События мировой истории: от Хагии Софии до открытия пещеры Ласточек

537 – The second Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is consecrated. 1512 – The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the conduct of settlers with regard to native Indians in the New World. 1521 – The Zwickau prophets arrive in Wittenberg, disturbing the peace and preaching the Apocalypse.

1655 – Second Northern War/the Deluge: Monks at the Jasna Góra Monastery in Częstochowa are successful in fending off a month long siege. 1657 – The Flushing Remonstrance articulates for the first time in North American history that freedom of religion is a fundamental right. 1703 – Portugal and England sign the Methuen Treaty which allows Portugal to export wines to England on favorable trade terms. 1814 – War of 1812: The destruction of the schooner Carolina brings to an end Commodore Daniel Patterson's makeshift fleet, which fought a series of delaying actions that contributed to Andrew Jackson's victory at the Battle of New Orleans. 1831 – Charles Darwin embarks on his journey aboard , during which he will begin to formulate his theory of evolution. 1836 – The worst ever avalanche in England occurs at Lewes, Sussex, killing eight people. 1845 – Ether anesthetic is used for childbirth for the first time by Dr. Crawford Long in Jefferson, Georgia. 1845 – Having coined the phrase "manifest destiny" the previous July, journalist John L. O'Sullivan argued in his newspaper New York Morning News that the United States had the right to claim the entire Oregon Country.

1911 – "Jana Gana Mana", the national anthem of India, is first sung in the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress. 1918 – The Great Poland Uprising against the Germans begins. 1918 – Ukrainian War of Independence: The Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine occupies Yekaterinoslav and seizes seven airplanes from the UPRAF, establishing an Insurgent Air Fleet. 1922 – Japanese aircraft carrier Hōshō becomes the first purpose built aircraft carrier to be commissioned in the world. 1927 – Kern and Hammerstein's musical play Show Boat, considered to be the first true American musical play, opens at the Ziegfeld Theatre on Broadway. 1929 – Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin orders the "liquidation of the kulaks as a class". 1932 – Radio City Music Hall, "Showplace of the Nation", opens in New York City. 1935 – Regina Jonas is ordained as the first female rabbi in the history of Judaism. 1939 – The 7.8 Erzincan earthquake shakes eastern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). At least 32,700 people were killed. 1939 – Winter War: Finland holds off a Soviet attack in the Battle of Kelja. 1945 – The International Monetary Fund is created with the signing of an agreement by 29 nations. 1949 – Indonesian National Revolution: The Netherlands officially recognizes Indonesian independence. End of the Dutch East Indies. 1966 – The Cave of Swallows, the largest known cave shaft in the world, is discovered in Aquismón, San Luis Potosí, Mexico. 1968 – Apollo program: Apollo 8 splashes down in the Pacific Ocean, ending the first orbital crewed mission to the Moon. 1968 – North Central Airlines Flight 458 crashes at O'Hare International Airport, killing 28. 1978 – Spain becomes a democracy after 40 years of fascist dictatorship. 1983 – Pope John Paul II visits Mehmet Ali Ağca in Rebibbia's prison and personally forgives him for the 1981 attack on him in St. Peter's Square. 1985 – Palestinian guerrillas kill eighteen people inside the airports of Rome, Italy, and Vienna, Austria. 1989 – The Romanian Revolution concludes, as the last minor street confrontations and stray shootings abruptly end in the country's capital, Bucharest. 1991 – Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 751 crashes in Gottröra in the Norrtälje Municipality in Sweden, injuring 92. 1996 – Taliban forces retake the strategic Bagram Airfield which solidifies their buffer zone around Kabul, Afghanistan. 1997 – Protestant paramilitary leader Billy Wright is assassinated in Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. 2002 – Two truck bombs kill 72 and wound 200 at the pro Moscow headquarters of the Chechen government in Grozny, Chechnya, Russia. 2004 – Radiation from an explosion on the magnetar SGR 1806 20 reaches Earth. It is the brightest extrasolar event known to have been witnessed on the planet. 2007 – Former Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto is assassinated in a shooting incident. 2007 – Riots erupt in Mombasa, Kenya, after Mwai Kibaki is declared the winner of the presidential election, triggering a political, economic, and humanitarian crisis. 2008 – Operation Cast Lead: Israel launches three week operation on Gaza. 2009 – Iranian election protests: On the Day of Ashura in Tehran, Iran, government security forces fire upon demonstrators. 2019 – Bek Air Flight 2100 crashes during takeoff from Almaty International Airport in Almaty, Kazakhstan, killing 13.

