1975 жылдың қарашасы: Оқиғалар мен жаңалықтар

Month of 1975

The following events occurred in November 1975:

U. S. President Gerald Ford testified in a videotaped deposition for the trial of Lynette Fromme, who had tried to shoot him in September. The tape was not released to the press nor made available to the public.

An arsonist set fire to one of England's most popular tourist attractions, the Royal Pavilion in Brighton. The 22 year old assailant hurled a firebomb through the window of the music room of the structure, designed by architect John Nash and constructed as a seaside resort for George IV. Firefighters put out the blaze before it could spread to the rest of the building, known for its combination of various Asian architectural styles, but damage was estimated to be at least £100,000 ($210,000 USD). Died: Pier Paolo Pasolini, 53, Italian film director, was murdered by a 17 year old boy following a violent argument. Giuseppe Pelosi, who said that Pasolini had made sexual advances toward him, struck Pasolini's skull several times with a piece of wood. Pelosi then took Pasolini's car and used it to run over the film director's body. Pelosi, whose claim of self defense was rejected, was sentenced to prison for the murder.

General Khaled Mosharraf led a coup d'état against the government of Bangladesh, arrested Army Chief of Staff Ziaur Rahman, and named himself the new Chief. Mosharraf was killed four days later by Ziaur's supporters in a countercoup. The first petroleum pipeline in the United Kingdom opened in Scotland between Cruden Bay and Grangemouth. In what was dubbed the "Halloween Massacre", despite occurring three days after Halloween, U. S. President Gerald Ford fired CIA Director William E. Colby and Defense Secretary James R. Schlesinger. Replacing Colby was the U. S. representative in Beijing, future U. S. President George H. W. Bush, while Chief of Staff Donald Rumsfeld replaced Schlesinger. Following the cabinet shakeup, U. S. Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, expected to be President Ford's running mate in 1976, announced in a letter to Ford that "after much thought I have decided I do not wish my name to enter into your consideration for the upcoming Republican nomination." Rockefeller said that he would serve the remainder of the term to which Spiro Agnew had been elected in 1972; after Agnew's resignation, Ford, and then Rockefeller, had become the only persons to ever be appointed as U. S. Vice President. Good Morning America telecast its first episode, with David Hartman and Nancy Dussault as co hosts as the ABC network's morning news show. Hartman and Dussault replaced the ten month old failed program, AM America, and its team of Bill Beutel and Stephanie Edwards. On the same morning, the television game show The Price Is Right expanded from half an hour to an unprecedented hour long format, on CBS. A partial solar eclipse was visible in southern South America and Antarctica and was the 51st solar eclipse of Solar Saros 123.

The television series, Wonder Woman, produced by Douglas S. Cramer and starring Lynda Carter as Wonder Woman, debuted as a mid season replacement on the ABC and CBS networks in the United States. A vapor cloud explosion at a petroleum cracking facility in Geleen, Netherlands killed 14 people and injured 109, with fires continuing to burn for five days. Netherlands industrialist Tiede Herrema was released unharmed in Monasterevin in Ireland, after having been kidnapped and held captive for 36 days. Four days before Angola was to become independent, the first two shiploads of Cuban soldiers, each carrying 4,000 troops, tanks and equipment, departed from Cuba. A team of psychiatrists concluded that former kidnap victim turned criminal, Patty Hearst, was competent to stand trial.

News of the mutiny on the frigate Storozhevoy reached the KGB, and Vice Admiral Anatoly Kosov ordered the Soviet Baltic Fleet to locate, chase and intercept the ship as it sped away from the U. S. S. R.

The Treaty of Osimo was signed between Italy and Yugoslavia, resolving the dispute over Trieste, claimed by both nations. Under the agreement, 233 km2 (90 mi2) and 302,000 residents went to Italy, while the other 340 km2 (130 mi2) and 73,500 inhabitants went to Yugoslavia. On the eve of Angola's independence from Portugal, the Marxist MPLA was able to defeat the FNLA in the fight for control of the capital, Luanda, effectively making Agostinho Neto the first President of the new nation, rather than FNLA Commander Holden Roberto. By a vote of 72–35 (with 32 abstentions), United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 was approved, equating Zionism with racism. Sixteen years later, on December 16, 1991, the General Assembly would adopt another resolution revoking the 1975 measure, with 111 nations approving the recission. The freighter SS Edmund Fitzgerald sank at 7:20 pm during a storm in Whitefish Bay on Lake Superior, taking the 29 member crew with it. Singer Gordon Lightfoot would later write a ballad about the ship's demise.

Angola became independent after five centuries of being ruled as a colony of Portugal. The last High Commissioner, Admiral Leonel Cardoso, had ordered the Portuguese flag lowered at sundown the evening before, and that the ships, transporting the remaining Portuguese troops, leave Angolan waters by midnight. At Luanda, poet Agostinho Neto was sworn in as President. Gough Whitlam was dismissed from his position as Prime Minister of Australia by the nation's Governor General, Sir John Kerr, who then replaced the Labor Party's Whitlam with the Leader of the Opposition from the opposing Liberal Party, Malcolm Fraser, prompting a constitutional crisis. Kerr, though nominally the head of state acting on behalf of Queen Elizabeth II, rather than the head of the government, used a power granted to him in Section 64 of the Constitution of Australia. Died: Richard Paul Pavlick, 88, retired postal worker who had conspired to assassinate U. S. President elect John F. Kennedy on December 11, 1960.

