Neon-sign transformer

Transformer for powering a neon sign

A neon sign transformer (NST) is a transformer made for the purpose of powering a neon sign. They convert mains voltage in the range 120 347 V up to high voltages, in the range of 2 to 15 kV. These transformers supply between 18 30 mA; 60 mA on special order. The high voltage electricity produced is used to excite neon or other gases are used in luminous gas discharge tubes.

Older NSTs are simply iron cored transformers, usually embedded in asphalt to reduce noise. The core either has a magnetic shunt, or a gap in the iron core, both of which serve to current limit the output, allowing them to run indefinitely in short circuit conditions. They can also run indefinitely with no load. Iron cored varieties are quite heavy, for example a 15 kV, 60 mA device may weigh up to 20 kg (44 lb). Some newer manufactured iron cored NSTs include a large capacitor in parallel with the output for power factor correction (PFC). This serves to correct the shift in the phase of voltage and current caused by the large inductance of the transformer. Since the 1990s, manufacturers have been producing switch mode power supplies to power neon signs. These generate the same voltage and current ranges as iron cored transformers, but in much smaller, lighter designs at high frequency (not the common 50–60 Hz). They are gradually replacing iron cored transformers in neon signs. All NSTs are designed to produce a high voltage starting pulse to a tube, then limit the current through the tube when it has started. This is opposite of most line transformers, which will produce full voltage to a load even if overloaded, unless the resistance of windings is too great to allow the excess current or until a winding burns out.

Electrocution – The shock from a neon sign transformer can be lethal. The high voltage allows a large current to flow, even with light contact against dry skin. The transformer is current limited, but typically to a level well above the threshold for ventricular fibrillation. UV Light – The ultraviolet light emitted from the high voltage electrical arc can be harmful to the eyes. It is recommended that the arc be viewed through the appropriate welding goggles or at the very least a high quality pair of sunglasses. Ozone – The production of ozone can be noticeable when there are problems with a luminous tube transformer installation. Ozone usually indicates failed secondary wiring, loose connections, high capacitance coupling, or a failing transformer. Fires – The arc length at 15 kV is in excess of .