Введение
Технология соединения металлов процесс соединения металлов.
Metal joining technique
the metal joining process
the metal joining process
Сплавка – это процесс соединения металлов, при котором два или более металлических элемента соединяются путем плавления и заполнения пространства между ними припоем, температура плавления которого ниже температуры плавления соединяемых металлов. Сплавка отличается от сварки тем, что не предполагает плавления соединяемых деталей. Сплавка отличается от пайки использованием более высокой температуры и более плотной подгонки соединяемых деталей. В процессе сплавки припой растекается в зазор между плотно прилегающими деталями за счет капиллярного эффекта. Припой нагревается немного выше температуры плавления (ликвидуса) в защитной атмосфере, обычно с использованием флюса. Затем он смачивает базовый металл и, после охлаждения, обеспечивает соединение деталей. Как правило, сплавка вызывает меньшую тепловую деформацию, чем сварка, благодаря равномерному нагреву изделия. Сложные и многокомпонентные сборки могут быть сплавлены экономически эффективно. Сварные швы иногда требуют шлифовки, что является дорогостоящей дополнительной операцией, не требуемой при сплавке, поскольку она обеспечивает чистое соединение. Дополнительным преимуществом является возможность нанесения защитных покрытий на сплавленные соединения. Наконец, сплавка легко адаптируется к массовому производству и легко автоматизируется, поскольку параметры процесса менее чувствительны к колебаниям. Основным недостатком является более низкая прочность соединения по сравнению со сварным, обусловленная использованием более мягких припоев. Прочность сплавленного соединения, как правило, ниже прочности базового металла, но выше прочности припоя. Другой недостаток заключается в том, что сплавленные соединения могут быть повреждены при высоких рабочих температурах. В некоторых операциях сплавки допускаются небольшие зазоры между деталями. Чистота поверхностей, подлежащих сплавке, также важна, поскольку любое загрязнение может привести к плохому смачиванию (растеканию). Два основных метода очистки деталей перед сплавкой – химическая и абразивная или механическая очистка. При механической очистке важно поддерживать надлежащую шероховатость поверхности, поскольку смачивание на шероховатой поверхности происходит легче, чем на гладкой поверхности той же геометрии. Существует множество методов нагрева для выполнения операций сплавки. Наиболее важным фактором при выборе метода нагрева является обеспечение эффективной передачи тепла по всему соединению с учетом теплоемкости используемых базовых металлов. Геометрия соединения также является важным фактором, как и требуемая скорость и объем производства. Самый простой способ классификации методов сплавки – группировка их по методу нагрева. Вот некоторые из наиболее распространенных:
Brazing is a metal joining process in which two or more metal items are joined by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, with the filler metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining metal. Brazing differs from welding in that it does not involve melting the work pieces. Brazing differs from soldering through the use of a higher temperature and much more closely fitted parts. During the brazing process, the filler metal flows into the gap between close fitting parts by capillary action. The filler metal is brought slightly above its melting (liquidus) temperature while protected by a suitable atmosphere, usually a flux. It then flows over the base metal (in a process known as wetting) and is then cooled to join the work pieces together. In general, brazing also produces less thermal distortion than welding due to the uniform heating of a brazed piece. Complex and multi part assemblies can be brazed cost effectively. Welded joints must sometimes be ground flush, a costly secondary operation that brazing does not require because it produces a clean joint. Another advantage is that the brazing can be coated or clad for protective purposes. Finally, brazing is easily adapted to mass production and it is easy to automate because the individual process parameters are less sensitive to variation. One of the main disadvantages is the lack of joint strength as compared to a welded joint due to the softer filler metals used. The strength of the brazed joint is likely to be less than that of the base but greater than the filler metal. Another disadvantage is that brazed joints can be damaged under high service temperatures. in some brazing operations, however, it is not uncommon to have joint clearances around Cleanliness of the brazing surfaces is also important, as any contamination can cause poor wetting (flow). The two main methods for cleaning parts, prior to brazing, are chemical cleaning and abrasive or mechanical cleaning. In the case of mechanical cleaning it is important to maintain the proper surface roughness, as wetting on a rough surface occurs much more readily than on a smooth surface of the same geometry.]] There are many heating methods available to accomplish brazing operations. The most important factor in choosing a heating method is achieving efficient transfer of heat throughout the joint and doing so within the heat capacity of the individual base metals used. The geometry of the braze joint is also a crucial factor to consider, as is the rate and volume of production required. The easiest way to categorize brazing methods is to group them by heating method. Here are some of the most common:
