Мир в 1980 году: события и перемены.

Month of 1980

Chun Doo Hwan was inaugurated as the new President of South Korea. Terry Fox, an amputee who had started a transcontinental run across Canada on April 12, to raise money for cancer research, was forced to end after having run 3339 mile (5374 km) of the nearly 5300 mile (8530 km) journey. Having started from St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador on the Atlantic coast with a goal of reaching the Pacific Ocean port of Victoria, British Columbia, Fox had raised US$1.7 million before suffering shortness of breath and nausea outside of Thunder Bay, Ontario, where he was taken to the Port Arthur General Hospital, originally for stomach flu. The next day, Fox announced that the cancer that had taken his leg had returned and had spread to his lungs. Francisco Villagrán Kramer resigned from his position as Vice President of Guatemala in a protest against the increased repression of human rights by President Romeo Lucas García.

Joseph Bonanno, a New York mobster known as "Joe Bananas", was convicted of a felony for the first time in a criminal career that dated back more than 50 years, when he began as a gun runner for Al Capone. Born in Sicily, Bonanno, aged 75, had avoided conviction for other charges during his time as a crime boss but was finally proven guilty of conspiracy to interfere with a federal grand jury investigation of his son. Announcements were made in both Tripoli and Damascus that the nations of Libya and Syria would merge into a single republic, but details of the union were not disclosed. President Muammar Gaddafi of Libya urged the parliament of the north African nation to approve the merger, adding "Either Libya turns into a unionist state and merges with Syria and bears the losses of the Arab nation, or I shall go to Upper Galilee" (in northern Israel) "as a commando myself with my rifle." Syria's President Hafez al Assad sent a cable to Gaddafi agreeing to the merger, which would never actually take place. The formal merger agreement was signed on September 10.

Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) was founded by Candy Lightner of Fair Oaks, California, (originally as "Mothers Against Drunk Drivers"), four months after her daughter had been killed by a drunk driver on May 3. An author would note 35 years later that "By the late 1990s MADD had achieved its goal of lowering the BAC (minimum legal blood alcohol content level) in most states to .08 Remarkably, in less than 20 years the modest efforts of a grieving mother and a few American citizens had evolved into a sophisticated organization that defined an emerging social issue powerful enough to shape national legislation and see it through into law.". The Gotthard Road Tunnel opened in Switzerland as the world's longest highway tunnel at 10.1 mile (16 km), stretching from Göschenen to Airolo beneath the Swiss Alps' Saint Gotthard mountain range. At the opening ceremony, a school bus was the first vehicle to traverse the tunnel, which had taken 10 years to build and had cost US$486,000,000 and the lives of 19 workers. In that the tunnel was toll free, detractors joked that "The Italians built it, the Germans use it and the Swiss pay for it." In Spain, the first hypermarket, Hipercor, was inaugurated on September 5, 1980, opening in Seville.

The People's Republic of China enacted the Communist nation's first income tax law since the 1949 Revolution, as legislation adopted by the National People's Congress. The taxes, applied differently for urban and rural individuals and commercial income earners, played a positive role in adjusting personal income level and increased national fiscal revenue. The proposed tax law had been announced on September 2. China also made further changes in its marriage law, superseding comprehensive reforms made on April 30, 1950. In India, Mangalore University opened in the Mangalore suburb of Konaje in the Karnataka state.

A referendum on a new constitution was held in Chile on the seventh anniversary of the 1973 coup d'état that installed a military government led by Augusto Pinochet. The new constitution, approved by a 54% to 46% margin on a yes/no vote, provided for Pinochet to legally have broad powers and to serve an eight year term during a transition from military to civilian rule. Australia's Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser announced that new elections for the House of Representatives and the Senate would take place on October 18. Died: Felix Garcia Rodriguez, 41, an attaché with the Cuban Permanent Mission to the United Nations, became "the first United Nations official to have been assassinated in New York City since the founding of the world organization" in 1945. Garcia was on the Queens Boulevard service road near 58th Street in Queens when three bullets were fired at him from a parked car. The anti Castro terrorist organization Omega 7 took responsibility for the murder.

