Исторические события разных лет

12 BCE – The Roman emperor Augustus is named Pontifex Maximus, incorporating the position into that of the emperor. 632 – The Farewell Sermon (Khutbah, Khutbatul Wada') of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. 845 – The 42 Martyrs of Amorium are killed after refusing to convert to Islam. 961 – Byzantine conquest of Chandax by Nikephoros Phokas, end of the Emirate of Crete. 1204 – The Siege of Château Gaillard ends in a French victory over King John of England, who loses control of Normandy to King Philip II Augustus. 1323 – Treaty of Paris of 1323 is signed. 1454 – Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of the Prussian Confederation pledge allegiance to King Casimir IV of Poland who agrees to commit his forces in aiding the Confederation's struggle for independence from the Teutonic Knights. 1521 – Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Guam.

1651 – The town of Kajaani, known at the time as Cajanaburg, is founded by Count Per Brahe, the Governor General of Finland. 1665 – The first joint Secretary of the Royal Society, Henry Oldenburg, publishes the first issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, the world's longest running scientific journal. 1788 – The First Fleet arrives at Norfolk Island in order to found a convict settlement. 1820 – The Missouri Compromise is signed into law by President James Monroe. The compromise allows Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state, brings Maine into the Union as a free state, and makes the rest of the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase territory slavery free. 1834 – York, Upper Canada, is incorporated as Toronto. 1836 – Texas Revolution: Battle of the Alamo: After a thirteen day siege by an army of 3,000 Mexican troops, the 187 Texas volunteers, including frontiersman Davy Crockett and colonel Jim Bowie, defending the Alamo are killed and the fort is captured. 1857 – The Supreme Court of the United States rules 7–2 in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case that the Constitution does not confer citizenship on black people. 1869 – Dmitri Mendeleev presents the first periodic table to the Russian Chemical Society. 1882 – The Serbian kingdom is re founded. 1899 – Bayer registers "Aspirin" as a trademark.

1901 – Anarchist assassin tries to kill German Emperor Wilhelm II. 1904 – Scottish National Antarctic Expedition: Led by William Speirs Bruce, the Antarctic region of Coats Land was discovered from the Scotia. 1912 – Italo Turkish War: Italian forces become the first to use airships in war, as two dirigibles drop bombs on Turkish troops encamped at Janzur, from an altitude of 6,000 feet (1829 m). 1930 – International Unemployment Day demonstrations globally initiated by the Comintern. 1933 – Great Depression: President Franklin D. Roosevelt declares a "bank holiday", closing all U. S. banks and freezing all financial transactions. 1943 – Norman Rockwell published Freedom from Want in The Saturday Evening Post with a matching essay by Carlos Bulosan as part of the Four Freedoms series. 1943 – World War II: Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel launches the Battle of Medenine in an attempt to slow down the British Eight Army. It fails, and he leaves Africa three days later. 1943 – World War II: The Battle of Fardykambos, one of the first major battles between the Greek Resistance and the occupying Royal Italian Army, ends with the surrender of an entire Italian battalion, the bulk of the garrison of the town of Grevena, leading to its liberation a fortnight later. 1944 – World War II: Soviet Air Forces bomb an evacuated town of Narva in German occupied Estonia, destroying the entire historical Swedish era town. 1945 – World War II: Cologne is captured by American troops. On the same day, Operation Spring Awakening, the last major German offensive of the war, begins. 