Ключевые события мировой истории

418 – A papal election begins, resulting in the election of Pope Boniface I. 457 – Majorian is acclaimed as Western Roman emperor. 484 – Alaric II succeeds his father Euric and becomes king of the Visigoths. He establishes his capital at Aire sur l'Adour (Southern Gaul). 893 – An earthquake destroys the city of Dvin, Armenia. 1065 – Edward the Confessor's Romanesque monastic church at Westminster Abbey is consecrated. 1308 – The reign of Emperor Hanazono of Japan begins.

1659 – The Marathas defeat the Adilshahi forces in the Battle of Kolhapur. 1768 – King Taksin's coronation achieved through conquest as a king of Thailand and established Thonburi as a capital. 1795 – Construction of Yonge Street, formerly recognized as the longest street in the world, begins in York, Upper Canada (present day Toronto). 1832 – John C. Calhoun becomes the first Vice President of the United States to resign. He resigned after being elected Senator from South Carolina. 1835 – Osceola leads his Seminole warriors in Florida into the Second Seminole War against the United States Army. 1836 – South Australia and Adelaide are founded. 1836 – Spain recognizes the independence of Mexico with the signing of the Santa María–Calatrava Treaty. 1846 – Iowa is admitted as the 29th U. S. state. 1879 – Tay Bridge disaster: The central part of the Tay Rail Bridge in Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom collapses as a train passes over it, killing 75. 1885 – Indian National Congress, a political party of India, is founded in Bombay Presidency, British India. 1895 – The Lumière brothers perform for their first paying audience at the Grand Cafe in Boulevard des Capucines. 1895 – Wilhelm Röntgen publishes a paper detailing his discovery of a new type of radiation, which later will be known as x rays.

1902 – The Syracuse Athletic Club defeat the New York Philadelphians, 5–0, in the first indoor professional football game, which was held at Madison Square Garden. 1908 – The 7.1 Messina earthquake shakes Southern Italy with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), killing between 75,000 and 200,000. 1912 – The first municipally owned streetcars take to the streets in San Francisco. 1918 – Constance Markievicz, while detained in Holloway prison, becomes the first woman to be elected Member of Parliament (MP) to the British House of Commons. 1941 – World War II: Operation Anthropoid, the plot to assassinate high ranking Nazi officer Reinhard Heydrich, commences. 1943 – Soviet authorities launch Operation Ulussy, beginning the deportation of the Kalmyk nation to Siberia and Central Asia. 1943 – World War II: After eight days of brutal house to house fighting, the Battle of Ortona concludes with the victory of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division over the German 1st Parachute Division and the capture of the Italian town of Ortona. 1944 – Maurice Richard becomes the first player to score eight points in one game of NHL ice hockey. 1948 – The DC 3 airliner NC16002 disappears 50 mile (80 km) south of Miami. 1956 – Chin Peng, David Marshall and Tunku Abdul Rahman meet in Baling, Malaya to try and resolve the Malayan Emergency situation. 1958 – "Greatest Game Ever Played": The Baltimore Colts defeat the New York Giants in the first ever National Football League sudden death overtime game at New York's Yankee Stadium to win the NFL Championship. 1967 – American businesswoman Muriel Siebert becomes the first woman to own a seat on the New York Stock Exchange. 1972 – The last scheduled day for induction into the military by the Selective Service System. Due to the fact that President Richard Nixon declared this day a national day of mourning due to former President Harry S Truman's death, approximately 300 men were not able to report due to most Federal offices being closed. Since the draft was not resumed in 1973, they were never drafted. 1973 – The United States Endangered Species Act is signed into law by President Richard Nixon. 1978 – United Airlines Flight 173 crashes in a residential neighborhood near Portland International Airport, killing 10 people. 1989 – A magnitude 5.6 earthquake hits Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, killing 13 people. 2006 – War in Somalia: The militaries of Somalia's Transitional Federal Government and Ethiopian troops capture Mogadishu unopposed. 2009 – Forty three people die in a suicide bombing in Karachi, Pakistan, where Shia Muslims are observing the Day of Ashura. 2014 – Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 crashes into the Karimata Strait en route from Surabaya to Singapore, killing all 162 people aboard. 2014 – Nine people die and another 19 are reported missing, when the MS Norman Atlantic catches fire in the Strait of Otranto, in the Adriatic Sea, in Italian waters.

