Англикандық Католик Шіркеуінің тарихы мен негіздері

Continuing Anglican denomination

The Anglican Catholic Church (ACC), also known as the Anglican Catholic Church (Original Province), is a body of Christians in the continuing Anglican movement, which is separate from the Anglican Communion. This denomination is separate from the Anglican Catholic Church in Australia and the Anglican Catholic Church of Canada. The continuing Anglican movement, including the Anglican Catholic Church, grew out of the 1977 Congress of St. Louis. The name "Anglican Catholic" is defined as "Anglican – simply means English" and "Catholic – in the ordinary sense means Universal" with the explanation that "The ACC affirms the Canon of St. Vincent of Lérins, who defined the Catholic Faith as, 'That which has been believed everywhere, always and by all' (i. e. universally within the undivided Christian Church)." Within historic Anglicanism the ACC sees itself as "rooted in a Catholic stream of faith and practice that embraces Henrician Catholicism, the theological method of Hooker and the Carolines, the piety and learning of Andrewes, the recovering liturgical practice of the Non Jurors, the Oxford Movement, through the Ritualists, to modern Anglo Catholicism."

"Anglican Catholic Church" had previously been considered as a possible alternative name of the Protestant Episcopal Church USA before the decision to adopt the name The Episcopal Church. What had provisionally been called the Anglican Church in North America (Episcopal), was renamed the Anglican Catholic Church at the constitutional assembly in Denver, 18–21 October 1978, though its use in the Declaration and The Preamble of the Constitution was only descriptive and unofficial.

The Congress of St. Louis was held in response to the Episcopal Church's revision of the Book of Common Prayer, which organizers felt abandoned a true commitment to both scripture and historical Anglicanism. The decision to allow the ordination of women was one part of a larger theological position opposed by the congress. As a result of the congress, various Anglicans separated from the Episcopal Church and formed the "Anglican Catholic Church" to continue the Anglican tradition as they understood it. Its adherents have therefore claimed that this church is the true heir of the Church of England in the United States. The congress's statement of principles (the "Affirmation of St. Louis") summarized the new church's reason for being as follows:

the Anglican Church of Canada and the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, by their unlawful attempts to alter Faith, Order and Morality (especially in their General Synod of 1975 and General Convention of 1976), have departed from Christ's One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church. In January 1978, four bishops (Charles Doren, James Orin Mote, Robert Morse, and Francis Watterson) were consecrated. The new church continued to appeal to disaffected Episcopalians to join. The Anglican Catholic Church created the missionary diocese of the Caribbean and New Granada in 1982, and consecrated Justo Pastor Ruiz, a former Episcopal priest, its first bishop. Questions over jurisdiction and authority caused the church to be eventually divided. The Canadian parishes formed the Anglican Catholic Church of Canada, and American parishes formed three separate bodies, the Anglican Catholic Church, the United Episcopal Church of North America and the Diocese of Christ the King. In 1981, the Anglican Catholic Church had 8 dioceses and a missionary district, each with their own bishop, with around 200 congreagtion in 38 states. The number of members was estimated to be between 10,000 and 20,000 persons. In 1983, a statement of unity led to the coalescence of the Anglican Catholic Church. Those opposed to the newly organized church and the adoption of the Constitution and Canons that were drafted in 1978 in Dallas, left with Bishop Robert Harvey of the Diocese of the Southwest, among whom was Fr. Lester Kinsolving. In 1984 a portion of the Anglican Episcopal Church of North America which had not previously merged with the American Episcopal Church, includiing the bishops Walter Hollis Adams, Thomas Kleppinger, and Robert G. Wilkes. merged with the ACC to become the non geographical Diocese of St. Paul. In 1986, Adams and some congregations left the ACC and reconstituted the Anglican Episcopal Church of North America. In 1988 the church reported 12,000 members, with 200 parishes and priests, in the United States. Worldwide membership included an additional 8,000 members. In addition to the eight dioceses in the United States, there were missionary dioceses in Australia, South Africa, Columbia, and the United Kingdom. At the 1989 Provincial Synod, Archbishop Louis Falk proposed that the Anglican Catholic Church become a worldwide traditional alternative to the Anglican Communion. Due to resistance to aspects of Falk's plan, in 1991 a number of parishes left the Anglican Catholic Church to merge with the American Episcopal Church and form the Anglican Church in America, and Falk left the ACC to become primate of the newly formed Traditional Anglican Communion. In 1997 additional parishes and five bishops left and formed the Holy Catholic Church (Anglican Rite). Since 1990 the Anglican Catholic Church has expanded to six continents and nearly two dozen countries, including the Americas, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Africa, so that today the Anglican Catholic Church has over 250 parish churches and missions worldwide, and at the end of 2015 the membership of the Original Province was counted as 30,711. Worldwide mission and development is done through the St. Paul Mission Society, which was founded to "provide funding, personnel, and other forms of support for domestic and international missions," and to assist in "the amelioration, relief, and assistance of persons and communities distressed by natural or man made events or disasters or by adverse social or political situations." Based in the US, the main focus of the Society is in the developing world. At Provincial Synod, October 2007, Wilson Garang and his Diocese of Aweil in Sudan were received into the Anglican Catholic Church. In 2015, the number of ACC dioceses in South Africa grew to four. At the 24th Provincial Synod, in September 2021, a new province, the Province of South Africa, was canonically erected. In October 2005 Mark Haverland of Athens, Georgia, replaced John Vockler, who was in charge from 2001 to 2005, as archbishop and metropolitan. In 2017 the ACC signed the Atlanta Concordat with the Anglican Church in America, the Anglican Province of America, and the Diocese of the Holy Cross forming the "G4." At the Provincial Synod in September 2021, the Diocese of the Holy Cross voted to join the ACC as a non geographical diocese.

