Первые компьютеры и развитие вычислительной техники (1949-1956)

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Date Place Event Sweden BARK was finished in Sweden. Next to come was BESK in 1953. US SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Computer) demonstrated at US NBS in Washington, DC – was the first fully functional stored program computer in the U. S. UKThe Pilot ACE computer, with 800 vacuum tubes, and mercury delay lines for its main memory, became operational on 10 May 1950 at the National Physical Laboratory near London. It was a preliminary version of the full ACE, which had been designed by Alan Turing. US SWAC (Standards Western Automatic Computer) demonstrated at UCLA in Los Angeles; fastest computer in the world until IAS machine. GER Konrad Zuse leased his Z4 machine to the ETH Zurich for five years. Z4 was a relay based machine. The corresponding contract was signed in the fall of 1949, and the machine reassembled in Zurich after its arrival in July 1950. The Z4 was replaced by ERMETH, a computer developed at the ETH in Switzerland from 1953 to 1956, one of the first electronic computers on the European continent. Oct UK Turing TestThe British mathematician and computer pioneer Alan Turing published a paper describing the potential development of human and computer intelligence and communication. The paper would come later to be called the Turing Test. US TIME magazine cover story on the Harvard "Mark III: Can man build a superman?" includes a quote from Howard Aiken, commenting on "calculators" (computers) then under construction: "We'll have to think up bigger problems if we want to keep them busy." US The first commercially successful electronic computer, UNIVAC, was also the first general purpose computerdesigned to handle both numeric and textual information. Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, whose corporation subsequently passed to Remington Rand. The implementation of this machine marked the real beginning of the computer era. Remington Rand delivered the first UNIVAC machine to the U. S. Bureau of Census. This machine used magnetic tape for input. US Whirlwind, the first real time computer was built at MIT by the team of Jay Forrester for the US Air Defense System, became operational. This computer is the first to allow interactive computing, allowing users to interact with it using a keyboard and a cathode ray tube. The Whirlwind design was later developed into SAGE, a comprehensive system of real time computers used for early warning of air attacks. UK J. Lyons, a United Kingdom food company, famous for its tea, made history by running the first business application on an electronic computer. A payroll system was run on Lyons Electronic Office (LEO) a computer system designed by Maurice Wilkes who had previously worked on EDSAC. UK The oldest known recordings of computer generated music were played by the Ferranti Mark 1 computer. The Mark 1 is a commercial version of the Manchester Mark 1 machine from the University of Manchester. The music program was written by Christopher Strachey. US EDVAC (electronic discrete variable computer). The first computer to use magnetic tape. EDVAC could have new programs loaded from the tape. Proposed by John von Neumann, it was installed at the Institute for Advance Study, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, US. Australia CSIRAC used to play musicthe first time a computer was used as a musical instrument. US The A 0 high level compiler is invented by Grace Murray Hopper. US IBM introduces the IBM 701, the first computer in its 700 and 7000 series of large scale machines with varied scientific and commercial architectures, but common electronics and peripherals. Some computers in this series remained in service until the 1980s. US IAS machine completed at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, US (by Von Neumann and others).1952FranceBull introduces the Gamma 3. A dual mode decimal and binary computer that sold over 1200 units, becoming the first computer produced in over 1000 units. USSR BESM 1 is completed. Only one BESM 1 machine was built. The machine used approximately 5,000 vacuum tubes. UK The University of Manchester team complete the first transistorised computer. US Arthur Andersen was hired to program the payroll for General Electric (GE)'s Appliance Park manufacturing facility near Louisville, Kentucky. As a result, GE purchased UNIVAC I which became the first ever commercial computer in the US. Joe Glickauf was Arthur Andersen's project leader for the GE engagement. World Estimate that there are 100 computers in the world. US Magnetic core memory developed. US FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), the first high level programming language development, was begun by John Backus and his team at IBM. The development continued until 1957. It is still in use for scientific programming. Before being run, a FORTRAN program needs to be converted into a machine program by a compiler, itself a program. US The IBM 650 is introduced. A relatively inexpensive decimal machine with drum storage, it becomes the first computer produced over 2000 units. US The NORC was delivered by IBM to the US Navy. US First conference on artificial intelligence held at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. US The Bendix G 15 computer was introduced by the Bendix Corporation. NED Edsger Dijkstra invented an efficient algorithm for shortest paths in graphs as a demonstration of the abilities of the ARMAC