Ключевые события мировой истории: Хроника дат

326 – The old St. Peter's Basilica is consecrated by Pope Sylvester I. 401 – The Visigoths, led by king Alaric I, cross the Alps and invade northern Italy. 1095 – The Council of Clermont begins: called by Pope Urban II, it led to the First Crusade to the Holy Land. 1105 – Maginulfo is elected Antipope Sylvester IV in opposition to Pope Paschal II. 1210 – Pope Innocent III excommunicates Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV for invading the Kingdom of Sicily after promising to recognize papal control over it. 1302 – Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Unam sanctam, claiming spiritual supremacy for the papacy. 1421 – St Elizabeth's flood: A dike in the Grote Hollandse Waard in the Netherlands breaks, killing about 10,000 people. 1493 – Christopher Columbus first sights the island now known as Puerto Rico.

1601 – Tiryaki Hasan Pasha, an Ottoman provincial governor, routs the Habsburg forces commanded by Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria who were besieging Nagykanizsa. 1626 – The new St. Peter's Basilica in Rome is consecrated. 1730 – The future Frederick the Great of Prussia is granted a pardon by his father and is released from confinement. 1760 – The rebuilt debtors' prison, at the Castellania in Valletta, receives the first prisoners. 1803 – The Battle of Vertières, the last major battle of the Haitian Revolution, is fought, leading to the establishment of the Republic of Haiti, the first black republic in the Western Hemisphere. 1809 – In a naval action during the Napoleonic Wars, French frigates defeat British East Indiamen in the Bay of Bengal. 1812 – Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Krasnoi ends in French defeat, but Marshal of France Michel Ney's leadership leads to him becoming known as "the bravest of the brave". 1863 – King Christian IX of Denmark signs the November constitution that declares Schleswig to be part of Denmark. This is seen by the German Confederation as a violation of the London Protocol and leads to the German–Danish war of 1864. 1867 – An earthquake strikes the Virgin Islands, triggering the largest tsunami witnessed in the Caribbean and killing dozens. 1872 – Susan B. Anthony and 14 other women are arrested for voting illegally in the United States presidential election of 1872. 1883 – American and Canadian railroads institute five standard continental time zones, ending the confusion of thousands of local times.

1901 – Britain and the United States sign the Hay–Pauncefote Treaty, which nullifies the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty and withdraws British objections to an American controlled canal in Panama. 1903 – The Hay–Bunau Varilla Treaty is signed by the United States and Panama, giving the United States exclusive rights over the Panama Canal Zone. 1905 – Prince Carl of Denmark becomes King Haakon VII of Norway. 1909 – Two United States warships are sent to Nicaragua after 500 revolutionaries (including two Americans) are executed by order of José Santos Zelaya. 1910 – In their campaign for women's voting rights, hundreds of suffragettes march to the British Parliament in London. Several are beaten by police, newspaper attention embarrasses the authorities, and the march is dubbed Black Friday. 1963 – The first push button telephone goes into service. 1970 – U. S. President Richard Nixon asks the U. S. Congress for $155 million in supplemental aid for the Cambodian government. 1971 – Oman declares its independence from the United Kingdom. 1978 – The McDonnell Douglas F/A 18 Hornet makes its first flight, at the Naval Air Test Center in Maryland, United States. 1978 – In Jonestown, Guyana, Jim Jones leads his Peoples Temple to a mass murder–suicide that claimed 918 lives in all, 909 of them in Jonestown itself, including over 270 children. 1983 – Aeroflot Flight 6833 is hijacked en route from Tbilisi to Leningrad. After returning to Tbilisi, the aircraft is subsequentially raided on the ground, resulting in seven deaths. 1985 – The first comic of Calvin and Hobbes is published in ten newspapers. 1987 – King's Cross fire: In London, 31 people die in a fire at the city's busiest underground station, King's Cross St Pancras. 1991 – Shiite Muslim kidnappers in Lebanon release Anglican Church envoys Terry Waite and Thomas Sutherland. 1991 – After an 87 day siege, the Croatian city of Vukovar capitulates to the besieging Yugoslav People's Army and allied Serb paramilitary forces. 1991 – The autonomous Croatian Community of Herzeg Bosnia, which would in 1993 become a republic, was established in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1993 – In the United States, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is approved by the House of Representatives. 1993 – In South Africa, 21 political parties approve a new constitution, expanding voting rights and ending white minority rule. 1996 – A fire occurs on a train traveling through the Channel Tunnel from France to England causing several injuries and damaging approximately 500 metres (1,600 ft) of tunnel. 1999 – At Texas A&M University, the Aggie Bonfire collapses killing 12 students and injuring 27 others. 2002 – Iraq disarmament crisis: United Nations weapons inspectors led by Hans Blix arrive in Iraq. 2003 – The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court rules 4–3 in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health that the state's ban on same sex marriage is unconstitutional and gives the state legislature 180days to change the law making Massachusetts the first state in the United States to grant marriage rights to same sex couples. 2012 – Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria becomes the 118th Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. 2013 – NASA launches the MAVEN probe to Mars. 2020 – The Utah monolith, built sometime in 2016 is discovered by state biologists of the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources.

