Ключевые события мировой истории

497 BC – The first Saturnalia festival was celebrated in ancient Rome. 546 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoths under king Totila plunder the city, by bribing the Byzantine garrison. 920 – Romanos I Lekapenos is crowned co emperor of the underage Constantine VII. 942 – Assassination of William I of Normandy. 1297 – King Kyawswa of Pagan is overthrown by the three Myinsaing brothers, marking the de facto end of the Pagan Kingdom. 1398 – Sultan Nasir u Din Mehmud's armies in Delhi are defeated by Timur. 1538 – Pope Paul III excommunicates Henry VIII of England. 1583 – Cologne War: Forces under Ernest of Bavaria defeat troops under Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg at the Siege of Godesberg. 1586 – Go Yōzei becomes Emperor of Japan.

1718 – War of the Quadruple Alliance: Great Britain declares war on Spain. 1777 – American Revolution: France formally recognizes the United States. 1790 – The Aztec calendar stone is discovered at El Zócalo, Mexico City. 1807 – Napoleonic Wars: France issues the Milan Decree, which confirms the Continental System. 1812 – War of 1812: U. S. forces attack a Lenape village in the Battle of the Mississinewa. 1819 – Simón Bolívar declares the independence of Gran Colombia in Angostura (now Ciudad Bolívar in Venezuela). 1835 – The second Great Fire of New York destroys of New York City's Financial District. 1837 – A fire in the Winter Palace of Saint Petersburg kills 30 guards. 1862 – American Civil War: General Ulysses S. Grant issues General Order No. 11, expelling Jews from parts of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky. 1865 – First performance of the Unfinished Symphony by Franz Schubert. 1892 – First issue of Vogue is published. 1896 – Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania's Schenley Park Casino, which was the first multi purpose arena with the technology to create an artificial ice surface in North America, is destroyed in a fire.

