast. This is generally true for all baseballs. Teams often used this knowledge to their advantage, as players from the team usually manufactured their own baseballs to use in games. Baseballs have gone through only a few small changes since the compromise. During World War II, the United States banned the use of rubber for non war related goods, including for baseballs. So in , instead of using rubber, baseballs were made with rubber like shells of balata (also used in golf balls), which is obtained from a particular type of tropical tree. Hitting declined significantly that year. The introduction of synthetic rubber in resulted in baseballs' returning to normal. Offense would return to normal after the change back to the regular ball and return of players from active duty. In , due to a shortage of the material, horsehide was replaced by the more abundant cowhide as the cover material. In , MLB ended its relationship with Spalding for manufacturing their baseballs and switched to Rawlings, which still provides the balls to MLB today.

Major League Baseball: Official Rules: 1.00 Objectives of the Game See 1.09.