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Production of waste heat by computer processors

Processor power dissipation or processing unit power dissipation is the process in which computer processors consume electrical energy, and dissipate this energy in the form of heat due to the resistance in the electronic circuits.

Historically, processor manufacturers consistently delivered increases in clock rates and instruction level parallelism, so that single threaded code executed faster on newer processors with no modification. More recently, in order to manage CPU power dissipation, processor makers favor multi core chip designs, thus software needs to be written in a multi threaded or multi process manner to take full advantage of such hardware. Many multi threaded development paradigms introduce overhead, and will not see a linear increase in speed when compared to the number of processors. This is particularly true while accessing shared or dependent resources, due to lock contention. This effect becomes more noticeable as the number of processors increases. Recently, IBM has been exploring ways to distribute computing power more efficiently by mimicking the distributional properties of the human brain.

Processors can be damaged from overheating, but vendors protect processors with operational safeguards such as throttling and automatic shutdown. When a core exceeds the set throttle temperature, processors can reduce power to maintain a safe temperature level and if the processor is unable to maintain a safe operating temperature through throttling actions, it will automatically shut down to prevent permanent damage.