computer. The example used was the Dutch railway system. The problem was chosen because it could be explained quickly and the result checked. Although this is the main thing many people will remember Dijkstra for, he also made important contributions to many areas of computing – in particular he should be remembered for his work on problems relating to concurrency, such as the invention of the semaphore. US First dot matrix printer marketed by IBM.1957FranceThe Gamma 60 is announced by Bull, becoming the first computer featuring an architecture specially designed for parallelism. US FORTRAN development finished. See 1954. US US Programming language LISP (interpreted) developed, Finished in 1960. LISP stands for 'LISt Processing'. Used in AI development. Developed by John McCarthy at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. USSR Setun, a balanced ternary computer developed in 1958 at Moscow State University. US The integrated circuit invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments. Robert Noyce, who later set up Intel, also worked separately on the invention. Intel later went on to perfect the microprocessor. The patent was applied for in 1959 and granted in 1964. This patent was not accepted by Japan so Japanese businesses could avoid paying any fees, but in 1989after a 30 year legal battleJapan granted the patent; so all Japanese companies paid fees up until the year 2001long after the patent became obsolete in the rest of the world. World Computers introduced between 1959 and 1964, often regarded as second generation computers, were based on discrete transistors and printed circuitsresulting in smaller, more powerful and more reliable computers. 1959UKChristopher Strachey, who became Oxford University's first professor of computation, filed a patent application for time sharing. He passed the concept on to J. C. R. Licklider at a UNESCO sponsored conference on Information Processing in Paris that year. US COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) developed by Grace Murray Hopper as the successor to FLOW MATIC, finished in 1961. USSR Minsk mainframe computer development and production begun in the USSR. Stopped in 1975. US The MOSFET (MOS transistor) invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs. The MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistor), also known as the MOS transistor, was invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs. It enabled high density integrated circuits, and is the most widely used semiconductor device in computers. US The silicon integrated circuit developed by Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor, using Jean Hoerni's planar process. In contrast to Kilby's germanium integrated circuit, Noyce developed a silicon integrated circuit, using Jean Hoerni's planar process. US Douglas E. Eastwood and Douglas McIlroy of Bell Labs created Macro SAP, the first programming language with advanced macro capabilities. The following year McIlroy published a seminal paper in the fields of macro processors and programming language extensibility.

Date Place Event USEUR ALGOL, first structured, procedural, programming language to be released. UK The first compiler compiler is released. US APL programming language released by Kenneth Iverson at IBM. US The AN/UYK 1 (TRW 130) computer was designed with rounded edges to fit through the hatch of ballistic missile submarines, as part of the first satellite navigation system, Transit.1961USThe Molecular Electronic Computer, the first integrated circuits general purpose computer (built for demonstration purposes, programmed to simulate a desk calculator), was built by Texas Instruments for the US Air Force. UK ATLAS is completed by the University of Manchester team. This machine introduced many modern architectural concepts: spooling, interrupts, pipelining, interleaved memory, virtual memory and paging. It was the most powerful machine in the world at the time of release. US Work begun on the LINC, the brainchild of the MIT physicist Wesley A. Clark in May 1961. It was the first functional prototype of a computer scaled down to be optimized and priced for the individual user (about $43,600). Used for the first time at the National Institutes of Mental Health in Bethesda, Maryland in 1963. Many consider it to be the first personal computer, despite the big dimension of some elements, e. g. the memory rack. US Spacewar!, an early and highly influential computer game, is written by MIT student Steve Russell. The game ran on a DEC PDP 1. Competing players fired at each other's space ships using an early version of a joystick. US Mouse conceived by Douglas Engelbart. The mouse was not to become popular until 1983 with Apple Computer's Lisa and Macintosh and not adopted by IBM until 1987although compatible computers such as the Amstrad PC1512 were fitted with mice before this date.1964USPaul Baran invents what would later be called packet switching. Baran published a series of briefings and papers about dividing information into "message blocks" and sending it over distributed networks between 1960 and 1964. US Computers built between 1964 and 1972 are often regarded as third generation computers; they are based on the first integrated circuitscreating even smaller machines. Typical of such machines were the HP 2116A and Data General Nova. US Programming language PL/I released by IBM. US Launch of IBM System/360the first series of compatible computers, reversing and stopping the evolution of separate "business" and "scientific" machine architectures; all models used the same basic instruction set architecture and register sizes, in theory allowing programs to be migrated to more or less powerful models as needs changed. The basic unit of memory, the "byte", was defined as 8 bits, with larger units such as "words" defined with sizes that were multiples of 8, with many consequences. Many competing computers at the time used word sizes that were multiples of 6. The marketing term "IBM Compatible" was often used, at this time, to indicate that the architecture used 8 bit bytes. Over 14,000 were shipped by 1968. US Project MAC begun at MIT by J. C. R. Licklider: several terminals all across campus will be connected to a central computer, using a timesharing mechanism. Bulletin boards and email are popular applications. US Sabre (computer system) launched. US DEC PDP 8 Mini Computer was released. It was the first minicomputer, built by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). It cost US$18,500 (18500.0 in 1965 is equivalent to about <calculated amount> in recent years). US Moore's law published by Gordon Moore. Originally suggesting processor complexity doubled every year. It was published in the 35th Anniversary edition of Electronics magazine. The law was revised in 1975 to suggest a doubling in complexity every two years. US Fuzzy logic designed by Lotfi Zadeh (University of California, Berkeley), it is used to process approximate datasuch as 'about 100'. US Programming language BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) developed at Dartmouth College, US, by Thomas E. Kurtz and John George Kemeny. BASIC was not implemented on microcomputers until 1975. This was the first language designed to be used in a time sharing environment, such as DTSS (Dartmouth Time Sharing System), or GCOS. UK Donald Davies independently invents packet switching used in modern computer networking. Many of the wide area packet switched networks built in the 1970s, including the ARPANET, were similar "in nearly all respects" to his original 1965 design. US The first supercomputer, the Control Data CDC 6600, was developed. US Hewlett Packard entered the general purpose computer business with its HP 2116A for computation, offering power formerly found only in much larger computers. It supported a wide variety of languages, among them ALGOL, BASIC, and FORTRAN. US/CH Development of programming language Pascal begun, continued in Switzerland from 1968 to 1971. Based on ALGOL. Developed by Niklaus Wirth as a pedagogic tool. US The floppy disk is invented at IBM under the direction of Alan Shugart, for use as a microprogram load device for the System/370 and peripheral controllers. UK Wireless World magazine's low cost Digital Computer published in 5 parts. 8 Bit serial design demonstrator using germanium transistors. US Intel founded by Robert Noyce and a few friends. US Programming language LOGO developed by Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert, and Cynthia Solomon at MIT. US Release of Hewlett Packard 9100A, the programmable calculator (first scientific calculator) from HP. US GER First computer ball mouse offered by Telefunken. The device named [[Rollkugel (mouse device) RKS 100 86 is based on "reversing" an earlier trackball like device (also named [[Rollkugel (trackball device)) embedded into radar flight control desks, which had been developed around 1965 by a team led by Rainer Mallebrein at Telefunken Konstanz for the German as part of their TR 86 process computer system with its SIG 100 86 vector graphics terminal. US Douglas Engelbart demonstrates interactive computing at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco: mouse, on screen windows, hypertext and full screen word processing. US ARPANET, funded by the United States Department of Defense for research into networking, first computer to computer login occurred on November 21, 1969, between Stanford and UCLA. It was opened to non military users later in the 1970s including many universities. The NPL network began operating in the same year. US Development of UNIX operating system begun. It was later released as C source code to aid portability, and subsequently versions are obtainable for many different computers, including the IBM PC. It and its clones (such as Linux) are still widely used on network servers and scientific workstations. Originally developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie. US The first Request for Comments, RFC 1 published. The RFCs (network working group, Request For Comment) are a series of papers which are used to develop and define protocols for networking; originally the basis for ARPANET, there are now thousands of them applying to all aspects of the Internet. Collectively they document everything about the way the Internet and computers on it should behave, such as TCP/IP networking or how email headers should be written. ? Introduction of the RS 232 (serial interface) standard by EIA (Electronic Industries Association), one of the oldest serial interfaces still (uncommonly) in use today. US Data General shipped a total of 50,000 Novas at US$8,000 each. The Nova was one of the first 16 bit minicomputers and led the way toward word lengths that were multiples of the 8 bit byte. It was first to employ medium scale integration (MSI) circuits from Fairchild Semiconductor, with subsequent models using large scale integrated (LSI) circuits. Also notable was that the entire central processor was contained on one 15 inch printed circuit board.