701 – Itzam K'an Ahk II, Mayan ruler (d. 757)
709 – Emperor Kōnin of Japan (d. 782)
1522 – Lamoral, Count of Egmont (d. 1568)
1571 – Hippolytus Guarinonius, Italian physician and polymath (d. 1654)
1576 – Philipp Ludwig II, Count of Hanau Münzenberg (d. 1612)

1630 – Eleonora Gonzaga, Italian wife of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1686)
1647 – Pierre Bayle, French philosopher and author (d. 1706)
1727 – Philibert Commerson, French physician and explorer (d. 1773)
1736 – Carl Friedrich Christian Fasch, German harpsichord player and composer (d. 1800)
1756 – Thomas Burgess, English bishop and philosopher (d. 1837)
1772 – Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia (d. 1806)
1774 – Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands (d. 1837)
1785 – David Wilkie, Scottish painter and academic (d. 1841)
1787 – Louis Daguerre, French artist, photographer and inventor (d. 1851)
1804 – Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora, Italian general and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1878)
1810 – Asa Gray, American botanist and academic (d. 1888)
1832 – Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, Finnish Swedish geologist and explorer (d. 1901)
1833 – James Patterson, English Australian politician, 17th Premier of Victoria (d. 1895)
1836 – W. S. Gilbert, English playwright, poet, and illustrator (d. 1911)
1839 – August Kundt, German physicist and educator (d. 1894)
1856 – Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (d. 1929)
1860 – Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Polish pianist, composer, and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland (d. 1941)
1866 – Henry Daglish, Australian politician, 6th Premier of Western Australia (d. 1920)
1871 – Robert Hugh Benson, English Catholic priest and novelist (d. 1914)
1874 – Clarence Day, American author and poet (d. 1935)
1876 – Victor Hémery, French racing driver (d. 1950)
1880 – Naum Torbov, Bulgarian architect, designed the Central Sofia Market Hall (d. 1952)
1882 – Amelita Galli Curci, Italian American soprano (d. 1963)
1882 – Wyndham Lewis, English painter and critic (d. 1957)
1882 – Jacques Maritain, French philosopher and author (d. 1973)
1882 – Frances Gertrude McGill, pioneering Canadian forensic pathologist (d. 1959)
1883 – Carl Vinson, American judge and politician (d. 1981)
1886 – Ferenc Münnich, Hungarian soldier and politician, 47th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1967)
1888 – Frances Marion, American screenwriter, novelist and journalist (d. 1973)
1889 – Stanislav Kosior, Polish Russian politician (d. 1939)
1891 – Gio Ponti, Italian architect, industrial designer, furniture designer, artist, and publisher.(d. 1979)
1897 – Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett, English physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)
1899 – Eugene Ormandy, Hungarian American violinist and conductor (d. 1985)
1899 – Howard Thurman, American author, philosopher and civil rights activist (d. 1981)

1664 – Miklós Zrínyi, Croatian and Hungarian military leader and statesman (b. 1620)
1724 – Bartolomeu de Gusmão, Portuguese priest (b. 1685)
1785 – Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (b. 1725)
1797 – Jacques Alexandre Laffon de Ladebat, French shipbuilder and merchant (b. 1719)
1804 – Philip Schuyler, American general and senator (b. 1733)
1814 – William Jessop, English engineer (b. 1745)
1830 – Adam Weishaupt, German philosopher and academic, founded the Illuminati (b. 1748)
1841 – Agustín Gamarra, Peruvian general and politician, 10th and 14th President of Peru (b. 1785)
1852 – Rose Philippine Duchesne, French American nun and saint (b. 1769)
1886 – Chester A. Arthur, American general, lawyer, and politician, 21st President of the United States (b. 1829)
1889 – William Allingham, Irish English poet and scholar (b. 1824)

