1886 жылғы Атлант мұхитындағы дауылды маусым

Hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean

The 1886 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the early summer and the first half of fall in 1886. This is the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. It was a very active year, with ten hurricanes, six of which struck the United States, an event that would not occur again until 1985 and 2020. Four hurricanes became major hurricanes (Category 3+). However, in the absence of modern satellites and other remote sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea are known, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. Of the known 1886 cyclones, Hurricane Seven and Tropical Storm Eleven were first documented in 1996 by Jose Fernandez Partagas and Henry Diaz. They also proposed large alterations to the known tracks of several other 1886 storms.

The 1886 Atlantic hurricane season commenced at 06:00 UTC on June 13. The season was approximately average, featuring 12 tropical storms compared to the 1981–2010 annual average of 12.1. The number of hurricanes, however, was well above average, with 10 forming compared to the annual average of 6.4. The number of major hurricanes—defined as Category 3 or higher on the modern Saffir–Simpson scale—was four, compared to an average of 2.7. Owing to deficiencies in surface weather observations at the time, the total number of tropical storms in 1886 was likely higher than 12. A 2008 study indicated that about three storms may have been missed by observational records due to scarce marine traffic over the open Atlantic Ocean. All but two of the storms in 1886 affected land at some point in the tropical stages of their life cycles. Of these, four hurricanes struck the island of Cuba, a record unsurpassed in any Atlantic hurricane season since then. According to the Cuban Meteorological Society, 1886 coincided with a highly active period, 1837–1910, in which one hurricane struck the island every 9.25 years. Additionally, seven hurricanes made landfall in the United States, establishing a record for the number of hurricane strikes in a single season. The years 1886–1887 featured 11 U. S. hurricane landfalls, setting a record for consecutive seasons until 2004–2005, when 12 such storms hit the country. Hurricane activity centered on the Gulf of Mexico: all seven landfalls in 1886 occurred on the U. S. Gulf Coast, with no hurricanes making landfall along the Atlantic Seaboard. Although other storms may have gone undetected, tropical activity definitely began by the middle of June with the formation of the first named storm over the western Gulf of Mexico on June 13. Two other storms formed before the end of the month and also reached the Gulf of Mexico. The first three storms of the season each attained hurricane intensity and eventually made landfall on the U. S. Gulf Coast with winds of A mid July storm that formed over the western Caribbean moved northward and struck the west coast of Florida as a hurricane, after two earlier, stronger storms had already done so. Never before or since have so many hurricanes struck Florida in the same season before the month of August. Three storms, all of which attained major hurricane intensity, formed in close succession, over a span of eight days, in August. The first of these, the Indianola hurricane, was the strongest and most intense tropical cyclone of the season, striking multiple islands in the Greater Antilles before rapidly strengthening over the western Gulf of Mexico. It struck the U. S. state of Texas on August 20 with winds of , making it one of the strongest hurricanes on record to hit the state. September was a less active month than August, featuring two hurricanes on and just after mid month. The final hurricane of the year formed in early October and struck Louisiana with winds of Two additional tropical storms occurred in October, with no further activity confirmed afterward.

Early in June, unsettled weather prevailed over the western Caribbean Sea, causing heavy rain and strong winds over Jamaica as early as June 7–8. However, ship reports and data from weather stations first confirmed that a low pressure area formed off the coast of South Texas. Based on the data, HURDAT analyzed that a tropical storm formed about 140 mile (225 km) east southeast of La Pesca, in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas, on the morning of June 13. Moving generally northward at first, the cyclone quickly intensified through the day as it gradually turned to the north northeast, paralleling the Texas coast. By 06:00 UTC on June 14, the cyclone already attained hurricane status, and its parabolic path increasingly bent to the northeast. Around 16:00 UTC, the cyclone attained its peak intensity of , equivalent to a modern day Category 2 hurricane, and made landfall just east of High Island, Texas. The cyclone rapidly weakened as it headed inland to the east northeast, crossing south central Louisiana as a tropical storm on June 15. Reanalysis in the 1990s determined that it dissipated about 20 mile (32 km) east southeast of Hattiesburg, Mississippi, by 18:00 UTC on June 15. Numerous structures and wharves were destroyed by wind or water, As it passed west of Key West, Florida, the cyclone produced strong southerly winds there. At Cedar Key, gusts of toppled trees, signage and communications wires, but caused little structural damage. The strongest sustained winds measured in Florida were below hurricane force—only at Cedar Key Outside Florida, heavy rains, peaking at , inundated streets in Lynchburg, Virginia, producing the then wettest June on record at that place. A daily record for the month, , also occurred in Washington, D. C.

In a 1949 report by meteorologist Grady Norton, the U. S. Weather Bureau—later the National Weather Service—considered the storm a "Great Hurricane", implying winds of at least , though reassessments could find no evidence that the cyclone ever reached major hurricane status. and a ship west of the island experienced hurricane force winds. Damage was concentrated in and near Batabanó and across Pinar del Río Province. Trece de la Coloma reported a minimum pressure of Two drownings occurred when a ship capsized, Copious rains affected southeast Virginia over a two day span, destroying railroad trestles and embankments. The James River crested 10 feet (3 m) above flood stage, flooding waterfront structures in Richmond and prompting evacuations. causing rivers to overflow their banks. An anemometer in Key West measured top winds of during the passage of the hurricane, with no damage to shipping in the harbor. A few schooners were forced to shelter in safe harbor overnight.

A tropical storm existed in the western Atlantic between October 10 and October 15. It reached a peak wind speed of throughout October 13 and 14. It is thought that the existence of this storm may have been responsible for the westward deviation taken by Hurricane Ten in the Gulf of Mexico on October 10.

Several ships reported a large, but weak, tropical storm in the Caribbean Sea, south of Haiti on October 22. It is thought the storm had actually formed the previous day. After crossing Haiti on October 22 the storm continued moving northeastward into the Atlantic. The storm maintained a peak wind speed of throughout October 23 and 24. It weakened on October 25 and dissipated on October 26 in the mid Atlantic.