Исторические события разных лет

537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his bucellarii are almost cut off. 986 – Louis V becomes the last Carolingian king of West Francia after the death of his father, Lothaire. 1331 – Fall of Nicaea to the Ottoman Turks after a siege. 1444 – Skanderbeg organizes a group of Albanian nobles to form the League of Lezhë. 1458 – George of Poděbrady is chosen as the king of Bohemia. 1476 – Burgundian Wars: The Old Swiss Confederacy hands Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, a major defeat in the Battle of Grandson in Canton of Neuchâtel. 1484 – The College of Arms is formally incorporated by Royal Charter signed by King Richard III of England. 1498 – Vasco da Gama's fleet visits the Island of Mozambique.

1657 – The Great Fire of Meireki begins in Edo (now Tokyo), Japan, causing more than 100,000 deaths before it exhausts itself three days later. 1776 – American Revolutionary War: Patriot militia units attempt to prevent capture of supply ships in and around the Savannah River by a small fleet of the Royal Navy in the Battle of the Rice Boats. 1791 – Claude Chappe demonstrates the first semaphore line near Paris. 1797 – The Bank of England issues the first one pound and two pound banknotes. 1807 – The U. S. Congress passes the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, disallowing the importation of new slaves into the country. 1811 – Argentine War of Independence: A royalist fleet defeats a small flotilla of revolutionary ships in the Battle of San Nicolás on the River Plate. 1815 – Signing of the Kandyan Convention treaty by British invaders and the leaders of the Kingdom of Kandy. 1836 – Texas Revolution: The Declaration of independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico is adopted. 1855 – Alexander II becomes Tsar of Russia. 1859 – The two day Great Slave Auction, the largest such auction in United States history, begins. 1865 – East Cape War: The Völkner Incident in New Zealand. 1867 – The U. S. Congress passes the first Reconstruction Act. 1877 – Just two days before inauguration, the U. S. Congress declares Rutherford B. Hayes the winner of the 1876 U. S. presidential election even though Samuel J. Tilden had won the popular vote. 1882 – Queen Victoria narrowly escapes an assassination attempt by Roderick Maclean in Windsor.

1901 – United States Steel Corporation is founded as a result of a merger between Carnegie Steel Company and Federal Steel Company which became the first corporation in the world with a market capital over $1 billion. 1901 – The U. S. Congress passes the Platt Amendment limiting the autonomy of Cuba, as a condition of the withdrawal of American troops. 1903 – In New York City the Martha Washington Hotel opens, becoming the first hotel exclusively for women. 1917 – The enactment of the Jones–Shafroth Act grants Puerto Ricans United States citizenship. 1919 – The first Communist International meets in Moscow. 1932 – Finnish president P. E. Svinhufvud gives a radio speech, which four days later finally ends the Mäntsälä Rebellion and the far right Lapua Movement that started it. 1937 – The Steel Workers Organizing Committee signs a collective bargaining agreement with U. S. Steel, leading to unionization of the United States steel industry. 1939 – Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli is elected Pope and takes the name Pius XII. 1941 – World War II: First German military units enter Bulgaria after it joins the Axis Pact. 1943 – World War II: During the Battle of the Bismarck Sea Allied aircraft defeated a Japanese attempt to ship troops to New Guinea. 1949 – Captain James Gallagher lands his B 50 Superfortress Lucky Lady II in Fort Worth, Texas, after completing the first non stop around the world airplane flight in 94 hours and one minute. 1955 – Norodom Sihanouk, king of Cambodia, abdicates the throne in favor of his father, Norodom Suramarit. 1962 – In Burma, the army led by General Ne Win seizes power in a coup d'état. 1962 – Wilt Chamberlain sets the single game scoring record in the National Basketball Association by scoring 100 points. 1965 – The US and Republic of Vietnam Air Force begin Operation Rolling Thunder, a sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam. 1968 – Baggeridge Colliery closes marking the end of over 300 years of coal mining in the Black Country. 1969 – In Toulouse, France, the first test flight of the Anglo French Concorde is conducted. 1970 – Rhodesia declares itself a republic, breaking its last links with the British crown. 1972 – The Pioneer 10 space probe is launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida with a mission to explore the outer planets. 1977 – Libya becomes the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya as the General People's Congress adopted the "Declaration on the Establishment of the Authority of the People". 1978 – Czech Vladimír Remek becomes the first non Russian or non American to go into space, when he is launched aboard Soyuz 28. 1978 – The late iconic actor Charlie Chaplin's coffin is stolen from his grave in Switzerland. 1983 – Compact discs and players are released for the first time in the United States and other markets. They had previously been available only in Japan. 1989 – Twelve European Community nations agree to ban the production of all chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by the end of the century. 1990 – Nelson Mandela is elected deputy president of the African National Congress. 1991 – Establishment of Kuwait Democratic Forum, center left political organization in Kuwait. 1991 – Battle at Rumaila oil field brings an end to the 1991 Gulf War. 1992 – Start of the war in Transnistria. 1992 – Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, San Marino, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, all of which (except San Marino) were former Soviet republics, join the United Nations. 1995 – Researchers at Fermilab announce the discovery of the top quark. 1998 – Data sent from the Galileo spacecraft indicates that Jupiter's moon Europa has a liquid ocean under a thick crust of ice. 2002 – U. S. invasion of Afghanistan: Operation Anaconda begins, (ending on March 19 after killing 500 Taliban and al Qaeda fighters, with 11 Western troop fatalities). 2004 – War in Iraq: Al Qaeda carries out the Ashoura Massacre in Iraq, killing 170 and wounding over 500. 2012 – A tornado outbreak occurs over a large section of the Southern United States and into the Ohio Valley region, resulting in 40 tornado related fatalities. 2017 – The elements Moscovium, Tennessine, and Oganesson are officially added to the periodic table at a conference in Moscow, Russia. 2022 – Russian forces capture the city of Kherson during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which subsequently began the start of the Russian occupation and military civilian administration in Kherson. Kherson is the only regional capital in Ukraine that Russia captured.

