Кіріспе
Металл қосылысы техникасы
металл қосылысы процесі
Metal joining technique
the metal joining process
the metal joining process
Қорыту – екі немесе одан көп металл бұйымдарын толтырғыш металды ерітіп, қосылысқа ағызу арқылы біріктіретін металл қосылысы процесі. Толтырғыш металдың еріу температурасы қоса біріктірілетін металлдан төмен болады. Қорыту, дәнекерлеуден айырмашылығы, жұмыс дайындамаларын ерітпейді. Қорыту, жарықтаудан жоғары температураны қолдану және жақын орналасқан бөлшектерді пайдалану арқылы ерекшеленеді. Қорыту процесінде толтырғыш металл капиллярлық әрекет арқылы тығыз орналасқан бөлшектер арасындағы кеңістікке ағып кіреді. Толтырғыш металл еріу температурасынан (liquidus) сәл жоғары қыздырылады және әдетте, ағынмен қоршалады. Содан кейін ол негізгі металл бетіне («ылғалдану» процесі) ағып, жұмыс дайындамаларын біріктіру үшін суытылады. Жалпы, қорыту дәнекерлеуге қарағанда аз жылу деформациясын тудырады, себебі қорытылған бұйымның қызуы біркелкі болады. Күрделі және көп бөлікті құрастырмаларды тиімді түрде қорытуға болады. Дәнекерленген тігістер кейде тегістеуді қажет етеді, бұл қорытуға қажет емес, себебі ол таза тігіс жасайды. Тағы бір артықшылығы – қорыту бетін қорғау мақсатында жабылануы немесе қапталуы мүмкін. Соңында, қорыту жаппай өндіріске оңай бейімделеді және оны автоматтандыру оңай, себебі жеке процесс параметрлері өзгеріске аз сезімтал. Басты кемшілік – қолданылатын жұмсақ толтырғыш металдарға байланысты дәнекерленген тігіске қарағанда қосылыстың төмен беріктігі. Қорытылған тігістің беріктігі негізгі металлдан кем, бірақ толтырғыш металлдан жоғары болуы мүмкін. Тағы бір кемшілік – қорытылған тігістер жоғары температурада қызмет ету кезінде зақымдануы мүмкін. Кейбір қорыту операцияларында, бірақ, тігіс аралықтарының болуы жиі кездеседі. Қорыту беттерінің тазалығы да маңызды, себебі кез келген ластану нашар ылғалдануға (ағымға) әкелуі мүмкін. Қорыту алдында бөлшектерді тазалаудың екі негізгі әдісі – химиялық тазалау және абразивті немесе механикалық тазалау. Механикалық тазалау кезінде бетінің дұрыс құрылымдылығын сақтау маңызды, себебі дөрекі бет тегіс бетке қарағанда, сол геометриядағы тегіс бетке қарағанда тез ылғалданады. Қорыту жұмыстарын орындау үшін көптеген қыздыру әдістері бар. Жылу әдісін таңдаудағы ең маңызды фактор – біріктіру арқылы жылуды тиімді беру және оны қолданылатын негізгі металдардың жылу сыйымдылығы шегінде жүзеге асыру. Сонымен қатар, қорыту тігісінің геометриясы, өндіріс жылдамдығы және көлемі де маңызды факторлар болып табылады. Қорыту әдістерін жіктеудің ең оңай жолы – оларды қыздыру әдісі бойынша топтастыру. Ең көп таралғандары:
Brazing is a metal joining process in which two or more metal items are joined by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, with the filler metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining metal. Brazing differs from welding in that it does not involve melting the work pieces. Brazing differs from soldering through the use of a higher temperature and much more closely fitted parts. During the brazing process, the filler metal flows into the gap between close fitting parts by capillary action. The filler metal is brought slightly above its melting (liquidus) temperature while protected by a suitable atmosphere, usually a flux. It then flows over the base metal (in a process known as wetting) and is then cooled to join the work pieces together. In general, brazing also produces less thermal distortion than welding due to the uniform heating of a brazed piece. Complex and multi part assemblies can be brazed cost effectively. Welded joints must sometimes be ground flush, a costly secondary operation that brazing does not require because it produces a clean joint. Another advantage is that the brazing can be coated or clad for protective purposes. Finally, brazing is easily adapted to mass production and it is easy to automate because the individual process