1461 – Louise of Savoy, French nun (d. 1503)
1510 – Nicholas Bacon, English politician (d. 1579)
1535 – Martin Eisengrein, German theologian (d. 1578)

1619 – Antoine Furetière, French author and scholar (d. 1688)
1635 – Elizabeth Stuart, second daughter of King Charles I of England (d. 1650)
1651 – Johann Krieger, German organist and composer (d. 1735)
1655 – Charles Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk (d. 1698)
1665 – George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire (d. 1716)
1722 – Eliza Lucas, Caribbean American agriculturalist (d. 1793)
1724 – Christoph Franz von Buseck, Prince Bishop of Bamberg (d. 1805)
1763 – John Molson, English Canadian brewer, founded the Molson Brewery (d. 1836)
1775 – Jean Gabriel Eynard, Swiss banker and photographer (d. 1863)
1789 – Catharine Maria Sedgwick, American novelist of "domestic fiction" (d. 1867)
1798 – Thomas Henderson, Scottish astronomer and mathematician (d. 1844)
1818 – Carl Remigius Fresenius, German chemist and academic (d. 1897)
1842 – Calixa Lavallée, Canadian American lieutenant and composer (d. 1891)
1856 – Woodrow Wilson, American historian and politician, 28th President of the United States, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1924)
1865 – Félix Vallotton, Swiss/French painter (d. 1925)
1870 – Charles Bennett, English runner (d. 1949)
1882 – Arthur Eddington, English astronomer, physicist, and mathematician (d. 1944)
1882 – Lili Elbe, Danish model and painter (d. 1931)
1887 – Werner Kolhörster, German physicist and academic (d. 1946)
1888 – F. W. Murnau, German American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1931)
1890 – Quincy Wright, American political scientist, historian, and academic (d. 1970)
1895 – Carol Ryrie Brink, American author and playwright (d. 1981)
1898 – Carl Gustaf Rossby, Swedish American meteorologist and academic (d. 1957)
1898 – Shigematsu Sakaibara, Japanese admiral (d. 1947)
1900 – Ted Lyons, American baseball player (d. 1986)

1622 – Francis de Sales, French bishop and saint (b. 1567)
1663 – Francesco Maria Grimaldi, Italian mathematician and physicist (b. 1618)
1671 – Johann Friedrich Gronovius, German scholar and critic (b. 1611)
1694 – Mary II of England (b. 1662)
1706 – Pierre Bayle, French philosopher and author (b. 1647)
1708 – Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, French botanist and mycologist (b. 1656)
1715 – William Carstares, Scottish minister and academic (b. 1649)
1734 – Rob Roy MacGregor, Scottish outlaw (b. 1671)
1736 – Antonio Caldara, Italian composer (b. 1670)
1785 – Peter Ernst Wilde, Polish Estonian physician and journalist (b. 1732)
1795 – Eugenio Espejo, Ecuadorian physician and lawyer (b. 1747)
1859 – Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay, English historian and politician, Secretary at War (b. 1800)
1872 – James Van Ness, American lawyer and politician, 7th Mayor of San Francisco (b. 1808)
1890 – Dennis Miller Bunker, American painter (b. 1861)
1897 – William Corby, American priest and academic (b. 1833)
1900 – Alexandre de Serpa Pinto, Portuguese soldier and explorer (b. 1846)