In Damascus, Ignatius Zakka I was enthroned as the new Patriarch of Antioch and leader of the Syriac Orthodox Church and its more than 900,000 adherents. Zakka succeeded Ignatius Jacob III, who had died on June 26. Born in Iraq as Sanharib Iwas, he would reign over Syria's Orthodox Christians until 2014. Died: Gérald Fauteux, 79, Chief Justice of Canada from 1970 to 1973.

Former President of Nicaragua Anastasio Somoza Debayle was assassinated 15 months after he fled to exile in Paraguay. Somoza had invested in farmland and was scheduled to travel there the next day for a month long stay, but had a final appointment at a bank before leaving. A Sandinista team of four men and three women carried out "Operation Reptile" in Asunción, tracking Somoza and waiting for him to be driven from his home by his chauffeur Cesar Gallardo, with four Paraguayan policemen following him. At 10:08 in the morning, as Somoza was passing through a residential neighborhood on Avenida España., a stolen pickup truck cut in front of his Mercedes and blocked him at the intersection with Avenida América. Three men in the truck were joined by two more from the house on the corner and fired automatic weapons (striking Somoza with 19 bullets). After shooting the chauffeur, Hugo Irurzún fired a rocket propelled grenade and destroyed the limousine. In addition to Somoza and Gallardo, the assassins had killed Somoza's financial consultant, Jose Baittiner, who had been riding along for the appointment at the bank. Iruzun was killed the next day in a shootout with Paraguayan police. The first vote of confidence since the restoration of democracy in Spain was held in the Congress of Deputies, and the new government of Prime Minister Adolfo Suárez was given narrow approval, 180 to 164. Iraq's President Saddam Hussein announced to the Iraqi Parliament that the 1975 border accord with Iran was "null and void". The Republic of Iraq and the Kingdom of Iran had signed an accord on March 16, 1975, allowing Iran partial control of the Shatt al Arab, the combined estuary of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, in return for Iran's agreement to discontinue support to Iraq's Kurdish rebels.

Arnaldo Tamayo Mendez of Cuba became the first person of African descent to travel into space, as well as the first Cuban cosmonaut, as he and Yuri V. Romanenko were launched on Soyuz 38 to the Salyut 6 space station. The flight was the seventh in the Soviet Union's Interkosmos program, which trained cosmonauts from Soviet allies. Died: Katherine Anne Porter, 90, American journalist and novelist whose book Ship of Fools was the best selling novel of 1962 in the U. S.

George Brett of the Kansas City Royals fell out of contention for being the first major league baseball player since 1941 to have a .400 batting average in a season, going hitless in four at bats during a 9–0 loss to the visiting Oakland A's. Going into the game, he had been at ".3995037— which rounds out to .400" (based on 161 hits in 403 times at bat) before dropping to .396 (161 hits in 407 at bats or .3955774) He crossed the 40% threshold again Ultimately, Brett finished the regular season with a batting average of .390, still the highest in major league history since Ted Williams had hit .401 in 1941. As of 2020, only one player (Tony Gwynn, who batted .394 in 1994) has come close to the 40 percent mark. Ken Osmond a Los Angeles Police Department motorcycle officer and former child television actor who portrayed Eddie Haskell on Leave It to Beaver, survived being struck by five bullets while in a foot chase after a suspected car thief. Osmond was protected from four of the bullets by his bullet resistant vest, with the fifth bullet ricocheting off his belt buckle.