Andrei Sakharov was denied permission to leave the Soviet Union to accept the 1975 Nobel Peace Prize. Sakharov, a nuclear physicist who had overseen the development of the hydrogen bomb for the U. S. S. R., had later become the nation's most famous dissident. An exit visa was denied him on grounds that "he possesses state secrets". On the same day, author Vladimir I. Maximov was stripped of his citizenship by the Soviet Union; Maximov was living in France at the time. William O. Douglas, whose 36 years as a justice of the United States Supreme Court remains the longest tenure ever, retired at the age of 77. Douglas, who had been debilitated by a stroke on December 31, said in a statement that "I have been unable to shoulder my full share of the burden." Douglas had been on the Court since April 17, 1939. Alabama Governor George C. Wallace became the tenth person to declare his candidacy for the Democratic Party nomination for the 1976 U. S. presidential race. Wallace had run as a third party candidate in 1968 and had been running for the nomination in 1972 when he was paralyzed by an assassin. Overseas National Airways Flight 32 took off from Kennedy International Airport in New York on a flight to Frankfurt, and encountered a large flock of seagulls on the runway. The birds were sucked into the number 3 engine, causing a fire that spread to the rest of the jet. Remarkably, all 139 of the people on board escaped without injury, in part because they were all ONA employees who had had emergency training. The plane, a DC 10 jumbo jet that had cost forty million dollars, was destroyed. ONA would go bankrupt three years later.

The "Group of Six" (G 6) industrialized nations was formed at its first summit at the Château de Rambouillet in France. The leaders of France, West Germany, Japan, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States began their economic summit at a castle 30 miles from Paris.

The Third Cod War began between the United Kingdom and Iceland, and would last until June 1976.

Soyuz 20, an uncrewed spacecraft, was launched by the Soviet Union in order to test the endurance of the vehicle and a biological payload. It remained in orbit for 90 days and returned on February 16, 1976.

Spanish dictator Francisco Franco's funeral was held in Madrid. The Edmonton Eskimos won the Grey Cup and the championship of the Canadian Football League, beating the Montreal Alouettes, 9 8, in a game that went down to the last play. With 0:45 left and trailing 9 7, Montreal was on the 19 yard line to kick what would have won the game 10 9, but a bad snap, bad placement and bad kick caused Don Sweet's kick to go wide right and through the end zone for a single.

Suriname, formerly Dutch Guiana, was granted independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The previous Governor, Johan Ferrier, became first President of the South American nation and Henck Arron became its first Prime Minister. In his first major act as Spain's monarch, King Juan Carlos abolished the death penalty for all prisoners awaiting execution, and issued a general pardon of political prisoners, with the exception of 500 people arrested under the antiterrorism law passed in September. About 9,000 prisoners would be released. Rebel paratrooper units attempted a military coup in Portugal, seizing four air force bases throughout the country. Lt. Col. António Ramalho Eanes led a countercoup. Major Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho and 200 coup participants were arrested; Eanes would defeat Carvalho in two subsequent presidential elections.

Quick action, by the pilot of an American Airlines DC 10, averted a mid air collision with a TWA Lockheed Tri Star that could have killed 308 people. Captain Guy Eby sent the DC 10 into a dive, injuring 24 of the 194 people on board, after being alerted by an air traffic controller that the two jumbo jets were rapidly approaching each other. American Airlines Flight 182 was on its way from Chicago to Newark, while TWA Flight 37 was going from Philadelphia to Los Angeles with 114 on board. The two jets were both cruising at 35,000 feet when the encounter took place over Carleton, Michigan. At 7:22 pm local time, a controller at the Cleveland ATC center gave the order "American 182, descend immediately to 330". The subsequent investigation concluded that the error lay with one of the controllers, who had been aware that both jets were at the same altitude, but failed to resolve the problem, nor inform the person who took over from him one minute before the dive order was given. AA 182 made an emergency landing at Detroit, while TWA 37 continued to Philadelphia without the passengers being aware of their brush with death. Reversing a prior decision to avoid bailing out New York City from bankruptcy, President Ford proposed a federal program for up to $2.3 billion in short term loans. In Sacramento, California, Lynette Fromme became the first person to be convicted under a federal law against attempted assassination of a United States President. The jury of 8 women and 4 men deliberated for 19 hours over a three day period before returning a guilty verdict. The jurors, believed to have been in fear of revenge from the "Manson family" and other followers of Charles Manson, declined interviews and photographs.

Portuguese Timor declared its independence from Portugal as the Democratic Republic of East Timor, with FRETILIN leader Francisco Xavier do Amaral as the nation's first President. On December 7, neighboring Indonesia would invade from its half of the island, the province of West Timor, and conquer the fledgling nation, killing 100,000 people, and annex it as Indonesia's 27th province. East Timor would finally regain its independence on May 20, 2002.

In elections in New Zealand, the Labour Party, led by Prime Minister Bill Rowling, lost its 55 32 majority in the House of Representatives, with 23 seats going to the National Party, headed by Rob Muldoon. The result was an exact reversal, with the Nationals having the 55 32 control of the House. Died: Graham Hill, 46, English race car driver, twice Formula One World Champion (1962 and 1968), and 1966 Indianapolis 500 winner, was killed along with five other people when his Piper Aztec airplane crashed into trees before coming to a rest on a golf course at the London suburb of Barnet. Hill's plane was apparently attempting to land at a small airfield in Elstree.

By decree of President Mathieu Kerekou, the name of the African nation of Dahomey was changed to the People's Republic of Benin. Two days after the independence group FRETILIN had declared the independence of East Timor, the rival political parties UDT and APODETI issued a Declaration of "the independence and integration of the whole former colonial Territory of Portuguese Timor with the Republic of Indonesia, which is in accordance with the real wishes of the entire people of Portuguese Timor."