Ролла, Миссури: История и современность города

Rolla ('/r//ɒ//l//ə/) is a city in, and the county seat of, Phelps County, Missouri, United States. Its population in the 2020 United States Census was 19,943. It is approximately midway between St. Louis and Springfield along I 44. Its micropolitan statistical area consists of Phelps County, Missouri. It is the home of the Missouri University of Science and Technology, well known for its many engineering departments and computer science department. The headquarters of the Mark Twain National Forest is in Rolla. The city is also within the Ozark Highlands American Viticultural Area, with vineyards first established by Italian immigrants to the area.

The first European American settlers in Phelps County arrived in the early 19th century, working as farmers and iron workers along the local rivers, such as the Meramec, the Gasconade, and the Little Piney. In 1842, John Webber built the first house in what became the City of Rolla. Nine years later, railroad contractor Edmund Ward Bishop, considered to be the founder of Rolla, settled in the area. The state officially established Rolla as a town in 1858. Three stories account for how Rolla was named. One story, widely regarded as a folk legend, and acknowledged as such by the Phelps County Historical Society, arises from the competition between Rolla and neighboring Dillon, Missouri, to be designated the county seat. When Rolla was made the county seat in 1861, the residents of Dillon, having lost a round, were allowed to choose the name of the new city and named it Rolla, after a good for nothing hunting dog. Another story came from a citizens' meeting about naming the town. Webber was said to prefer the name Hardscrabble (which was used to describe the soils in the region) and Bishop pushed for the name Phelps Center. George Coppedge, representing new settlers from North Carolina, wanted to name the community after Raleigh. Bishop broke the three way tie by agreeing with Coppedge as long as the name was spelled properly for the region, Rolla. But the one story that has some first hand evidence to back it up was that it was named after Rolla Rose of St. Louis. He and others traveled to the area in the 1840s on a hunting trip. He carved his name on a tree so that they would not get lost. His widow, Adeline Rose, related this story in the St. Louis Globe newspaper on July 19, 1903. With numerous settlers from the South, many residents of Rolla leaned toward the Confederacy during the American Civil War; however, the town was taken by Union forces in June 1861. They built two minor forts — Fort Wyman and Fort Dette — during their occupation. Rolla was also the location of Camp Glover and Camp Davies. From 1863 to 1865, Rolla was the regimental headquarters of the 5th Missouri State Militia. For most of its history, Rolla has served as a transportation and trading center. In 1860, it became the western terminus of the first constructed leg of the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway, colloquially known as the "Frisco Line". Today, the BNSF Railway directly runs through the town. Rolla was also a regular stop along U. S. Route 66, as it is almost located exactly halfway between the larger cities of St. Louis and Springfield. Today, Interstate 44, U. S. Route 63, and Route 72 all run through Rolla.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 11.85 square miles (31 km2), of which 11.83 square miles (31 km2) is land and 0.02 square miles (0 km2) is water. Running through the city is the divide line that separates the vast Missouri watershed (via the Little Piney and the Gasconade) from the substantially smaller Meremec watershed (via the Bourbeuse).

Rolla has a humid subtropical climate. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfa".

The 2020 United States census counted 19,943 people, 8,470 households, and 4,141 families in Rolla. The population density was 1,644.1 per square mile (634.9/km). There were 9,509 housing units at an average density of 783.9 per square mile (302.7/km). The racial makeup was 80.55% (16,064) white, 4.21% (839) black or African American, 0.51% (101) Native American, 6.26% (1,248) Asian, 0.05% (9) Pacific Islander, 1.46% (291) from other races, and 6.97% (1,391) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 3.3% (661) of the population. Of the 8,470 households, 21.6% had children under the age of 18; 35.2% were married couples living together; 31.7% had a female householder with no husband present. Of all households, 36.4% consisted of individuals and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.1 and the average family size was 2.7. 17.5% of the population was under the age of 18, 29.7% from 18 to 24, 23.8% from 25 to 44, 16.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26.8 years. For every 100 females, the population had 122.5 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 128.8 males. The 2016 2020 5 year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $37,252 (with a margin of error of +/ $5,474) and the median family income was $55,595 (+/ $4,340). Males had a median income of $17,959 (+/ $5,438) versus $23,582 (+/ $1,673) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $21,873 (+/ $2,358). Approximately, 12.0% of families and 27.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.8% of those under the age of 18 and 17.4% of those ages 65 or over.

As of the census of 2010, there were 19,559 people, 7,574 households, and 3,765 families living in the city. The population density was There were 8,339 housing units at an average density of The racial makeup of the city was 86.71% White, 4.11% Black or African American, 0.43% Native American, 5.70% Asian, 0.09% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 0.41% from other races, and 2.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.62% of the population. There were 7,574 households, of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.2% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 50.3% were non families. 36.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.90. The median age in the city was 26.2 years. 18.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 29.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.7% were from 25 to 44; 17.1% were from 45 to 64; and 11.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 55.0% male and 45.0% female.

Rolla is home of the Rolla Bulldogs at Rolla High School and Rolla Middle School. Rolla is an important center for state and federal education and research in science and technology. It is the home of the Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T), founded as the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy in 1870 and known as the University of Missouri–Rolla (UMR) from 1964 through 2007. Missouri S&T is well known for its engineering and computer science departments. In addition, the US Geological Survey operates a large regional facility with various centers: the National Geospatial Technical Operations Center III, the Missouri Water Science Center, the Mid Continent Geographic Science Center, National Spatial Data Infrastructure Partnership Office Liaisons, and the Rolla Science Information and Library Services office. Rolla has a lending library, the Rolla Public Library.

Rolla and surrounding communities are served by a daily newspaper, The Rolla Daily News. KUMR, KRTE FM KFLW, KFBD, KTTR, KMOZ, KTTR FM, KZNN, KXMO, and KKID are the local commercial radio stations. KMST (FM) is the Public Radio station and KMNR FM is the student radio station of the Missouri University of Science and Technology.