Сплавка горелкой
Сплавка в печи
Индукционная сплавка
Сплавка погружением
Сплавка сопротивлением
Инфракрасная сплавка
Сплавка под флюсом
Электронно-лучевая и лазерная сплавка
Сварная сплавка
Torch brazing
Furnace brazing
Induction brazing
Dip brazing
Resistance brazing
Infrared brazing
Blanket brazing
Electron beam and laser brazing
Braze welding
Furnace brazing
Induction brazing
Dip brazing
Resistance brazing
Infrared brazing
Blanket brazing
Electron beam and laser brazing
Braze welding
Эти методы нагрева классифицируются как локализованные и диффузные и предлагают преимущества в зависимости от конкретных областей применения.
These heating methods are classified through localised and diffuse heating techniques and offer advantages based on their different applications.
Плавка факелом
Факельное паяние является наиболее распространенным методом механизированного паяния. Оно лучше всего подходит для небольших объемов производства или специализированных операций, а в некоторых странах на него приходится большая часть выполняемых работ по пайке. Существует три основные категории факельного паяния: ручное, машинное и автоматическое. Ручное факельное паяние – это процесс, при котором тепло подается с помощью газового пламени, направленного на соединение или вблизи него. Факел может быть как ручным, так и закрепленным в фиксированном положении, в зависимости от того, является ли операция полностью ручной или имеет определенный уровень автоматизации. Ручное паяние чаще всего используется при небольших объемах производства или в тех случаях, когда размер или конфигурация детали делают невозможным использование других методов паяния. Этот процесс также обеспечивает контролируемый тепловой цикл (что позволяет использовать детали, которые могут деформироваться при локальном нагреве) и отсутствие необходимости в очистке после паяния. Обычно используются следующие атмосферы: инертная, восстановительная или вакуумная, все из которых защищают деталь от окисления. Другие преимущества включают: низкую себестоимость при массовом производстве, точный контроль температуры и возможность одновременной пайки нескольких соединений. Печи обычно нагреваются электричеством, газом или мазутом в зависимости от типа печи и области применения. Однако к недостаткам этого метода относятся: высокая стоимость капитального оборудования, более сложные требования к конструкции и высокое энергопотребление. Вакуумное паяние часто проводится в печи, что позволяет одновременно выполнять пайку нескольких соединений, поскольку вся деталь достигает температуры паяния. Тепло передается посредством излучения, поскольку многие другие методы не могут быть использованы в вакууме.
Torch brazing is by far the most common method of mechanized brazing in use. It is best used in small production volumes or in specialized operations, and in some countries, it accounts for a majority of the brazing taking place. There are three main categories of torch brazing in use: manual, machine, and automatic torch brazing. Manual torch brazing is a procedure where the heat is applied using a gas flame placed on or near the joint being brazed. The torch can either be hand held or held in a fixed position depending on whether the operation is completely manual or has some level of automation. Manual brazing is most commonly used on small production volumes or in applications where the part size or configuration makes other brazing methods impossible. The process also offers the benefits of a controlled heat cycle (allowing use of parts that might distort under localized heating) and no need for post braze cleaning. Common atmospheres used include: inert, reducing or vacuum atmospheres all of which protect the part from oxidation. Some other advantages include: low unit cost when used in mass production, close temperature control, and the ability to braze multiple joints at once. Furnaces are typically heated using either electric, gas or oil depending on the type of furnace and application. However, some of the disadvantages of this method include: high capital equipment cost, more difficult design considerations and high power consumption. Vacuum brazing is often conducted in a furnace; this means that several joints can be made at once because the whole workpiece reaches the brazing temperature. The heat is transferred using radiation, as many other methods cannot be used in a vacuum.