Date Place Event US First dynamic RAM chip introduced by Intel. It was called the 1103 and had a capacity of 1 Kbit, 1024 bits. US Programming language Forth developed. A simple, clean, stack based design, which later inspired PostScript and the Java virtual machine. US CTC ships the Datapoint 2200, a mass produced programmable terminal. Its multi chip CPU provided the basis for the Intel 8008. A monitor and cassette drives were built in, and the entire system fit the approximate footprint of an IBM Selectric typewriter. Users quickly began to use the system as a standalone computerone of the earliest to arguably qualify as a personal computer. US Release of HP 9800 series, a series of desktop computers from Hewlett Packard, replacing their first model, the Hewlett Packard 9100A. US Kenbak 1 ships. This small, cheap (US$750) personal computer, built using pre microprocessor TTL technology, is one clear candidate for "first personal computer", and is so considered by the Computer History Museum and the American Computer Museum. US Ray Tomlinson develops the first program that can send email messages, via the Arpanet, between people using different computers. (Programs existed previously that could send such messages between users logging onto the same computer.) US The Intel 4004, the first commercially available microprocessor, is released. It contains the equivalent of 2,300 transistors and was a 4 bit processor. It is capable of around 60,000 instructions per second (0.06 MIPS), running at a maximum clock speed of 740 kHz. US Texas Instruments releases the first easily portable electronic calculator. 8 inch floppy disk introduced. US Atari founded by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. US Pong releasedwidely recognised as the first popular arcade video game. It was invented by Allan Alcorn. ? Computers built after 1972 are often called fourth generation computers, based on LSI (Large Scale Integration) of circuits (such as microprocessors)typically 500 or more components on a chip. Later developments include VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) of integrated circuits 5 years latertypically 10,000 components. The fourth generation is generally viewed as running right up until the present, since although computing power has increased the basic technology has remained virtually the same. US Programming language C developed at The Bell Laboratories in the US. Dennis Ritchie, one of the inventors of the Unix operating system, simplifies BCPL into a language he calls B, then iterates B into C. It is a very popular language, especially for systems programmingas it is flexible and fast. C was considered a refreshing change in the computing field because it helped introduce structured programming. Inspired by C, C++, was introduced in the 1980s, and in turn helped usher in the era of object oriented programming. US First handheld scientific calculator released by Hewlett Packard; this makes the engineer's slide rule obsolete. US 8008 microprocessor released by Intel. US The first international connections to ARPANET are established. ARPANET later became the basis for what is now called the Internet. NOR Norsk Data launches the Nord 5, the first 32 bit supermini computer. US In 1972–1973, IBM Los Gatos Scientific Center developed a portable computer prototype called SCAMP (Special Computer APL Machine Portable) based on the IBM PALM processor with a Philips compact cassette drive, small CRT and full function keyboard. SCAMP emulated an IBM 1130 minicomputer in order to run APL\1130. Because it was the first to emulate APL\1130 performance on a portable, single user computer, PC Magazine in 1983 designated SCAMP a "revolutionary concept" and "the world's first personal computer". The prototype is in the Smithsonian Institution. 