Начало эры персональных компьютеров: 1981-1982 годы.

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Date Location Event March 1981 UK Sinclair ZX81 was released, for a similar price to the ZX80 (see 1980). 8 April 1981 US Osborne 1 portable computer introduced; the company sold many units before filing for bankruptcy only two years later. 12 August 1981 US IBM announced their open architecture IBM Personal Computer. 100,000 orders were taken by Christmas. The design becomes far more successful than IBM had anticipated, and becomes the basis for most of the modern personal computer industry. ? US Richard Feynman proposed quantum computers. The main application he had in mind was the simulation of quantum systems, but he also mentioned the possibility of solving other problems. ? US The Xerox 8010 ('Star') System, the first commercial system to use a WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointing Devices) graphic user interface. Apple incorporated many of the ideas therein in the development of the interface for the Apple Lisa (see January 1983). ? US Symbolics introduced the LM 2 workstation, a Lisp based workstation based on the MIT CADR architecture.

Date Location Event January 1982 UK Introduction of the BBC Micro, announced in December 1981. Based on the MOS Technology 6502 processor, it was a very popular computer for British schools up to the development of the Acorn Archimedes (in 1987). In 1984 the government offered to pay half the cost of such computers in an attempt to promote their use in secondary education. US Commodore unveils the Commodore 64 at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. Built in just two months around the VIC II Video Integrated Circuit and the SID Sound Interface Device chips, the C64 used the 6510 processor to access 64K of RAM plus 16K of switchable ROM. This "epitome of the 8 bit computer" sold up to 22 million units in the next decade. February 1982 US On February 1 the 80286 processor was released. It implements a new mode of operation, protected modeallowing access to more memory (up to 16 MB compared to 1 MB for the 8086). At introduction the fastest version ran at 12.5 MHz, achieved 2.7 MIPS and contained 134,000 transistors. March 1982 US MS DOS 1.25, PC DOS 1.1 April 1982 UK The Sinclair ZX Spectrum was announced, released later in the year. It is based on the Z80 microprocessor from Zilog, running at 3.5 MHz with an 8 color graphics display. The Spectrum sold with two memory options, a 16 KB version for £125 or a 48 KB version for £175. May 1982 US IBM launch the double sided 320 KB floppy disk drive. July 1982 UKUS Timex/Sinclair introduced the first computer touted to cost under $100 marketed in the U. S., the Timex Sinclair 1000. In spite of the flaws in the early versions, half a million units were sold in the first 6 months alone, surpassing the sales of Apple, Tandy, and Commodore combined. August 1982 US The Commodore 64 is released, retailing at US$595. The price rapidly dropped, creating a price war and causing the departure of numerous companies from the home computing market. Total C64 sales during its lifetime (from 1982 to 1994) are estimated at more than 17 million units, making it the best selling computer model of all time. October 1982 US MIDI, Musical Instrument Digital Interface, (pronounced "middy") published by International MIDI Association (IMA). The MIDI standard allows computers to be connected to instruments like keyboards through a low bandwidth (31,250 bit/s) protocol. December US IBM bought 12% of Intel. ? US Introduction of 80186/80188. These are rarely used in personal computers as they incorporate a built in DMA and timer chipand thus have register addresses incompatible with IBM PCs.