480 – Benedict of Nursia, Italian Christian saint (d. 543 or 547)
1316 – Robert II of Scotland (d. 1390)
1409 – Jean II, Duke of Alençon (d. 1476)
1432 – Countess Palatine Margaret of Mosbach, countess consort of Hanau (d. 1457)
1453 – Johannes Engel, German doctor, astronomer and astrologer (d. 1512)
1459 – Pope Adrian VI (d. 1523)
1481 – Franz von Sickingen, German knight (d. 1523)
1545 – Thomas Bodley, English diplomat and scholar, founded the Bodleian Library (d. 1613)
1577 – George Sandys, English traveller, colonist and poet (d. 1644)

1628 – Cornelis Speelman, Governor General of the Dutch East Indies (d. 1684)
1651 – Carlo Gimach, Maltese architect, engineer and poet (d. 1730)
1705 – William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield, Scottish lawyer, judge, and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (d. 1793)
1740 – Nicholas Pocock, English naval painter (d. 1821)
1760 – Camille Desmoulins, French journalist and politician (d. 1794)
1769 – DeWitt Clinton, American lawyer and politician, 6th Governor of New York (d. 1828)
1770 – Louis Gabriel Suchet, French general (d. 1826)
1779 – Joel Roberts Poinsett, American physician and politician, 15th United States Secretary of War (d. 1851)
1793 – Sam Houston, American soldier and politician, 1st President of the Republic of Texas (d. 1863)
1800 – Yevgeny Baratynsky, Russian Italian poet and philosopher (d. 1844)
1810 – Pope Leo XIII (d. 1903)
1816 – Alexander Bullock, American lawyer and politician, 26th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1882)
1817 – János Arany, Hungarian journalist and poet (d. 1882)
1820 – Multatuli, Dutch writer (d. 1887)
1824 – Bedřich Smetana, Czech pianist and composer (d. 1884)
1829 – Carl Schurz, German American general, lawyer, and politician, 13th United States Secretary of the Interior (d. 1906)
1836 – Henry Billings Brown, American lawyer and judge (d. 1913)
1842 – Carl Jacobsen, Danish brewer, art collector, and philanthropist (d. 1914)
1846 – Marie Roze, French soprano (d. 1926)
1849 – Robert Means Thompson, American commander, lawyer, and businessman (d. 1930)
1859 – Sholem Aleichem, Ukrainian American author and playwright (d. 1916)
1860 – Susanna M. Salter, American activist and politician (d. 1961)
1862 – John Jay Chapman, American lawyer, author, and poet (d. 1933)
1869 – Julien Félix, French military officer and aviator (d. 1914)
1876 – James A. Gilmore, American businessman and baseball executive (d. 1947)
1876 – Pope Pius XII (d. 1958)
1886 – Willis H. O'Brien, American animator and director (d. 1962)
1886 – Kurt Grelling, German logician and philosopher (d. 1942)
1900 – Kurt Weill, German American pianist and composer (d. 1950)

274 – Mani, Persian prophet and founder of Manichaeism (b. 216)
672 – Chad of Mercia, English bishop and saint (b. 634)
968 – William, archbishop of Mainz (b. 929)
986 – Lothair, king of West Francia (b. 941)
1009 – Mokjong, king of Goryeo (b. 980)
1127 – Charles the Good, Count of Flanders (b. 1084)
1316 – Marjorie Bruce, Scottish daughter of Robert the Bruce (b. 1296)
1333 – Wladyslaw I, king of Poland (b. 1261)
1589 – Alessandro Farnese, Italian cardinal and diplomat (b. 1520)

