Введение
Форма льда, образующаяся под высоким давлением в леднике.
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Blue ice occurs when snow falls on a glacier, is compressed, and becomes part of the glacier. During compression, air bubbles are squeezed out, so ice crystals enlarge. This enlargement is responsible for the ice's blue colour. Small amounts of regular ice appear to be white because of air bubbles inside and also because small quantities of water appear to be colourless. In glaciers, the pressure causes the air bubbles to be squeezed out, increasing the density of the created ice. Water is blue in large quantities, as it absorbs other colours more efficiently than blue. A large piece of compressed ice, or a glacier, similarly appears blue. This specific hue of blue is also known as zulki blue
The blue color is sometimes wrongly attributed to Rayleigh scattering, which is responsible for the color of the sky. Rather, water ice is blue for the same reason that large quantities of liquid water are blue: it is a result of an overtone of an oxygen–hydrogen (O−H) bond stretch in water, which absorbs light at the red end of the visible spectrum. In the case of oceans or lakes, some of the light hitting the surface of water is reflected back directly, but most of it penetrates the surface, interacting with its molecules. The water molecule can vibrate in different modes when light hits it. The red, orange, yellow, and green wavelengths of light are absorbed so that the remaining light is composed of the shorter wavelengths of blue and violet. This is the main reason why the ocean is blue. So, water owes its intrinsic blueness to selective absorption in the red part of its visible spectrum. The absorbed photons promote transitions to high overtone and combination states of the nuclear motions of the molecule, i. e. to highly excited vibrations. Once blue ice is exposed to warmer air, cracks and fissures appear in surface layers, and break up the large blue crystals of dense, pure ice. Within hours these air filled fissures cloud the surface making the ice appear white. The blue colour will not be seen again until the ice breaks or turns over to expose ice which air could not reach. For example, lucky tourists at Tasman Glacier, New Zealand in January 2011 saw an iceberg roll over to reveal startling blue ice, kept from air by staying underwater for months since the iceberg calved.
Синий лед образуется, когда снег выпадает на ледник, сжимается и становится его частью. В процессе сжатия пузырьки воздуха вытесняются, что приводит к увеличению кристаллов льда. Именно это увеличение и придает льду синий цвет. Небольшие количества обычного льда кажутся белыми из-за содержащихся в них пузырьков воздуха, а также потому, что небольшие объемы воды выглядят бесцветными. В ледниках давление вытесняет пузырьки воздуха, увеличивая плотность образовавшегося льда. Вода в больших объемах синего цвета, поскольку она более эффективно поглощает другие цвета, чем синий. Большой кусок сжатого льда, или ледник, также выглядит синим. Этот специфический оттенок синего также известен как цвет zulki.
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Blue ice occurs when snow falls on a glacier, is compressed, and becomes part of the glacier. During compression, air bubbles are squeezed out, so ice crystals enlarge. This enlargement is responsible for the ice's blue colour. Small amounts of regular ice appear to be white because of air bubbles inside and also because small quantities of water appear to be colourless. In glaciers, the pressure causes the air bubbles to be squeezed out, increasing the density of the created ice. Water is blue in large quantities, as it absorbs other colours more efficiently than blue. A large piece of compressed ice, or a glacier, similarly appears blue. This specific hue of blue is also known as zulki blue
The blue color is sometimes wrongly attributed to Rayleigh scattering, which is responsible for the color of the sky. Rather, water ice is blue for the same reason that large quantities of liquid water are blue: it is a result of an overtone of an oxygen–hydrogen (O−H) bond stretch in water, which absorbs light at the red end of the visible spectrum. In the case of oceans or lakes, some of the light hitting the surface of water is reflected back directly, but most of it penetrates the surface, interacting with its molecules. The water molecule can vibrate in different modes when light hits it. The red, orange, yellow, and green wavelengths of light are absorbed so that the remaining light is composed of the shorter wavelengths of blue and violet. This is the main reason why the ocean is blue. So, water owes its intrinsic blueness to selective absorption in the red part of its visible spectrum. The absorbed photons promote transitions to high overtone and combination states of the nuclear motions of the molecule, i. e. to highly excited vibrations. Once blue ice is exposed to warmer air, cracks and fissures appear in surface layers, and break up the large blue crystals of dense, pure ice. Within hours these air filled fissures cloud the surface making the ice appear white. The blue colour will not be seen again until the ice breaks or turns over to expose ice which air could not reach. For example, lucky tourists at Tasman Glacier, New Zealand in January 2011 saw an iceberg roll over to reveal startling blue ice, kept from air by staying underwater for months since the iceberg calved.
Синий цвет иногда ошибочно связывают с рассеянием Рэлея, которое является причиной голубого цвета неба. На самом деле, водяной лед голубой по той же причине, что и большие объемы жидкой воды: это результат обертона растяжения связи кислород-водород (O−H) в воде, которая поглощает свет в красной части видимого спектра. В случае океанов или озер часть света, попадающего на поверхность воды, отражается обратно, но большая его часть проникает внутрь, взаимодействуя с молекулами. Молекула воды может вибрировать в различных модах при воздействии света. Красные, оранжевые, желтые и зеленые длины волн света поглощаются, в результате чего оставшийся свет состоит из более коротких длин волн синего и фиолетового. Это основная причина, по которой океан голубой. Таким образом, вода обязана своей внутренней синевой селективному поглощению в красной части видимого спектра. Поглощенные фотоны стимулируют переходы в высокие обертоны и комбинационные состояния ядерных движений молекулы, то есть в высоковозбужденные колебания.