From 2005 to 2011, the ACC and the United Episcopal Church of North America (UECNA) explored opportunities for greater cooperation and the possibility of achieving organic unity. On May 17, 2007, Archbishop Haverland signed an inter communion agreement negotiated with the United Episcopal Church of North America. In July, Archbishop Haverland published a statement on church unity, calling on UECNA and the Anglican Province of Christ the King (APCK) to join him in building "full organic unity." Bishop Presley Hutchens of the ACC addressed delegates to the UECNA convention of October 2008 and discussed the possibility of uniting the ACC and UECNA. Although well received at the time, there was a feeling among many of the delegates that the proposal was being rushed, and that no proper consideration was being given to the theological, constitutional and canonical issues thrown up by the move. In January 2009 one bishop from each jurisdiction consecrated three suffragan bishops in St. Louis, intending that they serve all three jurisdictions. Moves towards unity with the Anglican Catholic Church were referred for further discussion and subsequently stalled in 2011 by the decision of UECNA to remain an independent jurisdiction.

In 2008, Archbishop Mark Haverland published a response to the 2008 meeting of Global Anglican Future Conference (GAFCON) in Jerusalem, which states "GAFCON produced a now widely published statement which does not address the innovations that led to the formation of our own Continuing Church in 1976 8: namely the "ordination of women," a new and radical Prayer Book, and a pro abortion policy." The response concludes:We call upon all self described Anglicans to reject clearly and decisively all of the liturgical, moral, and theological errors of recent years, beginning with the ordination of women. We call upon all self described Anglicans to return to the central Tradition of Christendom and to recognize that evangelical and neo Pentecostalist Protestantism is no safe haven. We welcome GAFCON as a small step in the right direction. But we confidently predict that the ambiguities and silences that characterize its statement will lead rapidly to fragmentation and confusion without any countervailing theological achievement. The only issue addressed in a somewhat adequate fashion by GAFCON is homosexuality. Far more is at stake. In 2009, Archbishop Mark Haverland published a letter to Bishop Robert Duncan, concerning the invitation to participate in the inaugural provincial assembly of the Anglican Church in North America on June 22–25, 2009. The letter indicates that the differences between the ACC and ACNA are "first principles" which do not allow unity, but offers a dialogue in the future if those "first principles" are resolved. In December 2012, Archbishop Mark Haverland, together with the Rt. Rev. Paul Hewett (Diocese of the Holy Cross), the Most Rev. Walter Grundorf (Anglican Province of America), the Most Rev. Brian Marsh (Anglican Church in America), and the Most Rev. Peter D. Robinson (United Episcopal Church of North America) published a joint open letter to ACNA titled "An Appeal from the Continuing Anglican Churches to the ACNA and Associated Churches" which called for ACNA to re examine the post 1976 innovations they have accepted:We call upon ACNA to heed our call to return to your classical Anglican roots. We commend to your prayerful attention the Affirmation of Saint Louis, which we firmly believe provides a sound basis for a renewed and fulfilled Anglicanism on our continent. We urge you to heed the call of Metropolitan Jonah, whose concerns we share. Anglicanism in North America cannot be both united and orthodox on a partially revolutionized basis. We call upon you to repudiate firmly any claim to alter doctrine or order against the consensus of the Catholic and Orthodox world. We call upon you to embrace the classical Prayer Book tradition.