Date Location Event January 1983 US Apple introduced its Lisa. The first mass market personal computer with a graphical user interface, its development was central in the move to such systems for personal computers. The Lisa's sloth and high price ($10,000) led to its ultimate failure. The Lisa ran on a Motorola 68000 microprocessor and came equipped with 1 MB of RAM, a 12 inch black and white monitor, dual 5¼" floppy disk drives and a 5 MB Profile hard drive. The Xerox Starwhich included a system called Smalltalk that involved a mouse, windows, and pop up menusinspired the Lisa's designers. USEurope IBM PC gets European launch at Which Computer Show. March 1983 US IBM XT released, similar to the original IBM PC but with a hard drive. It had a 10 MB hard disk, 128 KB of RAM, one floppy drive, mono monitor and a printer, all for $5000. US Compaq Portable released, the first IBM PC compatible machine released with an IBM PC compatible BIOS written from scratch. US MS DOS 2.0, PC DOS 2.0
Introduced with the IBM XT, this version included a Unix style hierarchical sub directory structure, and altered the way in which programs could load and access files on the disk. May 1983 US Thinking Machines Corporation formed. US MS DOS 2.01 September 1983 US Richard Stallman announces the GNU Project, to create a free software alternative to proprietary Unixes, on Usenet. He works towards this goal over the next years, but GNU's own kernel, the GNU Hurd, is delayed indefinitely and GNU only becomes a complete usable alternative to Unix with the creation of the Linux kernel in 1991. October 1983 US IBM released the IBM PCjr in an attempt to get further into the home market; it cost just $699. Cheaper alternatives from other companies were preferred by the home buyer, but businesses continued to buy IBM. PC DOS 2.1 (for PCjr). Like the PCjr this was not a great success and quickly disappeared from the market. MS DOS 2.11, MS DOS 2.25
Version 2.25 included support for foreign character sets, and was marketed in the Far East. US Microsoft Word software released. November 1983 US Domain Name System (DNS) introduced to the Internet, which then consisted of about 1000 hosts. RFC 881 (now obsoleted by subsequent revisions)

Microsoft Windows is announced. US Turbo Pascal introduced by Borland. December Serbia Detailed schematic diagrams for build it yourself computer Galaksija released in Belgrade. Thousands were soon assembled by computer enthusiasts. 1983 US Borland formed. 1983 Japan Epson QX 10 released; first Japanese computer sold in the US ? US Lotus 1 2 3 spreadsheet software launched. ? Italy Olivetti M24 was put on sale. This personal computer had good success and was later rebranded by AT&T.

Date Location Event January UK Sinclair Research Ltd announced its first (and only) personal computer aimed to the business market, the Sinclair QL, at an introductory price of £399. The machine was based on the 68008 CPU of Motorola, the low cost version of Motorola 68000 with 8 bit external bus. The QL (abbreviation of Quantum Leap) did not become a market success, because of quality issues of the first series and due to the Microdrive used as storage medium instead of the much more reliable floppy discs; its development and production later caused serious financial difficulties for the company. US Apple Macintosh released, based on the 8 MHz version of the Motorola 68000 processor. The 68000 can address 16 MB of RAM, a noticeable improvement over Intel's 8088/8086 family. However the Apple achieved 0.7 MIPS and originally came with just 128 KB of RAM. It came fitted with a monochrome monitor and was the first successful mouse driven computer with a Graphical user interface. The Macintosh included many of the Lisa's features at a much lower price: $2,500. Applications that came as part of the package included MacPaint, which made use of the mouse, and MacWrite, which demonstrated WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) word processing. May US Hewlett Packard release the immensely popular LaserJet printer; by 1993 they had sold over 10 million LaserJet printers and over 20 million printers overall. HP were also pioneering inkjet technology. June UK Amstrad CPC was introduced first in Britain, later in other European markets as well. The machine was based on the popular 8 bit Z80 CPU. The mainboard (i. e. the computer itself) and a cassette recorder (Datacorder) were both integrated in the keyboard. The CPC could be bought in a bundle with a monochrome (GT64) monitor for £249 or a colour (CTM640) monitor for £359. The monitor also served as the power supply to have only one plug to connect to the wall outlet. The CPC became very popular in France and Spain, and in Germany where it was marketed by Schneider Rundfunkwerke AG under its own label. In 1985 two further models (CPC 664 and 6128) with built in 3 inch floppy disc drive were released. August US MS DOS 3.0, PC DOS 3.0
Released for the IBM AT, it supported larger hard disks as well as High Density (1.2 MB) 5¼" floppy disks. September US Apple released a 512KB version of the Macintosh, known as the "Fat Mac". End US Compaq started the development of the IDE interface (see also 1989). This standard was designed specially for the IBM PC and can achieve high data transfer rates through a 1:1 interleave factor and caching by the actual disk controllerthe bottleneck is often the old AT bus and the drive may read data far quicker than the bus can accept it, so the cache is used as a buffer. Theoretically 1 MB/s is possible but 700 kB/s is perhaps more typical of such drives. This standard has been adopted by many other models of computer, such as the Acorn Archimedes A4000 and above. A later improvement was EIDE, laid down in 1989, which also removed the maximum drive size of 528 MB and increased data transfer rates. ? US Motorola released the 68020 processor.