1973 UK Clifford Cocks invents a public key cryptography algorithm equivalent to what would become (in 1978) the RSA algorithm while working at the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). US Xerox Alto, a powerful personal computer with bitmapped graphical user interface, deployed at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. FRA Microcomputer Micral N, developed in 1973 by Frenchman François Gernelle, of the company R2E. it will be officially recognized as "the first microcomputer marketed in the world" by Steve Wozniak (the designer of the Apple 1) who was in 1986 a member of the jury of an international competition in the United States. US Development of the TCP/IP protocol suite began by a group headed by Vinton Cerf and Robert E. Kahn. These are the protocols used for computer networks such as the Internet. FRA Programming language Prolog developed at the University of Luminy Marseilles in France by Alain Colmerauer. It introduced the new paradigm of logical programming and is often used for expert systems and AI programming. US The TV Typewriter, designed by Don Lancaster, displayed alphanumeric information on an ordinary television set. It used US$120 worth of electronics components. The original design included two memory boards and could generate and store 512 characters as 16 lines of 32 characters. A 90 minute cassette tape provided supplementary storage for about 100 pages of text. US Ethernet developed. This became a popular way of connecting PCs and other computers togetherto enable them to share data, and devices such as printers. A group of machines connected together in this way is known as a LAN. UK CLIP 4, the first computer with a parallel architecture. CAN The MCM/70, a candidate for first personal computer, is released by Micro Computer Machines of Canada. It failed commercially, despite weighing just 20 pounds and featuring a plasma display and a ROM based APL programming language interpreter. US Introduction of the 8080. It ran at a clock frequency of 2 MHz and did 0.64 MIPS. US Motorola announces the MC6800 8 bit microprocessor. It is easier to implement than the 8080 because it only needs a single power supply to operate and does not need support chips. Unlike the 8080 it is sold not as much as a general purpose "number cruncher / computer" CPU but more as a control processor for industrial control and as a peripheral processor. US Engineers Chuck Peddle and Bill Mensch leave Motorola after completing work on the 6800 CPU and join MOS Technology. Italy Olivetti released the personal computer Olivetti P6060, the first with an integrated floppy disk drive. It was designed by Pier Giorgio Perotto. UK ICL launches its New Range of mainframes, the ICL 2900 Series. US The MITS Altair 8800, the first commercially successful hobby computer, is released. An article in Popular Electronics (January 1975), described the computer and invited people to order kits. Despite the limited processing power, input/output system (blinkenlights and toggle switches) and memory (256 bytes), around 200 were ordered on the first day. 10,000 units were eventually shipped at a kit price of US$397 each. Numerous companies produced clones based on the "S 100 bus" (the Altair's main bus). US First microcomputer implementation of BASIC by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. It was written for the MITS Altair. This led to the formation of Microsoft later in the year. US Unix marketed (see 1969). NOR Norwegian company Mycron releases its MYCRO 1, the first single board computer. US Formation of Microsoft by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. US MOS Technology releases their 6501 CPU. which is pin compatible with Motorola's 6800, who soon starts a lawsuit against them. The 6501 is quickly withdrawn from sale and replaced with the 6502 which has a "lawsuit compatible" design, but is otherwise nearly identical to the 6501. The 6502 becomes one of the most popular CPUs for the next 10 years and is used in many computers and game consoles (most notably the Atari 2600, Apple II, Commodore PET, VIC 20, Commodore 64, BBC Micro, and Nintendo Entertainment System). US IBM 5100 computer released; with integrated keyboard, display, and mass storage on tape, it resembles the personal computers of a few years later, although it does not use a microprocessor. Italy The laboratory CSELT released MUSA (MUltichannel Speaking Automaton), an early experiment of Speech Synthesis. It was able to read and sing Italian with multiple voices (a cappella). US Zilog is founded by ex Intel employees. US Apple Computer, Inc. founded, to market the Apple I single board computer designed by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs. It uses the MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor. US First laser printer introduced by IBMthe IBM 3800. The first colour versions came onto