parameters are less sensitive to variation. One of the main disadvantages is the lack of joint strength as compared to a welded joint due to the softer filler metals used. The strength of the brazed joint is likely to be less than that of the base but greater than the filler metal. Another disadvantage is that brazed joints can be damaged under high service temperatures. in some brazing operations, however, it is not uncommon to have joint clearances around Cleanliness of the brazing surfaces is also important, as any contamination can cause poor wetting (flow). The two main methods for cleaning parts, prior to brazing, are chemical cleaning and abrasive or mechanical cleaning. In the case of mechanical cleaning it is important to maintain the proper surface roughness, as wetting on a rough surface occurs much more readily than on a smooth surface of the same geometry.]] There are many heating methods available to accomplish brazing operations. The most important factor in choosing a heating method is achieving efficient transfer of heat throughout the joint and doing so within the heat capacity of the individual base metals used. The geometry of the braze joint is also a crucial factor to consider, as is the rate and volume of production required. The easiest way to categorize brazing methods is to group them by heating method. Here are some of the most common:
Шаммен қорыту
Пешпен қорыту
Индукциялық қорыту
Шомылу арқылы қорыту
Қарсылықпен қорыту
Инфрақызыл қорыту
Жамылғымен қорыту
Электрондық сәулемен және лазерлік қорыту
Қорыту дәнекерлеуі
Torch brazing
Furnace brazing
Induction brazing
Dip brazing
Resistance brazing
Infrared brazing
Blanket brazing
Electron beam and laser brazing
Braze welding
Furnace brazing
Induction brazing
Dip brazing
Resistance brazing
Infrared brazing
Blanket brazing
Electron beam and laser brazing
Braze welding
Бұл қыздыру әдістері жергілікті және диффузиялық қыздыру техникалары арқылы жіктеледі және олардың әртүрлі қолдануларына байланысты артықшылықтарды ұсынады.
These heating methods are classified through localised and diffuse heating techniques and offer advantages based on their different applications.
Шамшымен балқыту
Токпен пісіру – механикалық пісірудің ең көп таралған әдісі. Ол көбінесе шағын көлемде өндіріс немесе арнайы операцияларда қолданылады, ал кейбір елдерде пісірудің көп бөлігі осы әдіспен жасалады. Токпен пісірудің үш негізгі түрі бар: қолмен, машинамен және автоматты токпен пісіру. Қолмен токпен пісіру – дәнекерленетін жерге немесе оның жанына газ жалыны арқылы жылу беру процедурасы. Шамды қолмен ұстауға немесе белгілі бір позицияда бекітуге болады, бұл операция толыққанды қолмен орындала ма, әлде автоматтандырылған ма, соған байланысты. Қолмен пісіру көбінесе шағын көлемде өндіріс кезінде немесе бөлшектің мөлшері немесе құрылымы басқа пісіру әдістерін қолдануды қиын жасайтын жағдайларда қолданылады. Бұл әдіс бақыланатын жылу циклінің (жергілікті қыздырудан деформацияға ұшырауы мүмкін бөлшектерді пайдалануға мүмкіндік береді) және пісіруден кейін тазалау қажеттілігінің болмауы сияқты артықшылықтарды ұсынады. Көбінесе қолданылатын атмосфералар: инерт, тотығуды азайтушы немесе вакуум атмосфералары, олардың барлығы бөлшектің тотығуын қорғайды. Басқа артықшылықтарына мыналар жатады: жаппай өндірісте қолданғанда төмен бірлік құны, температураны қатаң бақылау және бір уақытта бірнеше дәнекерлеу тігісін жасау мүмкіндігі. Пештер әдетте электр энергиясы, газ немесе май арқылы қыздырылады, бұл пештің түріне және қолданылуына байланысты. Дегенмен, бұл әдістің кейбір кемшіліктері бар: жоғары құрал-жабдық құны, күрделі жобалау талаптары және жоғары қуат тұтыну. Вакуумдық пісіру көбінесе пеште жүргізіледі, бұл бірнеше дәнекерлеу тігісін бірден жасауға мүмкіндік береді, өйткені бүкіл бөлшек пісіру температурасына жетеді. Жылу беру сәулелену арқылы жүзеге асырылады, себебі вакуумде көптеген басқа әдістерді қолдану мүмкін емес.