Заплавка в воде
Припойное бразирование особенно подходит для пайки алюминия, поскольку исключается доступ воздуха, что предотвращает образование оксидов. Соединяемые детали фиксируются, а припойная паста наносится на соединяемые поверхности, как правило, в виде суспензии. Затем сборки погружают в ванну с расплавленной солью (обычно NaCl, KCl и другие соединения), которая выполняет функции как теплоносителя, так и флюса. Многие изделия, полученные методом припойного бразирования, используются в теплообменных устройствах для аэрокосмической промышленности.
Dip brazing is especially suited for brazing aluminium because air is excluded, thus preventing the formation of oxides. The parts to be joined are fixtured and the brazing compound applied to the mating surfaces, typically in slurry form. Then the assemblies are dipped into a bath of molten salt (typically NaCl, KCl and other compounds), which functions as both heat transfer medium and flux. Many dip brazed parts are used in heat transfer applications for the aerospace industry.
Поток
Если операции пайки не проводятся в инертной или восстановительной атмосфере (например, в атмосфере азота), то для предотвращения образования оксидов при нагревании металла требуется флюс, такой как бура. Флюс также служит для очистки любых загрязнений на паяемых поверхностях. Флюс может применяться в различных формах, включая флюсопасту, жидкость, порошок или готовые паяльные пасты, сочетающие флюс с порошком припоя. Флюс также можно наносить с использованием паяльных прутков с флюсовым покрытием или с флюсовым сердечником. В любом случае, при нагревании соединения флюс растекается по нему и вытесняется расплавленным припоем, заполняющим зазор. Избыток флюса следует удалять после завершения цикла, так как оставшийся в соединении флюс может привести к коррозии, затруднить контроль качества соединения и помешать дальнейшей обработке поверхности. Фосфорсодержащие припои могут быть самофлюсующими при соединении меди с медью. Флюсы обычно выбираются исходя из их эффективности для конкретных основных металлов. Для эффективной работы флюс должен быть химически совместим как с основным, так и с припойным металлом. Самофлюсующиеся фосфорсодержащие припои образуют хрупкие фосфиды при использовании на железе или никеле.
Unless brazing operations are contained within an inert or reducing atmosphere environment (i. e. Nitrogen), a flux such as borax is required to prevent oxides from forming while the metal is heated. The flux also serves the purpose of cleaning any contamination left on the brazing surfaces. Flux can be applied in any number of forms including flux paste, liquid, powder or pre made brazing pastes that combine flux with filler metal powder. Flux can also be applied using brazing rods with a coating of flux, or a flux core. In either case, the flux flows into the joint when applied to the heated joint and is displaced by the molten filler metal entering the joint. Excess flux should be removed when the cycle is completed because flux left in the joint can lead to corrosion, impede joint inspection, and prevent further surface finishing operations. Phosphorus containing brazing alloys can be self fluxing when joining copper to copper. Fluxes are generally selected based on their performance on particular base metals. To be effective, the flux must be chemically compatible with both the base metal and the filler metal being used. Self fluxing phosphorus filler alloys produce brittle phosphides if used on iron or nickel.