In 2009, Archbishop Mark Haverland published a response to Rome's announcement of the erection of the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter. The response states that it "does not mark in any respect an ecumenical advance" and that as it provides only for "relatively one sided conversions of former Anglicans with minimal concessions, we fear that the Note and Constitution in fact will harm and retard genuine ecumenical progress" and concludes: We hope eventually for a genuine dialogue concerning the Petrine Office and long for the day when we, with our Orthodox and Oriental Christian friends, may again find in the successor of Saint Peter a patriarch with the primacy of honor and with high authority both as an organ for strengthening the Church's unity and also as an instrument for the articulation of the Church's teaching. We regret that the forthcoming Constitution, while kindly meant, seems set to delay that happy day. Other clergy of the ACC also wrote critically of Anglicanorum Coetibus.

The Anglican Catholic Church invited representatives from the Anglican Province of America, the Anglican Church in America, the Diocese of the Holy Cross and the Reformed Episcopal Church to its 2015 Provincial Synod. In January 2016, the Anglican Catholic Church reached a formal accord with the Anglican Church in America, the Anglican Province of America, and the Diocese of the Holy Cross. Forming the Anglican Joint Synod, a "Group of 4" churches, called the G 4, pursuing eventual corporate unity. On October 6, 2017, at a joint synod in Atlanta, Georgia, the primates of the Anglican Province of America, the Anglican Church in America, the Anglican Catholic Church, and the Diocese of the Holy Cross signed a concordat of full communion. The Most Rev. Brian R. Marsh (ACA), the Most Rev. Mark Haverland (ACC), the Most Rev. Walter H. Grundorf (APA), and the Rt. Rev. Paul C. Hewett (DHC) signed the following document, called the Atlanta Concordat, which reads in part: We acknowledge each other to be orthodox and catholic Anglicans in virtue of our common adherence to the authorities accepted by and summarized in the Affirmation of St. Louis in the faith of the Holy Tradition of the undivided Catholic Church and of the seven Ecumenical Councils. We recognize in each other in all essentials the same faith; the same sacraments; the same moral teaching; and the same worship; likewise, we recognize in each other the same Holy Orders of bishops, priests, and deacons in the same Apostolic Succession, insofar as we all share the episcopate conveyed to the Continuing Churches in Denver in January 1978 in response to the call of the Congress of Saint Louis; therefore, We welcome members of all of our Churches to Holy Communion and parochial life in any and all of the congregations of our Churches; and, We pledge to pursue full, institutional, and organic union with each other, in a manner that respects tender consciences, builds consensus and harmony, and fulfills increasingly our Lord's will that His Church be united; and, We pledge also to seek unity with other Christians, including those who understand themselves to be Anglican, insofar as such unity is consistent with the essentials of Catholic faith, order, and moral teaching. Kevin Kallsen of Anglican TV Ministries interviewed the G 4 bishops, the Most Rev. Brian R. Marsh (ACA), the Most Rev. Mark Haverland (ACC), the Most Rev. Walter H. Grundorf (APA), and the Rt. Rev. Paul C. Hewett (DHC), on October 9, 2017, concerning the recently signed concordat. In 2019, a joint mission and evangelism ministry called Continuing Forward was formed for these G 4 jurisdictions. On September 23, 2021, the Diocese of the Holy Cross voted to join the Anglican Catholic Church as a non geographical diocese. Making the "Group of 4" a "Group of 3" (G 3) churches.

The ACC holds to seven sacraments, "The Sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation, the Holy Eucharist, Holy Matrimony, Holy Orders, Penance, and Unction of the Sick, [are] objective and effective signs of the continued presence and saving activity of Christ our Lord among His people and as His covenanted means for conveying His grace." Following the principles outlined in the Affirmation of St. Louis, the ACC holds to a high eucharistic theology, allowing reservation, adoration, Benediction, and Corpus Christi processions as "logical and godly extension of the facts of the objective and salvific Real Presence of Jesus Christ, God the Son, in and through his sacramental Body and Blood." The celebration of the Eucharistic service is directed to be the norm for Sunday worship. The Constitution of the ACC further instructs that liturgical services may be celebrated from:The Book of Common Prayer in its 1549 English, 1928 American, 1954 South African, and 1962 Canadian editions, and the 1963 edition of the Church of India, Pakistan, Burma, and Ceylon as well as The Supplement To The Book of Common Prayer (C. I. P. B. C.) of 1960 shall be the Standard of Public Worship of this Church, together with The Anglican Missal, The American Missal, The English Missal, and other missals and devotional manuals, based on and conforming to those editions of The Book of Common Prayer. The Book of Common Praise of 1938 (Canada), The Hymnal, 1940, and The English Hymnal (New Edition, 1933) should be the primary musical standard for Public Worship. The Ordinal contained in the accepted prayerbooks are used for the ordination of sacred ministers. In 1994, a proposed amendment to permit the use of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer failed to pass all three houses at the Provincial Synod, on the grounds that the Black Rubric allowed a receptionist view of the Eucharist. Following the rubrics common to liturgical practice before the 1979 Book of Common Prayer, as well as the rubrics of the allowed Missals, liturgical celebration in the ACC follows a usus antiquior form of worship, including the ad orientem posture of the celebrant and the frequent use of communion rails. Following Anglican custom, communion is usually given to the laity under both kinds. The Ornaments Rubric is retained and permitted. The ACC publishes an annual Ordo Calendar, which provides a standard for feasts, fasts, and general rubrics for liturgical services. The Ordo Calendar generally follows pre 1969 traditions with Anglican adaptations and makes provision for local Anglican feasts.