1350 – John I of Aragon (d. 1395)
1390 – Anne de Mortimer, claimant to the English throne (d. 1411)
1459 – John I Albert, King of Poland (d. 1501)
1481 – Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg Bayreuth, Margrave of Bayreuth (d. 1527)
1493 – Johann Pfeffinger, German theologian (d. 1573)
1566 – Jan Jesenius, Bohemian physician, politician and philosopher (d. 1621)
1571 – Johannes Kepler, German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer (d. 1630)
1572 – Johannes Vodnianus Campanus, Czech poet, playwright, and composer (d. 1622)
1584 – Philipp Julius, Duke of Pomerania (d. 1625)
1595 – Bohdan Khmelnytsky, hetman of Ukraine (d. 1657)

1622 – Teofil Rutka, Polish philosopher (d. 1700)
1633 – Jean de Lamberville, French missionary (d. 1714)
1636 – William Whitelock, English gentleman, Member of Parliament (d. 1717)
1637 – Petar Kanavelić, Venetian writer (d. 1719)
1645 – Giovanni Antonio Viscardi, Swiss architect (d. 1713)
1655 – Abstrupus Danby, English politician (d. 1727)
1660 – Veronica Giuliani, Italian Capuchin mystic (d. 1727)
1663 – Johann Melchior Roos, German painter (d. 1731)
1683 – Conyers Middleton, English priest and theologian (d. 1750)
1689 – Jacob August Franckenstein, Encyclopedia editor, professor (d. 1733)
(baptised) 1692 – Francis Blake Delaval, British Royal Navy officer and Member of Parliament (d. 1752)
1697 – Sollom Emlyn, Irish legal writer (d. 1754)
1705 – Prince Frederick Henry Eugen of Anhalt Dessau, German prince of the House of Ascania (d. 1781)
1713 – Giovanni Battista Borra, Italian architect and engineer (d. 1770)
1714 – George Whitefield, English preacher and saint (d. 1770)
1715 – Philippe de Noailles, French general (d. 1794)
1721 – François Hemsterhuis, Dutch philosopher and author (d. 1790)
(baptised) 1761 – Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, Russian field marshal and politician, Governor General of Finland (d. 1818)
1773 – George Cayley, English engineer and politician (d. 1857)
1776 – Nikolay Kamensky, Russian general (d. 1811)
1797 – Ghalib, Indian poet (d. 1869)
1797 – Charles Hodge, American theologian (d. 1878)
1803 – François Marie Thomas Chevalier de Lorimier, Canadian activist (d. 1839)
1809 – Alexandros Rizos Rangavis, Greek poet and politician, Foreign Minister of Greece (d. 1892)
1822 – Louis Pasteur, French chemist and microbiologist (d. 1895)
1823 – Mackenzie Bowell, English Canadian journalist and politician, 5th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1917)
1827 – Stanisław Mieroszewski, Polish born politician, writer, historian and member of the Imperial Council of Austria (d. 1900)
1832 – Pavel Tretyakov, Russian businessman and philanthropist, founded the Tretyakov Gallery (d. 1897)
1838 – Lars Oftedal, Norwegian priest, social reformer, politician, and newspaper editor (d. 1900)
1858 – Juan Luis Sanfuentes, Chilean lawyer and politician, 17th President of Chile (d. 1930)
1863 – Louis Lincoln Emmerson, American lawyer and politician, 27th Governor of Illinois (d. 1941)
1864 – Hermann Paul, French painter and illustrator (d. 1940)
1878 – Kalle Korhonen, Finnish politician (d. 1938)
1879 – Sydney Greenstreet, English American actor (d. 1954)
1882 – Mina Loy, British modernist poet and artist (d. 1966)
1883 – Cyrus S. Eaton, Canadian American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1979)
1888 – Thea von Harbou, German actress, director, and screenwriter (d. 1954)
1892 – Alfred Edwin McKay, Canadian captain and pilot (d. 1917)
1896 – Louis Bromfield, American author and theorist (d. 1956)
1896 – Maurice De Waele, Belgian cyclist (d. 1952)
1896 – Carl Zuckmayer, German author and playwright (d. 1977)
1898 – Inejiro Asanuma, Japanese politician (d. 1960)
1900 – Hans Stuck, German racing driver (d. 1978)