Атмосфера
Поскольку при пайке требуются высокие температуры, происходит окисление металлической поверхности в атмосфере, содержащей кислород. Это может потребовать использования атмосферной среды, отличной от воздуха. Обычно используемые атмосферы:
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Воздух – простой и экономичный. Многие материалы подвержены окислению и образованию окалины. Для удаления окисления после работы можно использовать кислотную промывку или механическую очистку. Флюс противодействует окислению, но может ослабить соединение.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Сжигаемый топливный газ – низкое содержание водорода, AWS типа 1, "экзотермически генерируемые атмосферы". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5–1% CO, 5–1% H2. Для серебра, меди с фосфором и припоев на основе цинка меди. Для пайки меди и латуни.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Сжигаемый топливный газ – обезуглероживающий, AWS типа 2, "эндотермически генерируемые атмосферы". 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. Для меди, серебра, меди с фосфором и припоев на основе цинка меди. Для пайки меди, латуни, никелевых сплавов, моноля, среднеуглеродистых сталей.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Сжигаемый топливный газ – высушенный, AWS типа 3, "эндотермически генерируемые атмосферы". 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. Для меди, серебра, меди с фосфором и припоев на основе цинка меди. Для пайки меди, латуни, низконикелевых сплавов, моноля, средне- и высокоуглеродистых сталей.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Сжигаемый топливный газ – высушенный, обезуглероживающий, AWS типа 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. Для меди, серебра, меди с фосфором и припоев на основе цинка меди. Для пайки меди, латуни, низконикелевых сплавов, средне- и высокоуглеродистых сталей.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Аммиак – AWS типа 5, также называемый формирующим газом. Диссоциированный аммиак (75% водорода, 25% азота) может использоваться для многих типов пайки и отжига. Недорогой. Для меди, серебра, никеля, меди с фосфором и припоев на основе цинка меди. Для пайки меди, латуни, никелевых сплавов, моноля, средне- и высокоуглеродистых сталей и хромовых сплавов.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Азот + водород – криогенный или очищенный (AWS типа 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. Для меди, серебра, никеля, меди с фосфором и припоев на основе цинка меди.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Азот + водород + монооксид углерода – криогенный или очищенный (AWS типа 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. Для меди, серебра, никеля, меди с фосфором и припоев на основе цинка меди. Для пайки меди, латуни, низконикелевых сплавов, средне- и высокоуглеродистых сталей.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Азот – криогенный или очищенный (AWS типа 6C). Неокисляющий, экономичный. При высоких температурах может реагировать с некоторыми металлами, например, с некоторыми сталями, образуя нитриды. Для меди, серебра, никеля, меди с фосфором и припоев на основе цинка меди. Для пайки меди, латуни, низконикелевых сплавов, моноля, средне- и высокоуглеродистой стали.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Водород – AWS типа 7. Сильный деоксидант, обладает высокой теплопроводностью. Может использоваться для пайки меди и отжига стали. Может вызывать водородное охрупчивание некоторых сплавов. Для меди, серебра, никеля, меди с фосфором и припоев на основе цинка меди. Для пайки меди, латуни, никелевых сплавов, моноля, средне- и высокоуглеродистых сталей и хромовых, кобальтовых, вольфрамовых сплавов и карбидов.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Неорганические пары – различные летучие фториды, AWS типа 8. Специального назначения. Может смешиваться с атмосферами AWS 1–5 для замены флюса. Используется для серебряной пайки латуней.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Благородный газ – обычно аргон, AWS типа 9. Неокисляющий, дороже азота. Инертный. Детали должны быть очень чистыми, газ должен быть чистым. Для меди, серебра, никеля, меди с фосфором и припоев на основе цинка меди. Для пайки меди, латуни, никелевых сплавов, моноля, средне- и высокоуглеродистых сталей, хромовых сплавов, титана, циркония, гафния.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Благородный газ + водород – AWS типа 9A.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Вакуум – требует откачки рабочей камеры. Дорогой. Не подходит (или требует особой осторожности) для металлов с высоким давлением пара, например, серебра, цинка, фосфора, кадмия и марганца. Используется для получения соединений наивысшего качества, например, для аэрокосмических применений.