1946 – Ho Chi Minh signs an agreement with France which recognizes Vietnam as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the French Union. 1951 – Cold War: The trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg begins. 1953 – Georgy Malenkov succeeds Joseph Stalin as Premier of the Soviet Union and First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. 1957 – Ghana becomes the first Sub Saharan country to gain independence from the British. 1964 – Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad officially gives boxing champion Cassius Clay the name Muhammad Ali. 1964 – Constantine II becomes the last King of Greece. 1965 – Premier Tom Playford of South Australia loses power after 27 years in office. 1967 – Cold War: Joseph Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva defects to the United States. 1968 – Three rebels are executed by Rhodesia, the first executions since UDI, prompting international condemnation. 1970 – An explosion at the Weather Underground safe house in Greenwich Village kills three. 1975 – For the first time the Zapruder film of the assassination of John F. Kennedy is shown in motion to a national TV audience by Robert J. Groden and Dick Gregory. 1975 – Algiers Accord: Iran and Iraq announce a settlement of their border dispute. 1984 – In the United Kingdom, a walkout at Cortonwood Colliery in Brampton Bierlow signals the start of a strike that lasted almost a year and involved the majority of the country's miners. 1987 – The British ferry capsizes in about 90 seconds, killing 193. 1988 – Three Provisional Irish Republican Army volunteers are shot dead by the SAS in Gibraltar in Operation Flavius. 1992 – The Michelangelo computer virus begins to affect computers. 2003 – Air Algérie Flight 6289 crashes at the Aguenar – Hadj Bey Akhamok Airport in Tamanrasset, Algeria, killing 102 out of the 103 people on board. 2008 – A suicide bomber kills 68 people (including first responders) in Baghdad on the same day that a gunman kills eight students in Jerusalem. 2018 – Forbes names Jeff Bezos as the world's richest person, for the first time, at $112 billion net worth. 2020 – Thirty two people are killed and 81 are injured when gunmen open fire on a ceremony in Kabul, Afghanistan. The Islamic State claims responsibility for the attack.

1340 – John of Gaunt (probable; d. 1399)
1405 – John II of Castile (d. 1454)
1459 – Jakob Fugger, German merchant and banker (d. 1525)
1475 – Michelangelo, Italian painter and sculptor (d. 1564)
1483 – Francesco Guicciardini, Italian historian and politician (d. 1540)
1493 – Juan Luis Vives, Spanish scholar and humanist (d. 1540)
1495 – Luigi Alamanni, Italian poet and diplomat (d. 1556)
1536 – Santi di Tito, Italian painter (d. 1603)

1619 – Cyrano de Bergerac, French author and playwright (d. 1655)
1663 – Francis Atterbury, English bishop and poet (d. 1732)
1706 – George Pocock, English admiral (d. 1792)
1716 – Pehr Kalm, Swedish Finnish botanist and explorer (d. 1779)
1724 – Henry Laurens, English American merchant and politician, 5th President of the Continental Congress (d. 1792)
1761 – Antoine François Andréossy, French general and diplomat (d. 1828)
1779 – Antoine Henri Jomini, Swiss French general (d. 1869)
1780 – Lucy Barnes, American writer (d. 1809)
1785 – Karol Kurpiński, Polish composer and conductor (d. 1857)
1787 – Joseph von Fraunhofer, German physicist and astronomer (d. 1826)
1806 – Elizabeth Barrett Browning, English Italian poet and translator (d. 1861)
1812 – Aaron Lufkin Dennison, American businessman, co founded the Waltham Watch Company (d. 1895)
1817 – Princess Clémentine of Orléans (d. 1907)
1818 – William Claflin, American businessman and politician, 27th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1905)