1619 – Anne of Denmark, queen of Scotland (b. 1574)
1729 – Francesco Bianchini, Italian astronomer and philosopher (b. 1662)
1755 – Louis de Rouvroy, French duke and diplomat (b. 1675)
1791 – John Wesley, English cleric and theologian (b. 1703)
1793 – Carl Gustaf Pilo, Swedish Danish painter and academic (b. 1711)
1797 – Horace Walpole, English historian and politician (b. 1717)
1829 – Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, Mexican revolutionary (b. ca. 1773)
1830 – Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring, German physician, anatomist, and anthropologist (b. 1755)
1835 – Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1768)
1840 – Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers, German physician and astronomer (b. 1758)
1855 – Nicholas I, Russian emperor (b. 1796)
1864 – Ulric Dahlgren, American colonel (b. 1842)
1865 – Carl Sylvius Völkner, German New Zealand priest and missionary (b. 1819)
1880 – John Benjamin Macneill, Irish engineer (b. 1790)
1895 – Berthe Morisot, French painter (b. 1841)
1895 – Isma'il Pasha, Egyptian politician (b. 1830)
1896 – Jubal Early, American general (b. 1816)

1921 – Champ Clark, American lawyer and politician, 41st Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (b. 1850)
1930 – D. H. Lawrence, English novelist, poet, playwright, and critic (b. 1885)
1938 – Ben Harney, American pianist and composer (b. 1871)
1939 – Howard Carter, English archaeologist and historian (b. 1874)
1943 – Gisela Januszewska, Austrian physician (b.1867)
1944 – Ida Maclean, British biochemist, the first woman admitted to the London Chemical Society (b. 1877)
1945 – Emily Carr, Canadian painter and author (b. 1871)
1946 – Fidél Pálffy, Hungarian politician, Hungarian Minister of Agriculture (b. 1895)
1946 – George E. Stewart, American colonel, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1872)
1947 – Frans Johan Louwrens Ghijsels, Dutch architect and urban planner (b. 1882)
1949 – Sarojini Naidu, Indian poet and activist (b. 1879)
1953 – James Lightbody, American runner (b. 1882)
1957 – Selim Sırrı Tarcan, Turkish educator and politician (b. 1874)
1958 – Fred Merkle, American baseball player and manager (b. 1888)
1962 – Charles Jean de la Vallée Poussin, Belgian mathematician and academic (b. 1866)
1967 – José Martínez Ruiz, Spanish author and critic (b. 1873)
1972 – Léo Ernest Ouimet, Canadian director and producer (b. 1877)
1977 – Eugénie Brazier, French chef (b. 1895)
1979 – Christy Ring, Irish hurler (b. 1920)
1982 – Philip K. Dick, American philosopher and author (b. 1928)
1987 – Randolph Scott, American actor and director (b. 1898)
1987 – Lolo Soetoro, Indonesian geographer and academic (b. 1935)
1991 – Serge Gainsbourg, French singer songwriter, actor, and director (b. 1928)
1992 – Sandy Dennis, American actress (b. 1937)
1994 – Anita Morris, American actress, singer, and dancer (b. 1943)
1999 – Dusty Springfield, English singer (b. 1939)
2000 – Sandra Schmirler, Canadian curler (b. 1963)
2003 – Hank Ballard, American singer songwriter (b. 1927)
2003 – Malcolm Williamson, Australian pianist and composer (b. 1931)
2004 – Cormac McAnallen, Irish footballer (b. 1980)
2004 – Mercedes McCambridge, American actress (b. 1916)
2004 – Marge Schott, American businesswoman (b. 1928)
2005 – Martin Denny, American pianist and composer (b. 1911)
2007 – Thomas S. Kleppe, American soldier and politician, 41st United States Secretary of the Interior (b. 1919)
2007 – Clem Labine, American baseball player (b. 1926)
2007 – Ivan Safronov, Russian colonel and journalist (b. 1956)
2007 – Henri Troyat, Russian French historian and author (b. 1911)
2008 – Jeff Healey, Canadian singer songwriter and guitarist (b. 1966)
2009 – João Bernardo Vieira, Bissau Guinean politician, President of Guinea Bissau (b. 1939)
2010 – Winston Churchill, English journalist and politician (b. 1940)
2012 – Lawrence Anthony, South African environmentalist, explorer, and author (b. 1950)
2012 – Van T. Barfoot, American colonel, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1919)
2012 – Norman St John Stevas, English academic and politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (b. 1929)
2012 – James Q. Wilson, American political scientist and academic (b. 1931)
2013 – Peter Harvey, Australian journalist (b. 1944)
2013 – Giorgos Kolokithas, Greek basketball player (b. 1945)
2013 – Shabnam Shakeel, Pakistani poet and author (b. 1942)
2014 – Ryhor Baradulin, Belarusian poet and translator (b. 1935)
2015 – Dean Hess, American minister and colonel (b. 1917)
2015 – Dave Mackay, Scottish English footballer and manager (b. 1934)
2015 – Mal Peet, English author and illustrator (b. 1947)
2016 – Benoît Lacroix, Canadian priest, historian, and philosopher (b. 1915)
2016 – Aubrey McClendon, American businessman (b. 1959)
2018 – Billy Herrington, American actor (b. 1969)
2018 – Lin Hu, Chinese lieutenant general (b. 1927)
2019 – Mike Oliver, British sociologist, disability rights activist (b. 1945)