As brazing work requires high temperatures, oxidation of the metal surface occurs in an oxygen containing atmosphere. This may necessitate the use of an atmospheric environment other than air. The commonly used atmospheres are:
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Air Simple and economical. Many materials susceptible to oxidation and buildup of scale. Acid cleaning bath or mechanical cleaning can be used to remove the oxidation after work. Flux counteracts the oxidation, but may weaken the joint. Combusted fuel gas Low hydrogen, AWS type 1, "exothermic generated atmospheres". 87% N2, 11–12% CO2, 5 1% CO, 5 1% H2. For silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper and brass. Combusted fuel gas Decarburizing, AWS type 2, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 70–71% N2, 5–6% CO2, 9–10% CO, 14–15% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, AWS type 3, "endothermic generated atmospheres. 73–75% N2, 10–11% CO, 15–16% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Combusted fuel gas Dried, decarburizing, AWS type 4. 41–45% N2, 17–19% CO, 38–40% H2. For copper, silver, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Ammonia AWS type 5, also called forming gas. Dissociated ammonia (75% hydrogen, 25% nitrogen) can be used for many types of brazing and annealing. Inexpensive. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys. Nitrogen+hydrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6A). 70–99% N2, 1–30% H2. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. Nitrogen+hydrogen+carbon monoxide Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6B). 70–99% N2, 2–20% H2, 1–10% CO. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, medium and high carbon steels. Nitrogen Cryogenic or purified (AWS type 6C). Non oxidizing, economical. At high temperatures can react with some metals, e. g. certain steels, forming nitrides. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, low nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels. Hydrogen AWS type 7. Strong deoxidizer, highly thermally conductive. Can be used for copper brazing and annealing steel. May cause hydrogen embrittlement to some alloys. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels and chromium alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, and carbides. Inorganic vapors Various volatile fluorides, AWS type 8. Special purpose. Can be mixed with atmospheres AWS 1–5 to replace flux. Used for silver brazing of brasses. Noble gas Usually argon, AWS type 9. Non oxidizing, more expensive than nitrogen. Inert. Parts must be very clean, gas must be pure. For copper, silver, nickel, copper phosphorus and copper zinc filler metals. For brazing copper, brass, nickel alloys, Monel, medium and high carbon steels chromium alloys, titanium, zirconium, hafnium. Noble gas+hydrogen AWS type 9A. Vacuum Requires evacuating the work chamber. Expensive. Unsuitable (or requires special care) for metals with high vapor pressure, e. g. silver, zinc, phosphorus, cadmium, and manganese. Used for highest quality joints, for e. g. aerospace applications.
Предварительные формы
Преформа для пайки – это высококачественная, прецизионная металлическая штамповка, используемая в различных процессах соединения при производстве электронных устройств и систем. Типичные области применения преформ для пайки включают в себя крепление электронных схем, корпусирование электронных устройств, обеспечение хорошей тепло- и электропроводности, а также создание интерфейса для электронных соединений. Квадратные, прямоугольные и дисковые преформы для пайки обычно используются для крепления электронных компонентов, содержащих кремниевые кристаллы, к подложке, такой как печатная плата. Прямоугольные преформы в форме рам часто требуются при изготовлении электронных корпусов, а шайбообразные преформы для пайки обычно используются для крепления выводных проводов и герметичных выводов к электронным схемам и корпусам. Некоторые преформы также применяются в диодах, выпрямителях, оптоэлектронных устройствах и при корпусировании компонентов.
A brazing preform is a high quality, precision metal stamping used for a variety of joining applications in manufacturing electronic devices and systems. Typical brazing preform uses include attaching electronic circuitry, packaging electronic devices, providing good thermal and electrical conductivity, and providing an interface for electronic connections. Square, rectangular and disc shaped brazing preforms are commonly used to attach electronic components containing silicon dies to a substrate such as a printed circuit board. Rectangular frame shaped preforms are often required for the construction of electronic packages while washer shaped brazing preforms are typically utilized to attach lead wires and hermetic feed throughs to electronic circuits and packages. Some preforms are also used in diodes, rectifiers, optoelectronic devices and components packaging.
Безопасность
При пайке возможно воздействие опасных химических паров. Национальный институт охраны труда и здоровья в Соединенных Штатах рекомендует контролировать воздействие этих паров на уровне ниже допустимого предела воздействия.
Brazing may entail exposure to hazardous chemical fumes. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in the United States recommends that exposure to these fumes is controlled to levels below the allowed exposure limit.