1903 – The Wright brothers make the first controlled powered, heavier than air flight in the Wright Flyer at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. 1907 – Ugyen Wangchuck is crowned first King of Bhutan. 1918 – Darwin Rebellion: Up to 1,000 demonstrators march on Government House in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. 1926 – Antanas Smetona assumes power in Lithuania as the 1926 coup d'état is successful. 1927 – Indian revolutionary Rajendra Lahiri is hanged in Gonda jail, Uttar Pradesh, India, two days before the scheduled date. 1928 – Indian revolutionaries Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram Rajguru assassinate British police officer James Saunders in Lahore, Punjab, to avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai at the hands of the police. The three were executed in 1931. 1933 – The first NFL Championship Game is played at Wrigley Field in Chicago between the New York Giants and Chicago Bears. The Bears won 23–21. 1935 – First flight of the Douglas DC 3. 1938 – Otto Hahn discovers the nuclear fission of the heavy element uranium, the scientific and technological basis of nuclear energy. 1939 – World War II: Battle of the River Plate: The Admiral Graf Spee is scuttled by Captain Hans Langsdorff outside Montevideo. 1943 – All Chinese are again permitted to become citizens of the United States upon the repeal of the Act of 1882 and the introduction of the Magnuson Act. 1944 – World War II: Battle of the Bulge: Malmedy massacre: American 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion POWs are shot by Waffen SS Kampfgruppe Joachim Peiper. 1945 – Kurdistan flag day, the flag of Kurdistan was raised for the first time in Mahabad in eastern Kurdistan (Iran). 1947 – First flight of the Boeing B 47 Stratojet strategic bomber. 1948 – The Finnish Security Police is established to remove communist leadership from its predecessor, the State Police. 1950 – The F 86 Sabre's first mission over Korea. 1951 – The American Civil Rights Congress delivers "We Charge Genocide" to the United Nations. 1957 – The United States successfully launches the first Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile at Cape Canaveral, Florida. 1960 – Troops loyal to Emperor Haile Selassie in Ethiopia crush the coup that began December 13, returning power to their leader upon his return from Brazil. Haile Selassie absolves his son of any guilt. 1960 – Munich C 131 crash: Twenty passengers and crew on board as well as 32 people on the ground are killed. 1961 – Niterói circus fire: Fire breaks out during a performance by the Gran Circus Norte Americano in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, killing more than 500. 1967 – Harold Holt, Prime Minister of Australia, disappears while swimming near Portsea, Victoria, and is presumed drowned. 1969 – Project Blue Book: The United States Air Force closes its study of UFOs. 1970 – Polish protests: In Gdynia, soldiers fire at workers emerging from trains, killing dozens. 1973 – Thirty passengers are killed in an attack by Palestinian terrorists on Rome's Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport. 1981 – American Brigadier General James L. Dozier is abducted by the Red Brigades in Verona, Italy. 1983 – Provisional IRA members detonate a car bomb at Harrods Department Store in London. Three police officers and three civilians are killed. 1989 – Romanian Revolution: Protests continue in Timișoara, Romania, with rioters breaking into the Romanian Communist Party's District Committee building and attempting to set it on fire. 1989 – Fernando Collor de Mello defeats Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in the second round of the Brazilian presidential election, becoming the first democratically elected President in almost 30 years. 1989 – The Simpsons premieres on television with the episode "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire". 1997 – Peruvian internal conflict: 14 members of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement provoke a hostage crisis by taking over the Japanese embassy in Lima. 1997 – Aerosvit Flight 241: A Yakovlev Yak 42 crashes into the Pierian Mountains near Thessaloniki Airport in Thessaloniki, Greece, killing all 70 people on board. 2002 – Second Congo War: The Congolese parties of the Inter Congolese Dialogue sign a peace accord which makes provision for transitional governance and legislative and presidential elections within two years. 2003 – The Soham murder trial ends at the Old Bailey in London, with Ian Huntley found guilty of two counts of murder. His girlfriend, Maxine Carr, is found guilty of perverting the course of justice. 2003 – SpaceShipOne, piloted by Brian Binnie, makes its first powered and first supersonic flight. 2003 – Sex work rights activists establish December 17 (or "D17") as International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers to memorialize victims of a serial killer who targeted prostitutes, and highlight State violence against sex workers by police and others. 2005 – Anti World Trade Organization protesters riot in Wan Chai, Hong Kong. 2005 – Jigme Singye Wangchuck abdicates the throne as King of Bhutan. 2009 – sinks off the coast of Lebanon, resulting in the deaths of 44 people and over 28,000 animals. 2010 – Mohamed Bouazizi sets himself on fire. This act became the catalyst for the Tunisian Revolution and the wider Arab Spring. 2014 – The United States and Cuba re establish diplomatic relations after severing them in 1961.

1239 – Kujō Yoritsugu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1256)
1267 – Emperor Go Uda of Japan (d. 1324)
1554 – Ernest of Bavaria, Roman Catholic bishop (d. 1612)
1556 – Abdul Rahim Khan I Khana, poet in Mughal Empire (d. 1627)
1574 – Pedro Téllez Girón, 3rd Duke of Osuna, Spanish nobleman and politician (d. 1624)