Torch brazing is by far the most common method of mechanized brazing in use. It is best used in small production volumes or in specialized operations, and in some countries, it accounts for a majority of the brazing taking place. There are three main categories of torch brazing in use: manual, machine, and automatic torch brazing. Manual torch brazing is a procedure where the heat is applied using a gas flame placed on or near the joint being brazed. The torch can either be hand held or held in a fixed position depending on whether the operation is completely manual or has some level of automation. Manual brazing is most commonly used on small production volumes or in applications where the part size or configuration makes other brazing methods impossible. The process also offers the benefits of a controlled heat cycle (allowing use of parts that might distort under localized heating) and no need for post braze cleaning. Common atmospheres used include: inert, reducing or vacuum atmospheres all of which protect the part from oxidation. Some other advantages include: low unit cost when used in mass production, close temperature control, and the ability to braze multiple joints at once. Furnaces are typically heated using either electric, gas or oil depending on the type of furnace and application. However, some of the disadvantages of this method include: high capital equipment cost, more difficult design considerations and high power consumption. Vacuum brazing is often conducted in a furnace; this means that several joints can be made at once because the whole workpiece reaches the brazing temperature. The heat is transferred using radiation, as many other methods cannot be used in a vacuum.
Суытуды суға батыру
Суға батыру әдісі алюминийді қосуға ерекше қолайлы, себебі ауа шығарылып тасталады, осылайша тотығудың пайда болуына жол берілмейді. Қосылатын бөлшектер бекітіледі және қосу қоспасы біріктірілетін беттерге, әдетте, суспензия түрінде жағылады. Содан кейін жинақталған бөлшектер балқыған тұз ваннасына (әдетте NaCl, KCl және басқа да қосылыстар) батырылады, ол жылуды беру ортасы және флюс ретінде қызмет етеді. Көптеген суға батыру арқылы қосылған бөлшектер әуе-ғарыш өнеркәсібінде жылу алмастыруға арналған қолданыстарда пайдаланылады.
Dip brazing is especially suited for brazing aluminium because air is excluded, thus preventing the formation of oxides. The parts to be joined are fixtured and the brazing compound applied to the mating surfaces, typically in slurry form. Then the assemblies are dipped into a bath of molten salt (typically NaCl, KCl and other compounds), which functions as both heat transfer medium and flux. Many dip brazed parts are used in heat transfer applications for the aerospace industry.
Ағымы
Егер желімдеу жұмыстары инертті немесе тотығуды азайтатын ортада (мысалы, азот) жүргізілмесе, металл қызған кезде оксидтердің пайда болуын болдырмау үшін борак сияқты ағын қолдану қажет. Ағын сонымен қатар желімдеу беттерінде қалған ластануды тазалауға да қызмет етеді. Ағын флюс пастасы, сұйық, ұнтақ түрінде немесе флюс пен толтыру металл ұнтағын біріктіретін дайын желімдеу пасталары ретінде қолданылуы мүмкін. Ағынды ағын жабыны бар желімдеу таяқшаларын немесе ағын өзегін пайдалана отырып қолдануға болады. Екі жағдайда да, қыздырылған біріктіруге қолданған кезде ағын біріктіруге ағып түсіп, оған кіретін балқытылған толтырғыш металлмен ығысады. Цикл аяқталғаннан кейін артық ағын алынып тасталуы керек, себебі біріктіруде қалған ағын коррозияға әкелуі, біріктіруді тексеруге кедергі келтіруі және беттік өңдеу операцияларын жүргізуге тосқауыл қоюы мүмкін. Фосфорлы қорытпалар мысқа мысты қосып, өздігінен ағып отырады. Ағындар әдетте нақты негізгі металдарға қатысты олардың тиімділігіне байланысты таңдалады. Тиімді болу үшін ағын қолданылатын негізгі металлмен де, толтыру металлымен де химиялық үйлесімді болуы керек. Өздігінен ағып тұратын фосфорлы толтырғыш қорытпалар темір немесе никельге қолданылған кезде шығыршық фосфидтер түзеді.