In addition to the dogmatic theology expressed in the Affirmation of St. Louis, the ACC expressly follows classical Anglo Catholic theology. The Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed (with the restoration of the word "Holy") and the Athanasian Creed are accepted as binding expressions of Christian dogma. The filioque is recognized as a later addition, open to non orthodox interpretation, and an obstacle between the ACC and the Eastern Orthodox. The Virgin Birth and the title of Theotokos as expressed at the Council of Ephesus are considered biblically founded dogmas. Other Marian beliefs, such as Perpetual Virginity, the New Eve, the Assumption, and the Immaculate Conception are considered to be widely held theological views consistent with the faith and are liturgically celebrated. The term "mediatrix of all graces" is rejected as novel and open to misinterpretation, though the intercession of Mary and the practice of Marian devotions is affirmed. The prayers of the saints in heaven to assist the faithful on earth is affirmed, as well as the practice of requesting those prayers from the saints. Purgatory as a particular state or place is considered speculative, though prayers for the dead are allowed as efficacious. The Eucharist is understood as a sacrifice, re presenting Christ's death, in which Christ is truly present and gives grace. Good deeds are not considered to earn salvation, but are instead "a natural response to God's free and unelicited gift of grace to man in Christ." God gives grace freely, with which God's people are called to cooperate by a godly, righteous, and sober life. The XXXIX Articles are not considered to have normative, independent authority on matters of doctrine or practice.

The Anglican Catholic Church believes in the sanctity of human life. The archbishop of the ACC, Mark Haverland, authored academic articles on bioethics, particularly end of life issues. He signed the Statement Opposing Brain Death Criteria released by Citizens United Resisting Euthanasia. At the 2019 Anglican Joint Synods, the ACC along with the other G 4 churches, released a joint proclamation on abortion in response to the Reproductive Health Act that had been passed by the New York State legislature earlier that year. The proclamation affirms a right to life as given by natural law, and calls for evangelistic action to curtail abortion laws through prayer and support for crisis pregnancy centers. The ACC holds that sexual acts are licit and moral only within monogamous heterosexual marriage. A homosexual orientation is defined as objectively disordered but not subjectively sinful. Marriage, as one of the seven sacraments, is held to be an indissoluble union between a man and a woman for the purposes of mutual comfort and the procreation of children. At the provincial synod in 2015 the canons of the ACC were modified clarify that marriage was defined as a permanent and life long union between a natural man and a natural woman, and to protect parishes and priests from possible litigation from the refusal to host or perform a wedding for anyone other than a natural man and a natural woman.

The original organizational structure of the Anglican Catholic Church was as a single province, now called Original Province. All dioceses of the province meet biennially in a provincial synod.

The official publishing house of the ACC is the Anglican Parishes Association, an organization founded in 1981 by the then Right Reverend William O. Lewis. It operates from Athens, Georgia. In 2020, the Anglican Parishes Association republished a new edition of the Anglican Missal, containing the Ordinary and Canon from the English (1549), American (1928), South African (1954), Canadian (1962), and Indian (1963) Prayer Books, along with a parallel text of the Gregorian Mass in Latin and in English. The missal also contains in its calendar propers for Anglican Servants of God, many of whom were included in the 1933 Supplement to the Missal edited by The Reverend James Tait Plowden Wardlaw (Clement Humilis, M. A. ).

The Trinitarian is the Official Gazette of the Anglican Catholic Church. It was founded in 1979 as the diocesan newsletter of the Diocese of the Holy Trinity, and in 1982 became the principal news outlet of the ACC. Since 2018 it has also carried official news of the other G 4 churches.