1823 – Charles I of Württemberg (d. 1891)
1826 – Annie Feray Mutrie, British painter (d. 1893)
1831 – Philip Sheridan, Irish American general (d. 1888)
1834 – George du Maurier, French English author and illustrator (d. 1896)
1841 – Viktor Burenin, Russian author, poet, playwright, and critic (d. 1926)
1849 – Georg Luger, Austrian gun designer, designed the Luger pistol (d. 1923)
1864 – Richard Rushall, British businessman (d. 1953)
1865 – Duan Qirui, Chinese warlord and politician (d. 1936)
1870 – Oscar Straus, Viennese composer and conductor (d. 1954)
1871 – Afonso Costa, Portuguese lawyer and politician, 59th Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1937)
1872 – Ben Harney, American pianist and composer (d. 1938)
1876 – A. A. Kannisto, Finnish politician (d. 1930)
1877 – Rose Fyleman, English writer and poet (d. 1957)
1879 – Jimmy Hunter, New Zealand rugby player (d. 1962)
1882 – F. Burrall Hoffman, American architect, co designed Villa Vizcaya (d. 1980)
1882 – Guy Kibbee, American actor and singer (d. 1956)
1884 – Molla Mallory, Norwegian American tennis player (d. 1959)
1885 – Ring Lardner, American journalist and author (d. 1933)
1892 – Bert Smith, English international footballer (d. 1969)
1893 – Furry Lewis, American singer songwriter and guitarist (d. 1981)
1893 – Ella P. Stewart, pioneering Black American pharmacist (d. 1987)
1895 – Albert Tessier, Canadian priest and historian (d. 1976)
1898 – Gus Sonnenberg, American football player and wrestler (d. 1944)
1900 – Gina Cigna, French Italian soprano and actress (d. 2001)
1900 – Lefty Grove, American baseball player (d. 1975)
1900 – Henri Jeanson, French journalist and author (d. 1970)

1905 – John Henninger Reagan, American surveyor, judge, and politician, 3rd Confederate States of America Secretary of the Treasury (b. 1818)
1905 – Makar Yekmalyan, Armenian composer (b. 1856)
1919 – Oskars Kalpaks, Latvian colonel (b. 1882)
1920 – Ömer Seyfettin, Turkish author and educator (b. 1884)
1932 – John Philip Sousa, American conductor and composer (b. 1854)
1933 – Anton Cermak, Czech American lawyer and politician, 44th Mayor of Chicago (b. 1873)
1935 – Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., American colonel, lawyer, and jurist (b. 1841)
1939 – Ferdinand von Lindemann, German mathematician and academic (b. 1852)
1941 – Francis Aveling, Canadian priest, psychologist, and author (b. 1875)
1941 – Gutzon Borglum, American sculptor and academic, designed Mount Rushmore (b. 1867)
1948 – Ross Lockridge Jr., American author, poet, and academic (b. 1914)
1948 – Alice Woodby McKane, First Black woman doctor in Savannah, Georgia (b. 1865)
1950 – Albert François Lebrun, French engineer and politician, 15th President of France (b. 1871)
1951 – Ivor Novello, Welsh singer songwriter and actor (b. 1893)
1951 – Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Ukrainian playwright and politician, Prime Minister of Ukraine (b. 1880)
1952 – Jürgen Stroop, German general (b. 1895)
1955 – Mammad Amin Rasulzade, Azerbaijani scholar and politician (b. 1884)
1961 – George Formby, English singer songwriter and actor (b. 1904)
1964 – Paul of Greece (b. 1901)
1965 – Margaret Dumont, American actress (b. 1889)
1967 – John Haden Badley, English author and educator, founded the Bedales School (b. 1865)
1967 – Nelson Eddy, American actor and singer (b. 1901)
1967 – Zoltán Kodály, Hungarian composer, linguist, and philosopher (b. 1882)
1970 – William Hopper, American actor (b. 1915)
1973 – Pearl S. Buck, American novelist, essayist, short story writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892)
1974 – Ernest Becker, American anthropologist and author (b. 1924)
1976 – Maxie Rosenbloom, American boxer (b. 1903)
1977 – Alvin R. Dyer, American religious leader (b. 1903)