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Blue ice occurs when snow falls on a glacier, is compressed, and becomes part of the glacier. During compression, air bubbles are squeezed out, so ice crystals enlarge. This enlargement is responsible for the ice's blue colour. Small amounts of regular ice appear to be white because of air bubbles inside and also because small quantities of water appear to be colourless. In glaciers, the pressure causes the air bubbles to be squeezed out, increasing the density of the created ice. Water is blue in large quantities, as it absorbs other colours more efficiently than blue. A large piece of compressed ice, or a glacier, similarly appears blue. This specific hue of blue is also known as zulki blue
The blue color is sometimes wrongly attributed to Rayleigh scattering, which is responsible for the color of the sky. Rather, water ice is blue for the same reason that large quantities of liquid water are blue: it is a result of an overtone of an oxygen–hydrogen (O−H) bond stretch in water, which absorbs light at the red end of the visible spectrum. In the case of oceans or lakes, some of the light hitting the surface of water is reflected back directly, but most of it penetrates the surface, interacting with its molecules. The water molecule can vibrate in different modes when light hits it. The red, orange, yellow, and green wavelengths of light are absorbed so that the remaining light is composed of the shorter wavelengths of blue and violet. This is the main reason why the ocean is blue. So, water owes its intrinsic blueness to selective absorption in the red part of its visible spectrum. The absorbed photons promote transitions to high overtone and combination states of the nuclear motions of the molecule, i. e. to highly excited vibrations. Once blue ice is exposed to warmer air, cracks and fissures appear in surface layers, and break up the large blue crystals of dense, pure ice. Within hours these air filled fissures cloud the surface making the ice appear white. The blue colour will not be seen again until the ice breaks or turns over to expose ice which air could not reach. For example, lucky tourists at Tasman Glacier, New Zealand in January 2011 saw an iceberg roll over to reveal startling blue ice, kept from air by staying underwater for months since the iceberg calved.
Когда синий лед подвергается воздействию более теплого воздуха, в поверхностных слоях появляются трещины и разломы, которые разрушают крупные синие кристаллы плотного, чистого льда. В течение нескольких часов эти заполненные воздухом трещины делают поверхность мутной, придавая льду белый вид. Синий цвет снова станет виден только после того, как лед расколется или перевернется, обнажив лед, недоступный для воздуха. Например, в январе 2011 года счастливчики, посетившие ледник Тасман в Новой Зеландии, наблюдали переворот айсберга, обнажившего поразительный синий лед, который оставался защищенным от воздуха, находясь под водой в течение нескольких месяцев после откола айсберга.
NOTOC
Blue ice occurs when snow falls on a glacier, is compressed, and becomes part of the glacier. During compression, air bubbles are squeezed out, so ice crystals enlarge. This enlargement is responsible for the ice's blue colour. Small amounts of regular ice appear to be white because of air bubbles inside and also because small quantities of water appear to be colourless. In glaciers, the pressure causes the air bubbles to be squeezed out, increasing the density of the created ice. Water is blue in large quantities, as it absorbs other colours more efficiently than blue. A large piece of compressed ice, or a glacier, similarly appears blue. This specific hue of blue is also known as zulki blue
The blue color is sometimes wrongly attributed to Rayleigh scattering, which is responsible for the color of the sky. Rather, water ice is blue for the same reason that large quantities of liquid water are blue: it is a result of an overtone of an oxygen–hydrogen (O−H) bond stretch in water, which absorbs light at the red end of the visible spectrum. In the case of oceans or lakes, some of the light hitting the surface of water is reflected back directly, but most of it penetrates the surface, interacting with its molecules. The water molecule can vibrate in different modes when light hits it. The red, orange, yellow, and green wavelengths of light are absorbed so that the remaining light is composed of the shorter wavelengths of blue and violet. This is the main reason why the ocean is blue. So, water owes its intrinsic blueness to selective absorption in the red part of its visible spectrum. The absorbed photons promote transitions to high overtone and combination states of the nuclear motions of the molecule, i. e. to highly excited vibrations. Once blue ice is exposed to warmer air, cracks and fissures appear in surface layers, and break up the large blue crystals of dense, pure ice. Within hours these air filled fissures cloud the surface making the ice appear white. The blue colour will not be seen again until the ice breaks or turns over to expose ice which air could not reach. For example, lucky tourists at Tasman Glacier, New Zealand in January 2011 saw an iceberg roll over to reveal startling blue ice, kept from air by staying underwater for months since the iceberg calved.
Антарктические взлетно-посадочные полосы
Синий лёд обнажается в районах Антарктиды, где нет ни накопления, ни потери снега. Иными словами, любое выпадение снега в этих районах компенсируется сублимацией или другими видами потерь. Такие районы известны как области синего льда. Благодаря своей твёрдой поверхности, пригодной для самолётов на колёсном шасси, а не на лыжах, эти области используются в качестве взлётно-посадочных полос (например, взлётно-посадочная полоса Уилкинса, Новолазаревская, базовый лагерь Патриот-Хиллз).