the market in 1988. US Introduction of the Intel 8085 chip. An improved version of the 8080, with a superset of the 8080s instruction set (only a couple of extra instructions). Single 5V power supply (while the 8080 needed several different voltages). US Z80 chip released by Zilog. It was a superset of the 8080 chip with additional registers and instructions, and using only one power supply voltage. CP/M was originally written for the 8080, but many implementations used the Z80. The Z80 was the processor for home computers like the Tandy TRS 80 of 1977, the Sinclair ZX Spectrum of 1982 and many others. US MOS Technology introduces the KIM 1 microcomputer system as a demonstrator for its 6502 CPU. US Cray 1 supercomputer was invented by Seymour Cray. He left Control Data in 1972 to form his own company. This machine was known as much for its horseshoe shaped design as it was for being the first supercomputer to make vector processing practical. 85 were shipped at a cost of US$5 million each. US Commodore buys MOS Technology in a stock trade. MOS is valued at US$12 million. Chuck Peddle joins Commodore as chief engineer. With the purchase of MOS, Commodore begins work on the Commodore PET. US Emacs text editing software created. One of the first examples of a "killer app" (for the business world) was released for itthe VisiCalc spreadsheet programin 1979. US Tandy brought out the TRS 80 with "Level I BASIC". Despite simple black and white graphics, thanks to the nationwide chain of Radio Shack stores, it became a bestseller quickly. US Heathkit made the H8 Home computer kit available. It was based on an Intel 8080a processor and shipped with HDOS (Heathkit Disk Operating System) and Benton Harbor BASIC. US Tandy upgraded the TRS 80 with a much improved Microsoft 8K "Level II BASIC", and an "expansion interface" which added 32 KB RAM, A floppy disk and a printer interface. With these extras the TRS 80 became a viable small business computer. US Introduction of the 16 bit Intel 8086, the first x86 microprocessor. The available clock frequencies were 5, 8 and 10 MHz, with an instruction set of about 300 operations. At its introduction, the fastest 8086 available was the 8 MHz version which achieved 0.8 MIPS and contained 29,000 transistors. Over three decades later, x86 remains the most popular and commercially successful instruction set architecture in the history of personal computing. JAP The arcade video game Space Invaders is released, sparking a video game craze. In 1979, Atari's Asteroids would prove to be incredibly popular. US Programming language Ada introduced by Jean Ichbiah and team at Honeywell for the US Department of Defense. US Introduction of the Intel 8088, compatible with the 8086 with an 8 bit data busbut this makes it cheaper to implement in computers. Chosen for the IBM PC, Intel processors were found in millions of IBM PC compatible computers. UK Commodore PET released in the United Kingdom. Based on a 1 MHz 6502 processor it displayed monochrome text and had 8 KB of RAM. Priced £569. A version with 16 KB of RAM cost £776, while 32 KB of RAM cost £914. NEDJAP Compact disc was invented. US The Motorola 68000 Microprocessor launched, the first of the 68k family. 5+ years later it was used in machines such as the Macintosh, the Atari ST and the Amiga. 1979 US Shortly after the release of V7 Unix, which included UUCP, a protocol for communication over standard telephone lines, Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis developed and released Usenet, a global discussion group system. Now, it uses Internet protocols and is still popular. US Four disgruntled Atari programmers leave and form Activision, the first third party video game software publisher. Activision promotes both the game and the programmer, changing the way software is marketed. US Texas Instruments releases the TI 99/4 microcomputer. This system generally used audio cassettes to store information, along with ROM modules, similar to gaming units, to hold commercial software. Additionally, TI made available a speech synthesizer, based on their own chip, for the TI 99/4 and its successor, the 4A. US VisiCalc spreadsheet software released. US WordStar word processing software released. US Atari releases the Atari 400/800, high performance game oriented home computers based on the 6502 microprocessor.