Эйнсфорд: Тарихы мен табиғаты

Eynsford ('/eɪ//n//s//f//ər//d/ or '/eɪ//n//z//f//ər//d/) is a village and civil parish in the Sevenoaks District of Kent, England. It is located 3.3 mile (5 km) south east of Swanley, 7 mile (11 km) south of Dartford. The village including its farmland and woods occupies the northern half of the triangle formed by three motorways in west Kent barring its very northernmost part which is Farningham. This area is undulating and has a large minority of woodland. In the south of the parish is Lullingstone, much of which was owned for many centuries by the large, late medieval Lullingstone Castle, whereas other parts of the village were owned by Eynsford Castle, which is older. Well before the founding of the Kingdom of England, Lullingstone Roman villa was founded in this part of the parish, which is open to the public today. The Darent Valley Path takes in a cross section of the area.

Eynsford is first mentioned in writing in 864, as "Egenes homme". The derivation is unclear, but one possibility is that it represents "Ægen's river meadow", from the Old English hamm "river meadow, enclosure". In 1801 the village had the highest population in the Dartford area, at 841 persons. In the centre of the village is a ford over the river, with a picturesque hump back bridge alongside. There are many old buildings including the 16th century Plough Inn and the Old Mill. The church is dedicated to St Martin. In about 1163, Thomas Becket is reputed to have excommunicated William de Eynsford, the owner of Eynsford castle. The excommunication was cancelled by King Henry II and the issue became part of the quarrel that led to Becket's murder in 1170. John Wesley is thought to have preached here: he was a friend of the then vicar of Shoreham, the next village along the valley. The Wesley Stone by the bridge commemorates the spot. It was near Eynsford village (at Austin Lodge) that Percy Pilcher constructed and successfully flew lightweight gliders. On 30 September 1899, having completed his triplane, he had intended to demonstrate it to a group of onlookers and potential sponsors in a field near Stanford Hall. However, days before, the engine crankshaft had broken and, so as not to disappoint his guests, he decided to fly the Hawk instead. The weather was stormy and rainy, but by 4 pm Pilcher decided the weather was good enough to fly. Whilst flying, the tail snapped and Pilcher plunged to the ground: he died two days later from his injuries with his triplane having never been publicly flown. Another famous resident was Arthur Mee who built and lived in Eynsford Hill, a grand house overlooking the village. Mee edited both the weekly Children's Newspaper and the Children's Encyclopaedia, in which the design and construction of Eynsford Hill was chronicled. Whether the name of Eliza Doolittle's husband Freddy Eynsford Hill in George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion is connected to the house is a matter of conjecture. The village was scandalised in the 1920s by the antics of composers E. J. Moeran and Peter Warlock who rented a house there; Warlock's habit of riding his motorbike round the village naked was matched by his housemate's singing sea shanties on a Sunday morning to try to drown out the congregation in the Baptist chapel next door. Although the time spent in Eynsford was productive for Warlock, Moeran never really recovered. Graham Sutherland lived for many years in the 17th century Willow Cottage opposite the old village school. The parish was part of Axstane Hundred and later Dartford Rural District.

Dating from 1088, Eynsford Castle is one of the most complete Norman castles in England. Ransacked in the 14th century, it fell into decay. For years it was used as dog kennels by the Hart Dyke family of nearby Lullingstone Castle. It is now in the care of English Heritage and open to the public

Not a true castle, but a manor house, built in the 15th century and substantially rebuilt in the 18th century by Sir Percyvall Hart in honour of Queen Anne, who often stayed there. In 1875 Sir William Hart Dyke and two of his friends framed the rules of lawn tennis at Lullingstone and first played the game there, using a ladder supported on two barrels for a net. The silk farm that supplied Queen Elizabeth II with silk for her wedding dress was situated here, though by the time the Lullingstone Silk Farm provided Lady Diana Spencer with silk for hers, it had moved to Dorset. In 2004 the current heir to the estate, Tom Hart Dyke, created the World Garden of Plants in the grounds from a design made in 2000 while he was held captive by rebels in Colombia. The walled garden is laid out like a map of the world, containing some 10 000 species planted to create the shapes of their areas of origin. Both house and garden are open to the public, and the garden in 2005 won the British Guild of Travel Writers' 'Best UK Tourism Project' award.

Lullingstone Roman villa was discovered in 1939, and contains some of the finest excavated remains of a Roman villa in Britain, including a Romano Christian chapel.

The Eastern areas flanking the Darent were largely grazed and kept open from encroaching scrub and woodland up until the 1950's. The ensuing changes and scrub encroachment meant a loss of habitat for many downland butterfly species. This decline was repeated in the bird and reptile populations. Stirling clearance efforts ensued along Preston Hill and the flanks of Lower Austin Lodge, though without enough consistency to make a substantial difference. The shallower Western slopes of the Darent up to Lullingstone Golf Course still have a substantial diversity of butterflies and birds, the lockdown period on 2020 even encouraging quite unsuspected birds like the Wheatear to take up spring and summer residence.

In 1775, A Baptist preacher, Mr J. Morris, opened his house in Eynsford for the preaching of the Gospel. This was the beginning of a Baptist community, which grew despite opposition from the established church. In 1802, it is recorded in the history of the church that when Mr Rogers came to be pastor "great difficulty was experienced in obtaining lodgings for the young Minister, that at one time the prejudice against a Baptist Minister was so strong that the people with whom he lodged had notice to quit their house unless he left, and it was with the greatest difficulty he secured a house when he married." The first building was completed in 1806, giving way to the present enlarged building in 1906. The current pastor is the Rev. Joel Schofield.

Eynsford station provides the village with National Rail services to London Blackfriars via Catford and to Sevenoaks.

Eynsford is served by Go Coach route 2 to Sevenoaks and Swanley, with limited journeys on Mondays through Saturdays.