1981 – George Geary, English cricketer and coach (b. 1893)
1981 – Rambhau Mhalgi, Indian politician and member of the Lok Sabha (b. 1921)
1982 – Ayn Rand, Russian American philosopher, author, and playwright (b. 1905)
1984 – Billy Collins Jr., American boxer (b. 1961)
1984 – Martin Niemöller, German pastor and theologian (b. 1892)
1984 – Homer N. Wallin, American admiral (b. 1893)
1984 – Henry Wilcoxon, Dominican American actor and producer (b. 1905)
1986 – Georgia O'Keeffe, American painter (b. 1887)
1988 – Mairéad Farrell, Provisional IRA volunteer (b. 1957)
1988 – Daniel McCann, Provisional IRA volunteer (b. 1957)
1988 – Seán Savage, Provisional IRA volunteer (b. 1965)
1994 – Melina Mercouri, Greek actress and politician, 9th Greek Minister of Culture (b. 1920)
1997 – Cheddi Jagan, Guyanese politician, 4th President of Guyana (b. 1918)
1997 – Michael Manley, Jamaican soldier, pilot, and politician, 4th Prime Minister of Jamaica (b. 1924)
1997 – Ursula Torday, English author (b. 1912)
1999 – Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Bahrain king (b. 1933)
2000 – John Colicos, Canadian actor (b. 1928)
2002 – Bryan Fogarty, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1969)
2004 – Hercules, American wrestler (b. 1957)
2004 – Frances Dee, American actress (b. 1909)
2005 – Hans Bethe, German American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)
2005 – Danny Gardella, American baseball player and trainer (b. 1920)
2005 – Tommy Vance, English radio host (b. 1943)
2005 – Teresa Wright, American actress (b. 1918)
2005 – Gladys Marín, Chilean activist and political figure (b. 1938)
2006 – Anne Braden, American journalist and activist (b. 1924)
2006 – Kirby Puckett, American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1960)
2007 – Jean Baudrillard, French photographer and theorist (b. 1929)
2007 – Ernest Gallo, American businessman, co founded E & J Gallo Winery (b. 1909)
2008 – Peter Poreku Dery, Ghanaian cardinal (b. 1918)
2009 – Francis Magalona, Filipino rapper, producer, and actor (b. 1964)
2010 – Endurance Idahor, Nigerian footballer (b. 1984)
2010 – Mark Linkous, American singer songwriter, guitarist, and producer (b. 1962)
2010 – Betty Millard, American philanthropist and activist (b. 1911)
2011 – Sasao Gouland, governor of Chuuk State, Micronesia (b. 1933)
2012 – Francisco Xavier do Amaral, East Timorese politician, 1st President of East Timor (b. 1937)
2012 – Donald M. Payne, American businessman and politician (b. 1934)
2012 – Helen Walulik, American baseball player (b. 1929)
2013 – Chorão, Brazilian singer songwriter (b. 1970)
2013 – Stompin' Tom Connors, Canadian singer songwriter and guitarist (b. 1936)
2013 – Alvin Lee, English singer songwriter and guitarist (b. 1944)
2013 – W. Wallace Cleland, American biochemist and academic (b. 1930)
2014 – Alemayehu Atomsa, Ethiopian educator and politician (b. 1969)
2014 – Frank Jobe, American soldier and surgeon (b. 1925)
2014 – Sheila MacRae, English American actress, singer, and dancer (b. 1921)
2014 – Martin Nesbitt, American lawyer and politician (b. 1946)
2014 – Manlio Sgalambro, Italian philosopher, author, and poet (b. 1924)
2015 – Fred Craddock, American minister and academic (b. 1928)
2015 – Ram Sundar Das, Indian lawyer and politician, 18th Chief Minister of Bihar (b. 1921)
2015 – Enrique "Coco" Vicéns, Puerto Rican American basketball player and politician (b. 1926)
2016 – Nancy Reagan, American actress, 42nd First Lady of the United States (b. 1921)
2016 – Sheila Varian, American horse trainer and breeder (b. 1937)
2017 – Robert Osborne, American actor and historian (b. 1932)
2018 – Peter Nicholls, Australian science fiction critic and encyclopedist (b. 1939)
2021 – Lou Ottens, Dutch engineer and inventor (b. 1926)
2021 – Graham Pink, British nurse (b. 1929)