1907 – Louise Granberg, Swedish playwright (b. 1812)
1913 – Ahmet Mithat Efendi, Turkish journalist and translator (b. 1844)
1916 – Eduard Strauss, Austrian violinist and composer (b. 1835)
1917 – Alfred Edwin McKay, Canadian captain and pilot (b. 1892)
1918 – Olavo Bilac, Brazilian poet and journalist (b. 1865)
1919 – Johannes Rydberg, Swedish physicist and academic (b. 1854)
1924 – Léon Bakst, Russian painter and costume designer (b. 1866)
1932 – Jack Blackham, Australian cricketer (b. 1854)
1935 – Clarence Day, American author and illustrator (b. 1874)
1937 – Maurice Ravel, French pianist and composer (b. 1875)
1938 – Florence Lawrence, Canadian actress (b. 1886)
1942 – Alfred Flatow, German gymnast (b. 1869)
1943 – Steve Evans, American baseball player (b. 1885)
1945 – Theodore Dreiser, American novelist and journalist (b. 1871)
1946 – Elie Nadelman, Polish American sculptor (b. 1882)
1947 – Victor Emmanuel III of Italy (b. 1869)
1949 – Jack Lovelock, New Zealand runner and soldier (b. 1910)
1959 – Ante Pavelić, Croatian fascist dictator during World War II (b. 1889)
1960 – Philippe Panneton, Canadian physician, academic, and diplomat (b. 1895)
1963 – Paul Hindemith, German violist, composer, and conductor (b. 1895)
1967 – Katharine McCormick, American biologist and philanthropist (b. 1875)
1968 – David Ogilvy, 12th Earl of Airlie, Scottish peer, soldier and courtier (b. 1893)
1971 – Max Steiner, Austrian American pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1888)
1976 – Katharine Byron, American politician (b. 1903)
1981 – Allan Dwan, Canadian American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1885)
1983 – Dennis Wilson, American drummer, songwriter, and producer (b. 1944)
1984 – Sam Peckinpah, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1925)
1984 – Mary Stewart, Baroness Stewart of Alvechurch, British politician and educator (b. 1903)
1986 – John D. MacDonald, American colonel and author (b. 1916)
1986 – Jan Nieuwenhuys, Dutch painter (b. 1922)
1989 – Hermann Oberth, Romanian German physicist and engineer (b. 1894)
1990 – Warren Skaaren, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1946)
1992 – Sal Maglie, American baseball player and coach (b. 1917)
1993 – William L. Shirer, American journalist and historian (b. 1904)
1994 – Jean Louis Lévesque, Canadian businessman and philanthropist (b. 1911)
1999 – Clayton Moore, American actor (b. 1914)
2001 – Samuel Abraham Goldblith, American lieutenant, biologist, and engineer (b. 1919)
2001 – William X. Kienzle, American priest and author (b. 1928)
2003 – Benjamin Thurman Hacker, American admiral (b. 1935)
2004 – Jerry Orbach, American actor and singer (b. 1935)
2004 – Susan Sontag, American novelist, essayist, critic, and playwright (b. 1933)
2006 – Jamal Karimi Rad, Iranian politician, Iranian Minister of Justice (b. 1956)
2008 – Irene Lieblich, Polish American painter and illustrator (b. 1923)
2009 – Jimmy Sullivan, American musician, composer and songwriter. Known by his stage name The Rev (b. 1981)
2010 – Billy Taylor, American pianist and composer (b. 1921)
2010 – Terry Peder Rasmussen, American serial killer (b. 1943)
2012 – Nicholas Ambraseys, Greek English seismologist and engineer (b. 1929)
2012 – Mark Crispin, American computer scientist and academic, designed the IMAP (b. 1956)
2012 – Václav Drobný, Czech footballer (b. 1980)
2012 – Frankie Walsh, Irish hurler and manager (b. 1936)
2013 – Halton Arp, American German astronomer and critic (b. 1927)
2013 – Esther Borja, Cuban soprano and actress (b. 1913)
2013 – Andrew Jacobs, Jr., American soldier, lawyer, and politician (b. 1932)
2013 – Alfred Marshall, American businessman, founded Marshalls (b. 1919)
2013 – Joseph Ruskin, American actor and producer (b. 1924)
2013 – Ilya Tsymbalar, Ukrainian Russian footballer and manager (b. 1969)
2014 – Vahan Hovhannisyan, Armenian politician (b. 1956)
2014 – Frankie Randall, American singer songwriter (b. 1938)
2014 – Leelah Alcorn, American transgender teenager (b. 1997)
2015 – John Bradbury, English drummer and songwriter (b. 1953)
2015 – Eloy Inos, Mariana Islander businessman and politician, 8th Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands (b. 1949)
2015 – Lemmy, English musician, singer, and songwriter (b. 1945)
2016 – Debbie Reynolds, American actress, singer and dancer (b. 1932)
2016 – Jean Christophe Victor, French political scientist (b. 1947)
2017 – Rose Marie, American actress and comedienne (b. 1923)
2021 – Grichka Bogdanoff, French television presenter and scientific essayist (b. 1949)
2021 – John Madden, American football Hall of Fame coach and commentator (b. 1936)
2021 – Harry Reid, American lawyer, politician, and former Senate majority leader (b. 1939)
2023 – Vijayakanth, Indian actor and politician (b. 1952)