The Iran–Iraq War began with a surprise attack by the Iraqi Air Force on 10 Iranian airfields, in an unsuccessful attempt to destroy most of Iran's combat aircraft. Air raids were made by 36 MiG 23 fighters and 92 other Iraqi planes on Tabriz, Hamadan, Dizful, Isfahan, Ahwaz, Agha Jari, Bushire, Abadan, and Shiraz, as well as Tehran's airport. At the same time, tanks rolled across the Iraq border into Iran's Kermanshah Province. The next day, ground troops crossed from Iraq into Iran in three simultaneous attacks and captured Iran's oil rich Khuzestan Province at the north of the Persian Gulf. Two of the six divisions of the Iraqi Army began a siege of the cities of Abadan and Khorramshahr. Iran responded with the aerial bombing the same day of Iraqi bases at Hamedan and Bushehr. The war would last until August 20, 1988, at a loss of as many as 500,000 Iraqi troops, 600,000 Iranian troops and 100,000 civilians in the two nations marked by trench warfare, chemical attacks, and significant human and economic losses on both sides. It had geopolitical implications, with international powers taking sides, leaving a lasting impact on the region. Serial killer Joseph G. Christopher began the random murders of 12 African American victims, by shooting a 14 year old boy outside of a supermarket in Buffalo, New York. The next day, two black men were shot and killed within hours of each other, and a fourth victim was killed on September 23. Christopher, a paranoid schizophrenic who had been turned away earlier in the month from a psychiatric facility when he wanted to admit himself, joined the U. S. Army and stabbed two men in Buffalo while on furlough from Fort Benning in Georgia. His string of killings finally ended on January 18 when he was arrested at Fort Benning for trying to kill another black soldier. He received a 60 year prison sentence in 1982 after being convicted of three of the September shootings. Christopher would tell The Buffalo News in 1983 that he killed 13 people, all black men, because "that was the directive" from "a collection of people". Christopher would die of cancer in 1993 while in prison. Procter & Gamble took the Rely brand tampons off of the market after the Centers for Disease Control identified the product as more likely to cause toxic shock syndrome than any other product. The recall order and an order to halt production was made on order of P&G chairman Edward Harness. Since 1975, 652 women had been infected with toxic shock syndrome from use of tampons, and 63 of them had died.

By a single vote, the economic proposals of Italy's Prime Minister Francesco Cossiga failed to win approval in Camara dei deputati, failing 297 to 298. At least 30 members of the governing Democrazia Cristiana (DC) party had previously stated that they would go against the economic proposals. Two DC members who had expressed support for Cossiga, and presumabley would have potentially made the vote 299 to 298 in his favor, arrived several minutes too late to participate, including Mariapia Garavaglia. Fifteen minutes after the vote was announced, Prime Minister Cossiga announced his resignation along with his entire cabinet, which included a coalition of Socialists and Republicans. On October 18, Arnaldo Forlani was appointed Prime Minister and formed a new coalition. The Richmond Tigers defeated the Collingwood Magpies, 159 to 78, to win the Victorian Football League's Grand Final and the championship of Australian rules football. The match took place in front of 113,461 spectators at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.

The Washington Post newspaper published the feature article "Jimmy's World" on its front page, a story by reporter Janet Cooke that began "Jimmy is 8 years old and a third generation heroin addict, a precocious little boy with sandy hair, velvety brown eyes and needle marks freckling the baby smooth skin of his thin brown arms." Copyrighted by the Post and reprinted by other newspapers, Cooke's story would win a Pulitzer Prize for feature writing on April 13, 1981. Two days later, Cooke admitted to executive editor Benjamin Bradlee that she had fabricated the story. In a telegram to the Pulitzer Prize Foundation, Bradlee returned the prize and wrote that Cooke had conceded "that her story about an 8 year old heroin addict was in fact a composite, that the quotes attributed to a child were in fact fabricated and that certain events described as eyewitnessed did not in fact happen." The first multiparty elections since 1968 in Panama were conducted as 79 candidates campaigned for the 19 directly elected seats of the 56 seat Executive Council of the National Assembly. The other 37 members were selected by the government as part of the National Assembly of Municipal Representatives. As a result, the Associated Press noted at the time, "The elections will not tip the balance of power regardless of who wins" and the pro government municipal representatives would retain majority control even if the opposition won all 19 seats.