1909 – Renée Vivien, English French poet (b. 1877)
1922 – Marcel Proust, French author and critic (b. 1871)
1927 – Scipione Borghese, 10th Prince of Sulmona Italian race car driver, explorer, and politician (b. 1871)
1936 – V. O. Chidambaram Pillai, Indian lawyer and politician (b. 1872)
1940 – Ivane Javakhishvili, Georgian historian and academic (b. 1876)
1941 – Émile Nelligan, Canadian poet and author (b. 1879)
1941 – Walther Nernst, German chemist and physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1864)
1941 – Chris Watson, Chilean Australian journalist and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1867)
1952 – Paul Éluard, French poet and author (b. 1895)
1962 – Niels Bohr, Danish footballer, physicist, and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885)
1965 – Henry A. Wallace, American agronomist and bureaucrat, 33rd Vice President of the United States, 11th US Secretary of Agriculture (b. 1888)
1969 – Ted Heath, English trombonist and bandleader (b. 1902)
1969 – Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., American businessman and diplomat, 44th United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom (b. 1888)
1972 – Danny Whitten, American singer songwriter and guitarist (Crazy Horse) (b. 1943)
1976 – Man Ray, American French photographer and painter (b. 1890)
1977 – Kurt Schuschnigg, Italian Austrian lawyer and politician, 15th Federal Chancellor of Austria (b. 1897)
1978 – Jim Jones, American cult leader, founded Peoples Temple (b. 1931)
1978 – Leo Ryan, American soldier, educator, and politician (b. 1925)
1979 – Freddie Fitzsimmons, American baseball player, coach, and manager (b. 1901)
1980 – Conn Smythe, Canadian soldier, ice hockey player, and businessman (b. 1895)
1984 – Mary Hamman, American journalist and author (b. 1907)
1986 – Gia Carangi, American model (b. 1960)
1987 – Jacques Anquetil, French cyclist (b. 1934)
1991 – Gustáv Husák, Slovak lawyer and politician, 9th President of Czechoslovakia (b. 1913)
1994 – Cab Calloway, American singer songwriter and bandleader (The Cab Calloway Orchestra) (b. 1907)
1994 – Peter Ledger, Australian painter and illustrator (b. 1945)
1995 – Miron Grindea, Romanian English journalist (b. 1909)
1998 – Tara Singh Hayer, Indian Canadian journalist and publisher (b. 1936)
1999 – Paul Bowles, American composer and author (b. 1910)
1999 – Doug Sahm, American singer and guitarist (b. 1941)
2001 – Walter Matuszczak, Polish American football player 1939 All America, 1941 New York Giants draft (b. 1918)
2002 – James Coburn, American actor (b. 1928)
2003 – Michael Kamen, American composer and conductor (b. 1948)
2004 – Robert Bacher, American physicist and academic (b. 1905)
2004 – Cy Coleman, American pianist and composer (b. 1929)
2005 – Harold J. Stone, American actor (b. 1911)
2009 – Red Robbins, American basketball player (b. 1944)
2010 – Freddy Beras Goico, Dominican comedian and television host (b. 1940)
2010 – Brian G. Marsden, English American astronomer and academic (b. 1937)
2012 – Emilio Aragón Bermúdez, Spanish clown, singer, and accordion player (b. 1929)
2012 – Phoebe Hearst Cooke, American businesswoman and philanthropist (b. 1927)
2013 – Thomas Howard, American football player (b. 1983)
2013 – S. R. D. Vaidyanathan, Indian nadaswaram player and composer (b. 1929)
2013 – Ljubomir Vračarević, Serbian martial artist, founded Real Aikido (b. 1947)
2013 – Peter Wintonick, Canadian director and producer (b. 1953)
2014 – Dave Appell, American singer songwriter and producer (b. 1922)
2014 – Pepe Eliaschev, Argentinian journalist and author (b. 1945)
2014 – Ahmad Lozi, Jordanian educator and politician, 48th Prime Minister of Jordan (b. 1925)
2014 – C. Rudhraiya, Indian director and producer (b. 1947)
2015 – Abdelhamid Abaaoud, Belgian Moroccan terrorist (b. 1987)
2015 – Dan Halldorson, Canadian American golfer (b. 1952)
2015 – Jonah Lomu, New Zealand rugby player (b. 1975)
2016 – Sharon Jones, American soul and funk singer (b. 1956)
2016 – Denton Cooley, American surgeon and scientist (b. 1920)
2017 – Malcolm Young, Scottish Australian hard rock guitarist (b. 1953)
2020 – Kirby Morrow, Canadian actor, comedian and writer (b. 1973)
2022 – Tabassum, Indian actress and talk show host (b. 1944)