Языки программирования: обзор и классификация

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Programming languages are used for controlling the behavior of a machine (often a computer). Like natural languages, programming languages follow rules for syntax and semantics. There are thousands of programming languages and new ones are created every year. Few languages ever become sufficiently popular that they are used by more than a few people, but professional programmers may use dozens of languages in a career. Most programming languages are not standardized by an international (or national) standard, even widely used ones, such as Perl or Standard ML (despite the name). Notable standardized programming languages include ALGOL, C, C++, JavaScript (under the name ECMAScript), Smalltalk, Prolog, Common Lisp, Scheme (IEEE standard), ISLISP, Ada, Fortran, COBOL, SQL, and XQuery. TOC

The following table compares general and technical information for a selection of commonly used programming languages. See the individual languages' articles for further information. Language Original purpose Imperative Object oriented Functional Procedural Generic Reflective Other paradigms Standardized? 1C:Enterprise programming language Application, RAD, business, general, web, mobile Object based, Prototype based programming ActionScript Application, client side, web prototype based 1999 2003, ActionScript 1.0 with ES3, ActionScript 2.0 with ES3 and partial ES4 draft, ActionScript 3.0 with ES4 draft, ActionScript 3.0 with E4X Ada Application, embedded, realtime, system Concurrent, distributed 1983, 2005, 2012, ANSI, ISO, GOST 27831 88 Aldor Highly domain specific, symbolic computing ALGOL 58 Application ALGOL 60 Application 1960, IFIP WG 2.1, ISO ALGOL 68 Application Concurrent 1968, IFIP WG 2.1, GOST 27974 88, Ateji PX Parallel application pi calculus APL Application, data processing Array oriented, tacit 1989, ISO Assembly language General Any, syntax is usually highly specific, related to the target processor 1985 IEEE 694 1985 AutoHotkey GUI automation (macros), highly domain specific AutoIt GUI automation (macros), highly domain specific Ballerina Integration, agile, server side, general Concurrent, transactional, statically and strongly typed, diagrammatic–visual standard via Ballerina Language Specification Bash Shell, scripting POSIX.2 BASIC Application, education 1983, ANSI, ISO, ECMA BeanShell Application, scripting In progress, JCP BLISS System BlitzMax Application, game Boo Application, game scripting C Application, system, general purpose, low level operations 1989, ANSI C89, ISO/IEC C90, ISO/IEC C95, ISO/IEC C99, ISO/IEC C11, ISO/IEC C17, ISO/IEC C2x C++ Application, system 1998, ISO/IEC C++98, ISO/IEC C++03, ISO/IEC C++11, ISO/IEC C++14, ISO/IEC C++17, ISO/IEC C++20, ISO/IEC C++23 C# Application, RAD, business, client side, general, server side, web, game programming Structured, concurrent 2000, ECMA, ISO Clarion General, business, web Clean General Clojure General Concurrent CLU General COBOL Application, business 1968 ANSI X3.23, 1974, 1985; ISO/IEC 1989:1985, 2002, 2014 Cobra Application, business, general, web ColdFusion (CFML) Web Common Lisp General Extensible syntax, Array oriented, syntactic macros, multiple dispatch, concurrent 1994, ANSI COMAL 80 Education Crystal General purpose Concurrent Curry Application lazy evaluation, non determinism standard via Curry Language Report Cython Application, general, numerical computing Aspect oriented D Application, system Generative, concurrent Dart Application, web, server side, mobile, IoT Structured ECMA 408 standard Delphi, Object Pascal General purpose ? Dylan Application Eiffel General, application, business, client side, server side, web (EWF) Erl G Distributed SCOOP, Void safe 2005, ECMA, ISO ELAN Education Structured, stepwise refinement Elixir Application, distributed Concurrent, distributed Erlang Application, distributed Concurrent, distributed Euphoria Application Factor General Stack oriented FP F# Application Forth General Stack oriented 1994, ANSI Fortran Application, numerical computing Array based, vectorized, concurrent, native distributed/shared memory parallelism 1966, ANSI 66, ANSI 77, MIL STD 1753, ISO 90, ISO 95, ISO 2003, ISO/IEC 1539 1:2010 (2008), ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG5 N2145 (2018) FreeBASIC Application, numerical computing Gambas Application Game Maker Language Application, game programming GLBasic Application, games Simple object oriented Go Application, web, server side Concurrent standard via Go Language Specification Gosu Application, general, scripting, web GraphTalk Application Logic Groovy Application, general, scripting, web Meta programming , JCP Harbour Application, business, data processing, general, web Declarative Haskell Application Lazy evaluation 2010, Haskell 2010 Haxe Application, general, web HyperTalk Application, RAD, general Weakly typed Io Application, host driven scripting IPL General ISLISP General 1997, 2007, ISO J Application, data processing Array oriented, function level, tacit, concurrent JADE Application, distributed Java Application, business, client side, general, mobile development, server side, web Concurrent standard via Java Language Specification JavaScript Client side, server side, web prototype based 1997 2022, ECMA 262 Joy Research Stack oriented jq "awk for JSON" Tacit, Backtracking, Streaming, PEG Julia General, technical computing Multiple dispatch, meta, scalar and array oriented, parallel, concurrent, distributed ("cloud") K Data processing, business Array oriented, tacit Kotlin