Введение
Тип подшипника качения. Отдельные шарики, используемые в этом типе подшипника, которые иногда ошибочно называют самими "шариковыми подшипниками".
Type of rolling element bearing
individual balls used in this kind of bearing that are sometimes incorrectly called "ball bearings" themselves
individual balls used in this kind of bearing that are sometimes incorrectly called "ball bearings" themselves
Шариковый подшипник – это тип подшипника качения, использующий шарики для поддержания зазора между обоймами подшипника. Назначение шарикового подшипника – снижение вращательного трения и восприятие радиальных и осевых нагрузок. Это достигается за счет использования как минимум двух обойм для удержания шариков и передачи нагрузки через них. В большинстве случаев одна обойма неподвижна, а другая закреплена на вращающемся элементе (например, на ступице или валу). При вращении одной из обойм шарики также начинают вращаться. Благодаря тому, что шарики катятся, коэффициент трения у них значительно ниже, чем при скольжении двух плоских поверхностей друг относительно друга. Шариковые подшипники, как правило, имеют меньшую грузоподъемность при тех же размерах, чем другие типы подшипников качения, из-за меньшей площади контакта между шариками и обоймами. Однако они допускают некоторое несоосность внутренних и внешних обойм.
A ball bearing is a type of rolling element bearing that uses balls to maintain the separation between the bearing races. The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction and support radial and axial loads. It achieves this by using at least two races to contain the balls and transmit the loads through the balls. In most applications, one race is stationary and the other is attached to the rotating assembly (e. g., a hub or shaft). As one of the bearing races rotates it causes the balls to rotate as well. Because the balls are rolling they have a much lower coefficient of friction than if two flat surfaces were sliding against each other. Ball bearings tend to have lower load capacity for their size than other kinds of rolling element bearings due to the smaller contact area between the balls and races. However, they can tolerate some misalignment of the inner and outer races.
История
Хотя подшипники известны с древних времен, первый задокументированный современный патент на шариковый подшипник был выдан Филиппу Воану, валлийскому изобретателю и владельцу железоделательного завода, который создал первый проект шарикового подшипника в Кармартене в 1794 году. Его конструкция стала первым современным дизайном шарикового подшипника, в котором шарики перемещались по канавке в узле оси. Жюль Сюрире, парижский велосипедный механик, разработал первый радиальный шариковый подшипник в 1869 году, который затем был установлен на велосипед Джеймса Мура, победившего в первой в мире велосипедной шоссейной гонке Париж — Руан в ноябре 1869 года.
Although bearings had been developed since ancient times, the first modern recorded patent on ball bearings was awarded to Philip Vaughan, a Welsh inventor and ironmaster who created the first design for a ball bearing in Carmarthen in 1794. His was the first modern ball bearing design, with the ball running along a groove in the axle assembly. Jules Suriray, a Parisian bicycle mechanic, designed the first radial style ball bearing in 1869, which was then fitted to the winning bicycle ridden by James Moore in the world's first bicycle road race, Paris Rouen, in November 1869.
Общие образцы
Существует несколько распространенных конструкций шариковых подшипников, каждая из которых предлагает различные компромиссы в производительности. Они могут быть изготовлены из множества различных материалов, включая нержавеющую сталь, хромированную сталь и керамику (нитрид кремния, Si3N4). Гибридный шариковый подшипник – это подшипник с керамическими шариками и металлическими обоймами.