Date Location Event January 1985 US PostScript introduced by Adobe Systems. It is a powerful page description language used in the Apple Laserwriter printer. Adopted by IBM for their use in March 1987. March 1985 US MS DOS 3.1, PC DOS 3.1
This was the first version of DOS to provide network support, and provides some new functions to handle networking. US Symbolics registered the symbolics. com domain, the first com domain in the world. April 1985 US Expanded memory specification, a memory paging scheme for PCs, was introduced by Lotus and Intel. June 1985 US Commodore 128 was released. Based on a complex multi mode architecture, this was Commodore's last 8 bit computer. Cost: $299.95 for each of the CPU unit and accompanying 1571 disk drive. US The Atari ST, an inexpensive 8 MHz Motorola 68000 based computer, appeared. Nicknamed the "Jackintosh", after Atari owner Jack Tramiel, it featured 512 KB of memory and used GEM graphical interface from Digital Research. It was priced under US$1,000. USSR Tetris was written by Russian Alexey Pazhitnov. It was later released for various western games machines, the crown jewel being its inclusion with Nintendo's Game Boy in 1989. Alexey made nothing from the game, since under the Communist Regime it was owned by the people. However, after the collapse of Communism he was able to move to the USA where he now works for Microsoft. July 1985 US Commodore released the Amiga, based on a 7.16 MHz Motorola 68000 and a custom chipset. It was the first home computer to feature pre emptive multitasking operating system. It used a Macintosh like GUI. Cost: US$1,295 for a system with a single 880 KB 3.5 in disk drive and 256 KB of RAM. September 1985 UK Amstrad introduced Amstrad PCW 8256/8512, an 8 bit, Z80 based computer system with 256 or 512 KB of RAM, dedicated to word processing and promoted as the alternative of electronic typewriters. PCW was the abbreviation of personal computer for word processing (or personal computer word processor). 8 million PCWs were sold until 1998 when Amstrad discontinued this range of computers. 17 October 1985 US 80386 DX released. It supports clock frequencies of up to 33 MHz and can address up to 4 GB of memory (and in theory virtual memory of up to 64 TB, which was important for marketing purposes). It also includes a bigger instruction set than the 80286. At the date of release the fastest version ran at 20 MHz and achieved 6.0 MIPS. It contained 275,000 transistors. November 1985 US Microsoft Windows launched. Not really widely used until version 3, released in 1990, Windows required DOS to run and so was not a complete operating system (until Windows 95, released on August 24, 1995). It merely provided a GUI similar to that of the Macintosh. It was so similar that Apple tried to sue Microsoft for copying the 'look and feel' of their operating system. This court case was not dropped until August 1997. December US MS DOS 3.2, PC DOS 3.2
This version was the first to support 3½" disks, although only the 720 KB ones. Version 3.2 remained the standard version until 1987 when version 3.3 was released with the IBM PS/2. ? NetherlandsJapan CD ROM, invented by Philips, produced in collaboration with Sony. ? US Enhanced Graphics Adapter released. ? UK Meiko Scientific formed.