1603 – Thomas Cartwright, English minister and theologian (b. 1535)
1637 – Vincenzo Giustiniani, Italian banker (b. 1564)
1641 – Francis van Aarssens, Dutch diplomat (b. 1572)
1642 – Herman op den Graeff, Dutch bishop (b. 1585)
1656 – Andrew White, English Jesuit missionary (b. 1579)
1660 – Hervey Bagot, English politician (b. 1591)
1663 – Christine of France, Duchess of Savoy (b. 1606)
1672 – Jacques Rohault, French philosopher (b. 1618)
1683 – Maria Francisca of Savoy, Queen consort of Portugal (b. 1646)
1689 – Gervase Bryan, English clergyman (b. 1622)
1693 – Henri de Villars, French prelate (b. 1621)
1694 – Henrik Span, naval officer in the Dutch (b. 1634)
1704 – Hans Albrecht von Barfus, Prussian field marshal and politician (b. 1635)
1707 – Jean Mabillon, French monk and scholar (b. 1632)
1707 – Robert Leke, 3rd Earl of Scarsdale, English earl, politician (b. 1654)
1737 – William Bowyer, English printer (b. 1663)
1743 – Hyacinthe Rigaud, French painter (b. 1659)
1771 – Henri Pitot, French engineer, invented the Pitot tube (b. 1695)
1776 – Johann Rall, Hessian colonel (b. c. 1726)
1782 – Henry Home, Lord Kames, Scottish judge and philosopher (b. 1697)
1800 – Hugh Blair, Scottish minister and author (b. 1718)
1812 – Joanna Southcott, English religious leader (b. 1750)
1834 – Charles Lamb, English essayist and poet (b. 1775)
1836 – Stephen F. Austin, American soldier and politician (b. 1793)
1858 – Alexandre Pierre François Boëly, French pianist and composer (b. 1785)
1895 – Eivind Astrup, Norwegian explorer (b. 1871)
1896 – John Brown, English businessman and politician (b. 1816)
1900 – William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong, English engineer and businessman, founded Armstrong Whitworth (b. 1810)