There are several common designs of ball bearing, each offering various performance trade offs. They can be made from many different materials, including stainless steel, chrome steel, and ceramic (silicon nitride, Si3N4). A hybrid ball bearing is a bearing with ceramic balls and metal races. Angular contact An angular contact ball bearing uses axially asymmetric races. An axial load passes in a straight line through the bearing, whereas a radial load takes an oblique path that acts to separate the races axially. So the angle of contact on the inner race is the same as that on the outer race. Angular contact bearings better support combined loads (loading in both the radial and axial directions) and the contact angle of the bearing should be matched to the relative proportions of each. The larger the contact angle (typically in the range 10 to 45 degrees), the higher the axial load supported, but the lower the radial load. In high speed applications, such as turbines, jet engines, and dentistry equipment, the centrifugal forces generated by the balls changes the contact angle at the inner and outer race. Ceramics such as silicon nitride are now regularly used in such applications due to their low density (40% of steel). These materials significantly reduce centrifugal force and function well in high temperature environments. They also tend to wear in a similar way to bearing steel—rather than cracking or shattering like glass or porcelain. Most bicycles use angular contact bearings in the headsets because the forces on these bearings are in both the radial and axial direction. Axial An axial or thrust ball bearing uses side by side races. An axial load is transmitted directly through the bearing, while a radial load is poorly supported and tends to separate the races, so that a larger radial load is likely to damage the bearing. Deep groove In a deep groove radial bearing, the race dimensions are close to the dimensions of the balls that run in it. Deep groove bearings support higher loads than a shallower groove. Like angular contact bearings, deep groove bearings support both radial and axial loads, but without a choice of contact angle to allow choice of relative proportion of these load capacities. Preloaded pairs The above basic types of bearings are typically applied in a method of preloaded pairs, where two individual bearings are rigidly fastened along a rotating shaft to face each other. This improves the axial runout by taking up (preloading) the necessary slight clearance between the bearing balls and races. Pairing also provides an advantage of evenly distributing the loads, nearly doubling the total load capacity compared to a single bearing. Angular contact bearings are almost always used in opposing pairs: the asymmetric design of each bearing supports axial loads in only one direction, so an opposed pair is required if the application demands support in both directions. The preloading force must be designed and assembled carefully, because it deducts from the axial force capacity of the bearings, and can damage bearings if applied excessively. The pairing mechanism may simply face the bearings together directly, or separate them with a shim, bushing, or shaft feature.
Угловой контакт. Угловой контактный шариковый подшипник использует асимметричные обоймы по оси. Осевая нагрузка проходит по прямой линии через подшипник, в то время как радиальная нагрузка проходит по наклонной траектории, которая стремится разъединить обоймы по оси. Таким образом, угол контакта на внутренней обойме равен углу контакта на внешней обойме. Угловые контактные подшипники лучше выдерживают комбинированные нагрузки (нагрузки как в радиальном, так и в осевом направлениях), и угол контакта подшипника должен соответствовать относительным пропорциям этих нагрузок. Чем больше угол контакта (обычно в диапазоне от 10 до 45 градусов), тем выше выдерживаемая осевая нагрузка, но тем ниже радиальная нагрузка. В высокоскоростных применениях, таких как турбины, реактивные двигатели и стоматологическое оборудование, центробежные силы, создаваемые шариками, изменяют угол контакта на внутренней и внешней обоймах. Керамика, такая как нитрид кремния, теперь регулярно используется в таких применениях благодаря своей низкой плотности (40% от плотности стали). Эти материалы значительно снижают центробежную силу и хорошо работают в условиях высоких температур. Они также изнашиваются схожим образом со стальными подшипниками – вместо того, чтобы трескаться или разрушаться, как стекло или фарфор. Большинство велосипедов используют угловые контактные подшипники в рулевых колонках, поскольку силы, действующие на эти подшипники, направлены как в радиальном, так и в осевом направлении.