Date Location Event January 1986 US Apple released another enhanced version of the Macintosh (the Macintosh Plus personal computer) September 1986 UK Amstrad announced Amstrad PC 1512, a cheap and powerful PC. It had a slightly enhanced CGA graphics adapter, 512 KB RAM (upgradable to 640KB), 8086 processor (upgradable to NEC V30) and a 20 MB hard disk (optional). To ensure the computer was accessible they made sure the manuals could be read by everyone, and also included DR's GEM desktop (a WIMP system) and a mouse to try to make the machine more user friendly. It was sold in many high street shops and was bought by business and home users alike. Netherlands At the EUSPICO '86 conference the RIPAC was presented, a microprocessor specialized for speech recognition designed by CSELT, Elsag and manufactured by SGS. It was used for telephone dialogue based services in Italy.1986USCompaq Deskpro 386 was released and is the first implementation of the 80386 processor in a computer system for sale to the public November 1986 US At Comdex Las Vegas Atari invited Gene Mosher to introduce his touchscreen point of sale graphic user interface with direct manipulation widget toolkit editing, including the Atari ST's 12" CRT with a Microtouch capacitance touchscreen overlay, 320x200 resolution graphics and a 16 color bitmapped display.

Date Location Event 2 March US Macintosh II and Macintosh SE released. The SE was based on the 68000, but could cope with 4 MB of RAM and had an internal and external SCSI adapter. It offered a high performance PDS interrupt slot which provided some of the first expandability on a Mac. The SE also offered the capability of displaying color with a third party video card with its new ROM. The Macintosh II was based on the newer Motorola 68020, that ran at 16 MHz and achieved a much more respectable 2.6 MIPS (comparable to an 80286). It too had a SCSI adapter but was also fitted with a colour video adapter. April 1987 US On April 2 PS/2 Systems were introduced by IBM. The first 4 models were released on this date. The PS/2 Model 30 based on an 8086 processor and an old XT bus, Models 50 and 60 based on the 80286 processor and the Model 80 based on the 80386 processor. These used the 3½" floppy disks, storing 1.44 MB on each (although the Model 30 could only use the low 720KB density). These systems (except the Model 30, released in September 1988) included a completely new bus, the MCA (Micro Channel Architecture) bus, which did not catch on as it did not provide support for old style 16 bit AT bus expansion cards. The MCA bus did show many improvements in design and speed over the ISA bus most PCs used, and IBM (if no one else) still use it in some of their machines. The PS/2 models were very successfulselling well over 2 million machines in less than 2 years. US MS DOS 3.3, PC DOS 3.3
Released with the IBM PS/2 this version included support for the High Density (1.44 MB) 3½" disks. It also supported hard disk partitions, splitting a hard disk into 2 or more logical drives. US OS/2 Launched by Microsoft and IBM. A later enhancement, OS/2 Warp provided many of the 32 bit enhancements boasted by Windows 95but several years earlier, yet the product failed to dominate the market in the way Windows 95 did 8 years later. June 1987 UK Introduction of Acorn Archimedes. August 1987 Canada AD LIB soundcard released. Not widely supported until a software company, Taito, released several games fully supporting AD LIBthe word then spread how much the special sound effects and music enhanced the games. Ad Lib, Inc., a Canadian Company, had a virtual monopoly until 1989 when the SoundBlaster card was released. US LIM EMS v4.0 October–November US Compaq DOS (CPQ DOS) v3.31 released to cope with disk partitions >32Mb. Used by some other OEMs, but not Microsoft. December 1987 US Microsoft Windows 2 released on December 9. ? US Connection Machine, an interesting supercomputer which instead of integration of circuits operates up to 64,000 fairly ordinary microprocessorsusing parallel architectureat the same time; in its most powerful form it can do somewhere in the region of 2 billion operations per second. ? UK Fractal Image Compression Algorithm invented by English mathematician Michael F. Barnsley, allowing digital images to be compressed and stored using fractal codes rather than normal image data. ? US Motorola released the 68030 processor. ? US HyperCard software released. ? US Commodore released the Amiga 500 and the Amiga 2000. The Amiga 500 was similar to the original Amiga 1000, but in an all in one case with 512 KB of RAM and at a lower price. The Amiga 2000 was built in a large PC style case and included 1 MB of RAM and Zorro II expansion slots. ? US VGA released (designed for the PS/2) by IBM. ? US MCGA released (only for low end PS/2s, i. e. the Model 30) by IBM. ? US The 8514/A introduced by IBM. This was a graphics card that included its own processor to speed up the drawing of common objects. The advantages included a reduction in CPU workload.