Unless brazing operations are contained within an inert or reducing atmosphere environment (i. e. Nitrogen), a flux such as borax is required to prevent oxides from forming while the metal is heated. The flux also serves the purpose of cleaning any contamination left on the brazing surfaces. Flux can be applied in any number of forms including flux paste, liquid, powder or pre made brazing pastes that combine flux with filler metal powder. Flux can also be applied using brazing rods with a coating of flux, or a flux core. In either case, the flux flows into the joint when applied to the heated joint and is displaced by the molten filler metal entering the joint. Excess flux should be removed when the cycle is completed because flux left in the joint can lead to corrosion, impede joint inspection, and prevent further surface finishing operations. Phosphorus containing brazing alloys can be self fluxing when joining copper to copper. Fluxes are generally selected based on their performance on particular base metals. To be effective, the flux must be chemically compatible with both the base metal and the filler metal being used. Self fluxing phosphorus filler alloys produce brittle phosphides if used on iron or nickel.
Атмосфера
Жарықтау жұмыстары жоғары температураны қажет ететініне байланысты металл беті оттегі бар атмосферада тотығады. Бұл жағдайда ауадан басқа атмосфералық ортаны пайдалану қажет болуы мүмкін. Көбінесе қолданылатын атмосфералар:
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Ауа. Қарапайым және экономикалық. Көптеген материалдар тотығуға және қабыршақ жинақтауға бейім. Жұмыстан кейін тотығуды жою үшін қышқылды тазалау ваннасын немесе механикалық тазалауды қолдануға болады. Флюс тотығуға қарсы әрекет етеді, бірақ біріктірудің әлсіреуіне әкелуі мүмкін.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Жану арқылы алынған газ. Аз сутегі, AWS 1-түрі, "экзотермиялық атмосфералар". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5–1% CO, 5–1% H2. Күміс, мыс фосфор және мыс-мырыш қоспалары үшін. Мыс пен латуньді жарықтау үшін.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Жану арқылы алынған газ. Көміртексіздендіруші, AWS 2-түрі, "эндотермиялық атмосфералар". 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. Мыс, күміс, мыс фосфор және мыс-мырыш қоспалары үшін. Мыс, латунь, никель қорытпалары, Монель, орташа көміртекті болаттарды жарықтау үшін.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Жану арқылы алынған газ. Күртілген, AWS 3-түрі, "эндотермиялық атмосфералар". 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. Мыс, күміс, мыс фосфор және мыс-мырыш қоспалары үшін. Мыс, латунь, төмен никельді қорытпалар, Монель, орташа және жоғары көміртекті болаттарды жарықтау үшін.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Жану арқылы алынған газ. Күртілген, көміртексіздендіруші, AWS 4-түрі. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. Мыс, күміс, мыс фосфор және мыс-мырыш қоспалары үшін. Мыс, латунь, төмен никельді қорытпалар, орташа және жоғары көміртекті болаттарды жарықтау үшін.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Аммиак. AWS 5-түрі, сондай-ақ қалыптастыру газы деп те аталады. Диссоциацияланған аммиак (75% сутек, 25% азот) көптеген пісіру және жарықтау процестері үшін қолданылуы мүмкін. Арзан. Мыс, күміс, никель, мыс фосфор және мыс-мырыш қоспалары үшін. Мыс, латунь, никель қорытпалары, Монель, орташа және жоғары көміртекті болаттар және хром қорытпаларын жарықтау үшін.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Азот+сутек. Криогендік немесе тазартылған (AWS 6A түрі). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. Мыс, күміс, никель, мыс фосфор және мыс-мырыш қоспалары үшін.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Азот+сутек+көміртек оксиді. Криогендік немесе тазартылған (AWS 6B түрі). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. Мыс, күміс, никель, мыс фосфор және мыс-мырыш қоспалары үшін. Мыс, латунь, төмен никельді қорытпалар, орташа және жоғары көміртекті болаттарды жарықтау үшін.