There are several common designs of ball bearing, each offering various performance trade offs. They can be made from many different materials, including stainless steel, chrome steel, and ceramic (silicon nitride, Si3N4). A hybrid ball bearing is a bearing with ceramic balls and metal races. Angular contact An angular contact ball bearing uses axially asymmetric races. An axial load passes in a straight line through the bearing, whereas a radial load takes an oblique path that acts to separate the races axially. So the angle of contact on the inner race is the same as that on the outer race. Angular contact bearings better support combined loads (loading in both the radial and axial directions) and the contact angle of the bearing should be matched to the relative proportions of each. The larger the contact angle (typically in the range 10 to 45 degrees), the higher the axial load supported, but the lower the radial load. In high speed applications, such as turbines, jet engines, and dentistry equipment, the centrifugal forces generated by the balls changes the contact angle at the inner and outer race. Ceramics such as silicon nitride are now regularly used in such applications due to their low density (40% of steel). These materials significantly reduce centrifugal force and function well in high temperature environments. They also tend to wear in a similar way to bearing steel—rather than cracking or shattering like glass or porcelain. Most bicycles use angular contact bearings in the headsets because the forces on these bearings are in both the radial and axial direction. Axial An axial or thrust ball bearing uses side by side races. An axial load is transmitted directly through the bearing, while a radial load is poorly supported and tends to separate the races, so that a larger radial load is likely to damage the bearing. Deep groove In a deep groove radial bearing, the race dimensions are close to the dimensions of the balls that run in it. Deep groove bearings support higher loads than a shallower groove. Like angular contact bearings, deep groove bearings support both radial and axial loads, but without a choice of contact angle to allow choice of relative proportion of these load capacities. Preloaded pairs The above basic types of bearings are typically applied in a method of preloaded pairs, where two individual bearings are rigidly fastened along a rotating shaft to face each other. This improves the axial runout by taking up (preloading) the necessary slight clearance between the bearing balls and races. Pairing also provides an advantage of evenly distributing the loads, nearly doubling the total load capacity compared to a single bearing. Angular contact bearings are almost always used in opposing pairs: the asymmetric design of each bearing supports axial loads in only one direction, so an opposed pair is required if the application demands support in both directions. The preloading force must be designed and assembled carefully, because it deducts from the axial force capacity of the bearings, and can damage bearings if applied excessively. The pairing mechanism may simply face the bearings together directly, or separate them with a shim, bushing, or shaft feature.
Осевой. Осевой или упорный шариковый подшипник использует обоймы, расположенные бок о бок. Осевая нагрузка передается непосредственно через подшипник, в то время как радиальная нагрузка поддерживается плохо и стремится разъединить обоймы, поэтому большая радиальная нагрузка может повредить подшипник.
There are several common designs of ball bearing, each offering various performance trade offs. They can be made from many different materials, including stainless steel, chrome steel, and ceramic (silicon nitride, Si3N4). A hybrid ball bearing is a bearing with ceramic balls and metal races. Angular contact An angular contact ball bearing uses axially asymmetric races. An axial load passes in a straight line through the bearing, whereas a radial load takes an oblique path that acts to separate the races axially. So the angle of contact on the inner race is the same as that on the outer race. Angular contact bearings better support combined loads (loading in both the radial and axial directions) and the contact angle of the bearing should be matched to the relative proportions of each. The larger the contact angle (typically in the range 10 to 45 degrees), the higher the axial load supported, but the lower the radial load. In high speed applications, such as turbines, jet engines, and dentistry equipment, the centrifugal forces generated by the balls changes the contact angle at the inner and outer race. Ceramics such as silicon nitride are now regularly used in such applications due to their low density (40% of steel). These materials significantly reduce centrifugal force and function well in high temperature environments. They also tend to wear in a similar way to bearing steel—rather than cracking or shattering like glass or porcelain. Most bicycles use angular contact bearings in the headsets because the forces on these bearings are in both the radial and axial direction. Axial An axial or thrust ball bearing uses side by side races. An axial load is transmitted directly through the bearing, while a radial load is poorly supported and tends to separate the races, so that a larger radial load is likely to damage the bearing. Deep groove In a deep groove radial bearing, the race dimensions are close to the dimensions of the balls that run in it. Deep groove bearings support higher loads than a shallower groove. Like angular contact bearings, deep groove bearings support both radial and axial loads, but without a choice of contact angle to allow choice of relative proportion of these load capacities. Preloaded pairs The above basic types of bearings are typically applied in a method of preloaded pairs, where two individual bearings are rigidly fastened along a rotating shaft to face each other. This improves the axial runout by taking up (preloading) the necessary slight clearance between the bearing balls and races. Pairing also provides an advantage of evenly distributing the loads, nearly doubling the total load capacity compared to a single bearing. Angular contact bearings are almost always used in opposing pairs: the asymmetric design of each bearing supports axial loads in only one direction, so an opposed pair is required if the application demands support in both directions. The preloading force must be designed and assembled carefully, because it deducts from the axial force capacity of the bearings, and can damage bearings if applied excessively. The pairing mechanism may simply face the bearings together directly, or separate them with a shim, bushing, or shaft feature.
Глубокий канав. В радиальном подшипнике с глубоким канавом размеры обойм близки к размерам шариков, которые в нем катятся. Подшипники с глубоким канавом выдерживают более высокие нагрузки, чем подшипники с мелким канавом. Как и угловые контактные подшипники, глубококанавные подшипники поддерживают как радиальные, так и осевые нагрузки, но без возможности выбора угла контакта для регулировки относительной пропорции этих нагрузочных способностей.