1616 – Roger L'Estrange, English pamphleteer and author (d. 1704)
1619 – Prince Rupert of the Rhine (d. 1682)
1632 – Anthony Wood, English historian and author (d. 1695)
1685 – Thomas Tickell, English poet (d. 1740)
1699 – Charles Louis Mion, French composer and educator (d. 1775)
1706 – Émilie du Châtelet, French mathematician and physicist (d. 1749)
1734 – Maria I of Portugal (d. 1816)
1749 – Domenico Cimarosa, Italian composer and educator (d. 1801)
1778 – Humphry Davy, English chemist and physicist (d. 1829)
1796 – Thomas Chandler Haliburton, Canadian judge and politician (d. 1865)
1797 – Joseph Henry, American physicist and engineer (d. 1878)
1807 – John Greenleaf Whittier, American poet and activist (d. 1892)
1812 – Vilhelm Petersen, Danish painter (d. 1880)
1827 – Alexander Wassilko von Serecki, Austrian lawyer and politician (d. 1893)
1830 – Jules de Goncourt, French author and critic (d. 1870)
1835 – Alexander Emanuel Agassiz, Swiss American ichthyologist and engineer (d. 1910)
1840 – Nozu Michitsura, Japanese field marshal (d. 1908)
1842 – Sophus Lie, Norwegian mathematician and academic (d. 1899)
1847 – Émile Faguet, French author and critic (d. 1916)
1853 – Pierre Paul Émile Roux, French physician and immunologist, co founded the Pasteur Institute (d. 1933)
1858 – Eva Nansen, Norwegian mezzo soprano singer and pioneer on women skiing (d. 1907)
1859 – Paul César Helleu, French painter and illustrator (d. 1927)
1866 – Kazys Grinius, Lithuanian physician and politician, third President of Lithuania (d. 1950)
1873 – Ford Madox Ford, English novelist, poet, and critic (d. 1939)
1874 – William Lyon Mackenzie King, Canadian economist and politician, tenth Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1950)
1881 – Aubrey Faulkner, South African English cricketer and coach (d. 1930)
1884 – Alison Uttley, English children's book writer (d. 1976)
1887 – Josef Lada, Czech painter and illustrator (d. 1957)
1890 – Prince Joachim of Prussia (d. 1920)
1892 – Sam Barry, American basketball player and coach (d. 1950)
1893 – Charles C. Banks, English captain and pilot (d. 1971)
1893 – Erwin Piscator, German director and producer (d. 1966)
1894 – Arthur Fiedler, American conductor (d. 1979)
1894 – Patrick Flynn, Irish American runner and soldier (d. 1969)
1894 – Wim Schermerhorn, Dutch cartographer, engineer, and politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1977)
1895 – Gerald Patterson, Australian tennis player (d. 1967)
1898 – Loren Murchison, American sprinter (d. 1979)
1900 – Mary Cartwright, English mathematician and academic, one of the first people to analyze a dynamical system with chaos (d. 1998)

1663 – Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba (b. 1583)
1721 – Richard Lumley, 1st Earl of Scarbrough, English soldier and politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (b. 1640)
1830 – Simón Bolívar, Venezuelan general and politician, second President of Venezuela (b. 1783)
1833 – Kaspar Hauser, German feral child (b. 1812?) 1847 – Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma (b. 1791)
1857 – Francis Beaufort, Irish hydrographer and officer in the Royal Navy (b. 1774)
1891 – José María Iglesias, Mexican politician and interim President (1876 1877) (b. 1823)