1914 – Charles Martin Hall, American chemist and engineer (b. 1863)
1919 – Achilles Alferaki, Russian Greek composer and politician, Governor of Taganrog (b. 1846)
1923 – Gustave Eiffel, French architect and engineer, co designed the Eiffel Tower (b. 1832)
1924 – Agda Meyerson, Swedish nurse and healthcare activist (b. 1866)
1936 – Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Turkish poet, academic, and politician (b. 1873)
1938 – Calvin Bridges, American geneticist and academic (b. 1889)
1938 – Osip Mandelstam, Polish Russian poet and critic (b. 1891)
1938 – Zona Gale, American novelist, short story writer, and playwright (b. 1874)
1939 – Rinaldo Cuneo, American painter (b. 1877)
1943 – Ants Kurvits, Estonian general and politician, 10th Estonian Minister of War (b. 1887)
1950 – Max Beckmann, German American painter and sculptor (b. 1884)
1952 – Patrick Joseph Hartigan, Australian priest, author, and educator (b. 1878)
1953 – Şükrü Saracoğlu, Turkish soldier and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1887)
1953 – Julian Tuwim, Polish poet and author (b. 1894)
1955 – Alfred Carpenter, English admiral, Victoria Cross recipient (b. 1881)
1956 – Lambert McKenna, Irish priest and lexicographer (b. 1870)
1965 – Edgar Ende, German painter (b. 1901)
1972 – Lester B. Pearson, Canadian historian and politician, 14th Prime Minister of Canada, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)
1974 – Vladimir Fock, Russian physicist and mathematician (b. 1898)
1974 – Amy Vanderbilt, American author (b. 1908)
1978 – Chris Bell, American singer songwriter and guitarist (b. 1951)
1978 – Houari Boumediene, Algerian colonel and politician, 2nd President of Algeria (b. 1932)
1978 – Bob Luman, American singer songwriter and guitarist (b. 1937)
1979 – Hafizullah Amin, Afghan educator and politician, 2nd General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (b. 1929)
1981 – Hoagy Carmichael, American singer songwriter, pianist, and actor (b. 1899)
1982 – Jack Swigert, American pilot, astronaut, and politician (b. 1931)
1985 – Jean Rondeau, French racing driver (b. 1946)
1986 – George Dangerfield, English American historian and journalist (b. 1904)
1986 – Dumas Malone, American historian and author (b. 1892)
1987 – Rewi Alley, New Zealand writer and political activist (b. 1897)
1988 – Hal Ashby, American director and producer (b. 1929)
1992 – Kay Boyle, American novelist, poet, and educator (b. 1902)
1993 – Feliks Kibbermann, Estonian chess player and philologist (b. 1902)
1993 – Evald Mikson, Estonian footballer (b. 1911)
1993 – André Pilette, Belgian racing driver (b. 1918)
1994 – Fanny Cradock, English author and critic (b. 1909)
1994 – J. B. L. Reyes, Filipino lawyer and jurist (b. 1902)
1995 – Shura Cherkassky, Ukrainian American pianist (b. 1909)
1995 – Genrikh Kasparyan, Armenian chess player and composer (b. 1910)
1997 – Brendan Gill, American journalist and essayist (b. 1914)
1997 – Billy Wright, Northern Irish loyalist leader (b. 1960)
1999 – Michael McDowell, American author and screenwriter (b. 1950)
2002 – George Roy Hill, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1921)
2003 – Alan Bates, English actor (b. 1934)
2003 – Iván Calderón, Puerto Rican American baseball player (b. 1962)
2004 – Hank Garland, American guitarist (b. 1930)
2007 – Benazir Bhutto, Pakistani politician, Prime Minister of Pakistan (b. 1953)
2007 – Jerzy Kawalerowicz, Polish director and screenwriter (b. 1922)
2007 – Jaan Kross, Estonian author and poet (b. 1920)
2008 – Delaney Bramlett, American singer songwriter, guitarist, and producer (b. 1939)
2008 – Robert Graham, Mexican American sculptor (b. 1938)
2009 – Isaac Schwartz, Ukrainian Russian composer and educator (b. 1923)
2011 – Catê, Brazilian footballer and manager (b. 1973)
2011 – Michael Dummett, English soldier, philosopher, and academic (b. 1925)
2011 – Helen Frankenthaler, American painter and educator (b. 1928)
2011 – Johnny Wilson, Canadian American ice hockey player and coach (b. 1929)
2012 – Harry Carey, Jr., American actor, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1921)
2012 – Lloyd Charmers, Jamaican singer, keyboard player, and producer (b. 1938)
2012 – Tingye Li, Chinese American physicist and engineer (b. 1931)
2012 – Archie Roy, Scottish astronomer and academic (b. 1924)
2012 – Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr., American general and engineer (b. 1934)
2012 – Salt Walther, American race car driver (b. 1947)
2013 – Richard Ambler, English Scottish biologist and academic (b. 1933)
2013 – Mohamad Chatah, Lebanese economist and politician, Lebanese Minister of Finance (b. 1951)
2013 – Gianna D'Angelo, American soprano and educator (b. 1929)
2013 – John Matheson, Canadian colonel, lawyer, and politician (b. 1917)
2013 – Farooq Sheikh, Indian actor, philanthropist and a popular television presenter (b. 1948)
2014 – Ben Ammi Ben Israel, American Israeli religious leader, founded the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem (b. 1939)
2014 – Ulises Estrella, Ecuadorian poet and academic (b. 1939)
2014 – Ronald Li, Hong Kong accountant and businessman (b. 1929)
2014 – Karel Poma, Belgian bacteriologist and politician (b. 1920)
2015 – Stein Eriksen, Norwegian American skier (b. 1927)
2015 – Dave Henderson, American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1958)
2015 – Ellsworth Kelly, American painter and sculptor (b. 1923)
2015 – Meadowlark Lemon, American basketball player and minister (b. 1932)
2015 – Alfredo Pacheco, Salvadoran footballer (b. 1982)
2015 – Stevie Wright, English Australian singer songwriter (b. 1947)
2016 – Carrie Fisher, American actress, screenwriter, author, producer, and speaker (b. 1956)
2016 – Ratnasiri Wickremanayake, Sri Lankan politician (b. 1933)
2018 – Frank Blaichman, Polish resistance fighter (b. 1922)
2019 – Maria Creveling, American League of Legends player (b. 1995)
2023 – Lee Sun kyun, South Korean actor (b. 1975)
2023 – Gaston Glock, Austrian firearm engineer and founder of Glock (b. 1929)