Abundances of the elements (data page)

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The established abundances of chemical elements in urban soils can be considered a geochemical (ecological and geochemical) characteristic, the accumulated impact of technogenic and natural processes at the beginning of the 21st century. The figures estimate average concentrations of chemical elements in the soils of more than 300 cities and settlements in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and America. Regardless of significant differences between abundances of several elements in urban soils and those values calculated for the Earth's crust, the element abundances in urban soils generally reflect those in the Earth's crust. With the development of technology the abundances may be refined. Mass fraction, in mg/kg (ppm). ElementAtomic numberAbundance in urban soilsAg470.37Al1338200As3315.9B545Ba56853.12Be43.3Bi831.12C645100Ca2053800Cd480.9Cl17285Co2714.1Cr2480Cs555.0Cu2939Fe2622300Ga3116.2Ge321.8H115000Hg800.88K1913400La5734Li349.5Mg127900Mn25729Mo422.4N710000Na115800Nb4115.7Ni2833O8490000P151200Pb8254.5Rb3758S161200Sb511.0Sc219.4Si14289000Sn506.8Sr38458Ta731.5Ti224758Tl811.1V23104.9W742.9Y3923.4Yb702.4Zn30158Zr40255.6

From these sources in an online version of David R. Lide (ed. ), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 14, Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics; Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea:
R. S. Carmichael (ed. ), CRC Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, (1989). I. Bodek et al., Environmental Inorganic Chemistry, Pergamon Press, New York, (1988). A. B. Ronov, A. A. Yaroshevsky, Earth's Crust Geochemistry, in Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences, R. W. Fairbridge (ed. ), Van Nostrand, New York, (1969). Estimated abundance of the elements in the continental crust (C1) and in seawater near the surface (W1). The median values of reported measurements are given. Concentrations of the less abundant elements may vary with location by several orders of magnitude.

Alekseenko V. A., Alekseenko A. V. (2013) Chemical elements in geochemical systems. The abundances in urban soils. Publishing House of Southern Federal University, Rostov on Don (388 pp., in Russian with English Abstract). Vladimir Alekseenko, Alexey Alekseenko (2014) The abundances of chemical elements in urban soils. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. No. 147 (B). pp. 245–249.