1904 – William Shiels, Irish Australian politician, 16th Premier of Victoria (b. 1848)
1907 – William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Irish Scottish physicist and engineer (b. 1824)
1909 – Leopold II of Belgium (b. 1835)
1917 – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, English physician and activist (b. 1836)
1927 – Rajendra Lahiri, Indian activist (b. 1892)
1928 – Frank Rinehart, American photographer (b. 1861)
1929 – Manuel de Oliveira Gomes da Costa, Portuguese general and politician, tenth President of Portugal (b. 1863)
1930 – Peter Warlock, Welsh composer and critic (b. 1894)
1932 – Charles Winckler, Danish discus thrower, shot putter, and tug of war competitor (b. 1867)
1933 – 13th Dalai Lama (b. 1876)
1935 – Lizette Woodworth Reese, American poet (b. 1856)
1940 – Alicia Boole Stott, Anglo Irish mathematician and academic (b. 1860)
1942 – Allen Bathurst, Lord Apsley, English lieutenant and politician (b. 1895)
1947 – Christos Tsigiridis, Greek engineer (b. 1877)
1956 – Eddie Acuff, American actor (b. 1903)
1957 – Dorothy L. Sayers, English author, poet, and playwright (b. 1893)
1962 – Thomas Mitchell, American actor (b. 1892)
1964 – Victor Francis Hess, Austrian American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1883)
1967 – Harold Holt, Australian lawyer and politician, 17th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1908)
1970 – Oliver Waterman Larkin, American historian, author, and educator (b. 1896)
1978 – Don Ellis, American trumpet player, composer, and bandleader (b. 1934)
1981 – Antiochos Evangelatos, Greek composer and conductor (b. 1903)
1982 – Homer S. Ferguson, American lawyer, judge, and politician (b. 1889)
1986 – Guillermo Cano Isaza, Colombian journalist (b. 1925)
1987 – Bernardus Johannes Alfrink, Dutch cardinal (b. 1900)
1987 – Linda Wong, American porn actress (b. 1951)
1987 – Marguerite Yourcenar, Belgian American author and poet (b. 1903)
1992 – Günther Anders, German journalist and philosopher (b. 1902)
1992 – Dana Andrews, American actor (b. 1909)
1999 – Rex Allen, American singer songwriter and actor (b. 1920)
1999 – Grover Washington Jr., American singer songwriter and saxophonist (b. 1943)
1999 – C. Vann Woodward, American historian and academic (b. 1908)
2002 – K. W. Devanayagam, Sri Lankan lawyer and politician, tenth Sri Lankan Minister of Justice (b. 1910)
2003 – Otto Graham, American football player and coach (b. 1921)
2004 – Tom Wesselmann, American painter and sculptor (b. 1931)
2005 – Jack Anderson, American journalist and author (b. 1922)
2005 – Marc Favreau, Canadian actor and poet (b. 1929)
2005 – Haljand Udam, Estonian orientalist and academic (d. 1936)
2006 – Larry Sherry, American baseball player and coach (b. 1935)
2008 – Sammy Baugh, American football player and coach (b. 1914)
2008 – Freddy Breck, German singer songwriter, producer, and journalist (b. 1942)
2008 – Dave Smith, American baseball player and coach (b. 1955)
2008 – Gregoire, Congolese chimpanzee, oldest recorded (b. 1942)
2009 – Chris Henry, American football player (b. 1983)
2009 – Jennifer Jones, American actress (b. 1919)
2009 – Alaina Reed Hall, American actress (b. 1946)
2010 – Captain Beefheart, American singer songwriter (b. 1941)
2010 – Walt Dropo, American basketball and baseball player (b. 1923)
2010 – Ralph Coates, English footballer (b. 1946)
2011 – Eva Ekvall, Venezuelan journalist and author, Miss Venezuela 2000 (b. 1983)
2011 – Kim Jong il, North Korean commander and politician, second Supreme Leader of North Korea (b. 1941)
2012 – Richard Adams, Filipino American activist (b. 1947)
2012 – James Gower, American priest and activist, co founded the College of the Atlantic (b. 1922)
2012 – Daniel Inouye, American captain and politician (b. 1924)
2012 – Laurier LaPierre, Canadian historian, journalist, and politician (b. 1929)
2012 – Frank Pastore, American baseball player and radio host (b. 1957)
2013 – Fred Bruemmer, Latvian Canadian photographer (b. 1929)
2013 – Ricardo María Carles Gordó, Spanish cardinal (b. 1926)
2013 – Richard Heffner, American historian and television host (b. 1925)
2013 – Tetsurō Kashibuchi, Japanese drummer, songwriter, and producer (b. 1950)
2013 – Janet Rowley, American geneticist and biologist (b. 1925)
2013 – Conny van Rietschoten, Dutch sailor (b. 1926)
2014 – Dieter Grau, German American scientist and engineer (b. 1913)
2014 – Richard C. Hottelet, American journalist (b. 1917)
2014 – Oleh Lysheha, Ukrainian poet and playwright (b. 1949)
2014 – Lowell Steward, American captain (b. 1919)
2014 – Ivan Vekić, Croatian colonel, lawyer, and politician, Croatian Minister of the Interior (b. 1938)
2015 – Hal Brown, American baseball player and manager (b. 1924)
2015 – Osamu Hayaishi, American Japanese biochemist and academic (b. 1920)
2015 – Michael Wyschogrod, German American philosopher and theologian (b. 1928)
2016 – Benjamin A. Gilman, American soldier and politician (b. 1922)
2016 – Henry Heimlich, American doctor (b. 1920)
2016 – Gordon Hunt, American voice director (b. 1929)
2020 – Jeremy Bullock, English actor (b. 1945)
2020 – Allen Dines, American politician (b. 1921)
2023 – Ronaldo Valdez, Filipino actor (b. 1947)
2023 – James McCaffrey, American actor (b. 1958)