Application, mobile development, server side, client side, web standard via Kotlin Language Specification Ksh Shell, scripting Several variants, custom programmable, dynamic loadable modules POSIX.2 LabVIEW (G) Application, industrial instrumentation automation Dataflow, visual Lisp General LiveCode Application, RAD, general Weakly typed Logtalk Artificial intelligence, application Logic Linden Scripting Language (LSL) Virtual worlds content scripting and animation Scripts exist in in world objects reference is the Second Life implementation of LSL. Lua Application, embedded scripting Aspect oriented, prototype based Maple Symbolic computation, numerical computing Distributed Mathematica Symbolic language Logic, distributed MATLAB Highly domain specific, numerical computing Modula 2 Application, system 1996, ISO Modula 3 Application MUMPS (M) General, application, databases Thru Indirection and Xecute Concurrent, multi user, NoSQL, transaction processing 1977 ANSI, 1995, ISO 2020 Nim Application, general, web, scripting, system Multiple dispatch, concurrent, meta Oberon Application, system Object Pascal Application, general, mobile app, web Structured Objective C Application, general Concurrent OCaml Application, general Occam General Concurrent, process oriented Opa Web applications Distributed OpenLisp General, Embedded Lisp Engine ISLISP Oxygene Application Oz Mozart Application, distribution, education Concurrent, logic Pascal Application, education 1983, ISO Perl Application, scripting, text processing, Web PHP Server side, web application, web standard via language specification and Requests for Comments (RFCs) PL/I Application 1969, ECMA 50 (1976) Plus Application, system development PostScript Graphics, page description Concatenative, stack oriented standard via the PostScript Reference Manual PowerShell Administration, application, general, scripting Pipeline Prolog Application, artificial intelligence Logic, declarative 1995, ISO/IEC 13211 1:1995, TC1 2007, TC2 2012, TC3 2017 PureBasic Application Python Application, general, web, scripting, artificial intelligence, scientific computing Aspect oriented standard via Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs) R Application, statistics Racket Education, general, scripting Modular, logic, meta Raku Scripting, text processing, glue Aspect oriented, array, lazy evaluation, multiple dispatch, metaprogramming REALbasic Application Rebol Distributed Dialected REXX Scripting (NetRexx and Object REXX dialects) 1996 (ANSI X3.274 1996) RPG Application, system Ring Application metaprogramming, declarative, natural language Ruby Application, scripting, web Aspect oriented 2011(JIS X 3017), 2012(ISO/IEC 30170) Rust Application, server side, system, web Concurrent S Application, statistics S Lang Application, numerical, scripting Scala Application, general, parallel, distributed, web Data oriented programming, metaprogramming standard via Scala Language Specification (SLS) Scheme Education, general meta, extensible syntax 1975 2013, R0RS, R1RS, R2RS, R3RS, R4RS, R5RS, R6RS, R7RS Small Edition Seed7 Application, general, scripting, web Multi paradigm, extensible, structured Simula Education, general discrete event simulation, multi threaded (quasi parallel) program execution 1968 Small Basic Application, education, games Component oriented Smalltalk Application, general, business, artificial intelligence, education, web Concurrent, declarative 1998, ANSI SNOBOL Text processing Standard ML Application 1997, SML '97 Swift Application, general Concurrent, declarative, protocol oriented Tcl Application, scripting, web V (Vlang) Application, general, system, game, web, server side Concurrent Visual Basic Application, RAD, education, business, general, (Includes VBA), office automation Component oriented Visual Basic NET Application, RAD, education, web, business, general Structured, concurrent Visual FoxPro Application Data centric, logic Visual Prolog Application Declarative, logic Wolfram Language Symbolic language Logic, distributed XL concept programming Xojo Application, RAD, general, web XPath/XQuery Databases, data processing, scripting Tree oriented 1999 W3C XPath 1, 2010 W3C XQuery 1, 2014 W3C XPath/XQuery 3.0 Zeek Domain specific, application Zig Application, general, system Concurrent Zsh Shell, scripting Loadable modules POSIX.2

Language Statements ratio Lines ratio C 1 1 C++ 2.5 1 Fortran 2 0.8 Java 2.5 1.5 Perl 6 6 Smalltalk 6 6.25 Python 6 6.5

The literature on programming languages contains an abundance of informal claims about their relative expressive power, but there is no framework for formalizing such statements nor for deriving interesting consequences. This table provides two measures of expressiveness from two different sources. An additional measure of expressiveness, in GZip bytes, can be found on the Computer Language Benchmarks Game.

Benchmarks are designed to mimic a particular type of workload on a component or system. The computer programs used for compiling some of the benchmark data in this section may not have been fully optimized, and the relevance of the data is disputed. The most accurate benchmarks are those that are customized to your particular situation. Other people's benchmark data may have some value to others, but proper interpretation brings many challenges. The Computer Language Benchmarks Game site warns against over generalizing from benchmark data, but contains a large number of micro benchmarks of reader contributed code snippets, with an interface that generates various charts and tables comparing specific programming languages and types of tests.