Date Location Event January Italy Foundation of the MPEG group by Leonardo Chiariglione and Hiroshi Yasuda. 16 June US 80386SX was released as a cheaper alternative to the 80386DX. It had a narrower (16 bit) time multiplexed bus. This reduction in pins, and the easier integration with 16 bit devices, made the cost savings. July–August US PC DOS 4.0, MS DOS 4.0
Version 3.44. x are confusing due to lack of correlation between IBM and Microsoft and also the US and Europe. Several 'Internal Use only' versions were also produced. This version reflected increases in hardware capabilities; it supported hard drives greater than 32 MB (up to 2 GB) and also EMS memory. This version was not properly tested and was bug ridden, causing system crashes and loss of data. The original release was IBM's, but Microsoft's version 4.0 (in October) was no better and version 4.01 was released (in November) to correct this, then version 4.01a (in April 1989) as a further improvement. However many people could not trust this and reverted to version 3.3 while they waited for the complete re write (version 53 years later). Betas of Microsoft's version 4.0 were apparently shipped as early as 1986–1987. September US IBM PS/2 Model 30 286 released, based on an 80286 processor and the old AT busIBM abandoned the MCA bus, released less than 18 months earlier. Other IBM machines continued to use the MCA bus. October ? Common Access Method committee (CAM) formed. They invented the ATA standard in March 1989. US Macintosh IIx released. It was based on a new processor, the Motorola 68030. It still ran at 16 MHz but now achieved 3.9 MIPS. It could be expanded to 128 MB of RAM and had 6 NuBus expansions slots. November US MS DOS 4.01, PC DOS 4.01
This corrected many of the bugs seen in version 4.0, but many users simply switched back to version 3.3 and waited for a properly re written and fully tested versionwhich did not come until version 5 in June 1991. Support for disk partitions >32 MB. ? ? First optical chip developed, it uses light instead of electricity to increase processing speed. ? ? XMS Standard introduced. ? ? EISA Bus standard introduced. ? US WORM (Write Once Read Many times)disks marketed for first time by IBM. ? US Adobe Photoshop software created. September US Apple Computer Macintosh IIci released based on a faster version of the 68030now running at 25 MHz, and achieved 6.3 MIPS. Apple also released the Macintosh Portablethe first notebook computer Mac, which went back to the original 68000 processor (but now ran it at 16 MHz to achieve 1.3 MIPS). It had a monochrome display. November Singapore Release of Sound Blaster Card, by Creative Labs, its success was ensured by maintaining compatibility with the widely supported AdLib soundcard of 1987. ? Switzerland World Wide Web, invented by Tim Berners Lee who wanted to use hypertext to make documents and information seamlessly accessible over different kinds of computers and systems, and wherever they might be in the world. He was working in computing at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Switzerland, at the time. The Web was a result of the integration of hypertext and networking, the best known vehicle being the Internet. The hyperlinked pages not only provided static information but also transparent access to databases and to existing Internet facilities such as File Transfer Protocol, telnet, Gopher, WAIS and Usenet. He was awarded the Institute of Physics' 1997 Duddell Medal for this contribution to the advancement of knowledge. The first Web browser was actually an integrated browser/editor with a GUI interface, written for the sophisticated but fairly rare NeXT Computer. Berners Lee and his colleagues offered a stripped down text only browser as a downloadable demo, and asked the emerging Web community to write full GUI versions for other platforms. By early 1993 there were GUI browsers for UNIX and PC, including Erwise, ViolaWWW, Midas, and Cello, Samba, and Mosaic; Lynx was an important text only browser. None of these included the editing features of the first NeXT browser, which were more labor intensive to implement on non NeXT platforms. Mosaic, written at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) was the first browser with full time programmers and institutional support behind it. It was reliable and easy to install, and soon offered images embedded in the text rather than in separate windows. The Web's popularity exploded with Mosaic, which made it accessible to the novice user. This explosion started in earnest during 1993, a year in which Web traffic over the Internet increased by 300,000%. The bulk of the Mosaic programmers went on to found Netscape. ? US Lotus Notes software launched.