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Азот. Криогендік немесе тазартылған (AWS 6C түрі). Тотықтырмайтын, экономикалық. Жоғары температурада кейбір металдармен, мысалы, кейбір болаттармен реакцияға түсіп, нитридтерді қалыптастыруы мүмкін. Мыс, күміс, никель, мыс фосфор және мыс-мырыш қоспалары үшін. Мыс, латунь, төмен никельді қорытпалар, Монель, орташа және жоғары көміртекті болаттарды жарықтау үшін.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Сутек. AWS 7-түрі. Күшті тотықсыздандырғыш, жоғары жылу өткізгіш. Мысты жарықтау және болатты қыздыру үшін қолданылуы мүмкін. Кейбір қорытпаларда сутектің сынуына әкелуі мүмкін. Мыс, күміс, никель, мыс фосфор және мыс-мырыш қоспалары үшін. Мыс, латунь, никель қорытпалары, Монель, орташа және жоғары көміртекті болаттар, хром қорытпалары, кобальт қорытпалары, вольфрам қорытпалары және карбидтерді жарықтау үшін.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Органикалық емес булар. Әртүрлі ұшқыш фторидтер, AWS 8-түрі. Арнайы мақсатта қолданылады. AWS 1–5 атмосфераларымен араластырылып, флюсты алмастыру үшін қолданылуы мүмкін. Күміспен латуньді жарықтау үшін қолданылады.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Асыл газ. Әдетте аргон, AWS 9-түрі. Тотықтырмайтын, азоттан қымбат. Инерт. Бөлшектер өте таза, газ таза болуы керек. Мыс, күміс, никель, мыс фосфор және мыс-мырыш қоспалары үшін. Мыс, латунь, никель қорытпалары, Монель, орташа және жоғары көміртекті болаттар, хром қорытпалары, титан, цирконий, гафнийді жарықтау үшін.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Асыл газ+сутек. AWS 9A түрі.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Вакуум. Жұмыс камерасын эвакуациялауды талап етеді. Қымбат. Жоғары бу қысымы бар металдарға, мысалы, күміс, мырыш, фосфор, кадмий және марганецке жарамсыз (немесе ерекше күтімді қажет етеді). Жоғары сапалы біріктірулер үшін қолданылады, мысалы, ғарыш саласы үшін.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Алдын ала пішімдеулер
Жарықтау преформы – электрондық құрылғылар мен жүйелерді өндіруде қолданылатын жоғары сапалы, дәл металл штамп, түрлі қосылыстарды жасауға арналған. Көбінесе жарықтау преформаларын электрондық тізбектерді бекітуге, электрондық құрылғыларды қаптауға, жақсы жылу және электр өткізгіштігін қамтамасыз етуге және электрондық байланыс үшін интерфейс жасауға қолданады. Төртбұрышты, тіктөртбұрышты және дискі тәрізді жарықтау преформалары кремнийлі кристалдардан тұратын электрондық компоненттерді, мысалы, баспалы схемалық тақтаға бекіту үшін жиі қолданылады. Электрондық жиынтықтарды құрастыру үшін көбінесе тіктөртбұрышты шеңбер пішіндес преформалар қажет, ал шайба пішіндес жарықтау преформалары әдетте жетек сымдар мен герметикалық өткізгіштерді электрондық тізбектерге және жиынтықтарға бекіту үшін пайдаланылады. Кейбір преформалар диодтарда, түзеткіштерде, оптоэлектрондық құрылғыларда және компоненттерді қаптауда да қолданылады.
A brazing preform is a high quality, precision metal stamping used for a variety of joining applications in manufacturing electronic devices and systems. Typical brazing preform uses include attaching electronic circuitry, packaging electronic devices, providing good thermal and electrical conductivity, and providing an interface for electronic connections. Square, rectangular and disc shaped brazing preforms are commonly used to attach electronic components containing silicon dies to a substrate such as a printed circuit board. Rectangular frame shaped preforms are often required for the construction of electronic packages while washer shaped brazing preforms are typically utilized to attach lead wires and hermetic feed throughs to electronic circuits and packages. Some preforms are also used in diodes, rectifiers, optoelectronic devices and components packaging.
Қауіпсіздік
Жарықтау процесінде зиянды химиялық түтінге ұшырау мүмкін. Америка Құрама Штаттарының Кәсіби қауіпсіздік және денсаулық сақтау институты осы түтіндерге ұшырауды рұхсат етілген шектен төмен деңгейде ұстауды ұсынады.
Brazing may entail exposure to hazardous chemical fumes. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in the United States recommends that exposure to these fumes is controlled to levels below the allowed exposure limit.