There are several common designs of ball bearing, each offering various performance trade offs. They can be made from many different materials, including stainless steel, chrome steel, and ceramic (silicon nitride, Si3N4). A hybrid ball bearing is a bearing with ceramic balls and metal races. Angular contact An angular contact ball bearing uses axially asymmetric races. An axial load passes in a straight line through the bearing, whereas a radial load takes an oblique path that acts to separate the races axially. So the angle of contact on the inner race is the same as that on the outer race. Angular contact bearings better support combined loads (loading in both the radial and axial directions) and the contact angle of the bearing should be matched to the relative proportions of each. The larger the contact angle (typically in the range 10 to 45 degrees), the higher the axial load supported, but the lower the radial load. In high speed applications, such as turbines, jet engines, and dentistry equipment, the centrifugal forces generated by the balls changes the contact angle at the inner and outer race. Ceramics such as silicon nitride are now regularly used in such applications due to their low density (40% of steel). These materials significantly reduce centrifugal force and function well in high temperature environments. They also tend to wear in a similar way to bearing steel—rather than cracking or shattering like glass or porcelain. Most bicycles use angular contact bearings in the headsets because the forces on these bearings are in both the radial and axial direction. Axial An axial or thrust ball bearing uses side by side races. An axial load is transmitted directly through the bearing, while a radial load is poorly supported and tends to separate the races, so that a larger radial load is likely to damage the bearing. Deep groove In a deep groove radial bearing, the race dimensions are close to the dimensions of the balls that run in it. Deep groove bearings support higher loads than a shallower groove. Like angular contact bearings, deep groove bearings support both radial and axial loads, but without a choice of contact angle to allow choice of relative proportion of these load capacities. Preloaded pairs The above basic types of bearings are typically applied in a method of preloaded pairs, where two individual bearings are rigidly fastened along a rotating shaft to face each other. This improves the axial runout by taking up (preloading) the necessary slight clearance between the bearing balls and races. Pairing also provides an advantage of evenly distributing the loads, nearly doubling the total load capacity compared to a single bearing. Angular contact bearings are almost always used in opposing pairs: the asymmetric design of each bearing supports axial loads in only one direction, so an opposed pair is required if the application demands support in both directions. The preloading force must be designed and assembled carefully, because it deducts from the axial force capacity of the bearings, and can damage bearings if applied excessively. The pairing mechanism may simply face the bearings together directly, or separate them with a shim, bushing, or shaft feature.
Предварительно нагруженные пары. Вышеуказанные основные типы подшипников обычно применяются в виде предварительно нагруженных пар, где два отдельных подшипника жестко закреплены на вращающемся валу друг напротив друга. Это улучшает осевое биение за счет устранения (предварительной нагрузки) небольшого зазора между шариками подшипника и обоймами. Использование пары также обеспечивает преимущество равномерного распределения нагрузки, почти удваивая общую грузоподъемность по сравнению с одним подшипником. Угловые контактные подшипники почти всегда используются в противоположных парах: асимметричная конструкция каждого подшипника поддерживает осевые нагрузки только в одном направлении, поэтому требуется противоположная пара, если применение требует поддержки в обоих направлениях. Сила предварительной нагрузки должна быть тщательно спроектирована и собрана, поскольку она уменьшает осевую грузоподъемность подшипников и может повредить подшипники при чрезмерном усилии. Механизм сопряжения может просто соединять подшипники напрямую или разделять их с помощью прокладки, втулки или элемента вала.
There are several common designs of ball bearing, each offering various performance trade offs. They can be made from many different materials, including stainless steel, chrome steel, and ceramic (silicon nitride, Si3N4). A hybrid ball bearing is a bearing with ceramic balls and metal races. Angular contact An angular contact ball bearing uses axially asymmetric races. An axial load passes in a straight line through the bearing, whereas a radial load takes an oblique path that acts to separate the races axially. So the angle of contact on the inner race is the same as that on the outer race. Angular contact bearings better support combined loads (loading in both the radial and axial directions) and the contact angle of the bearing should be matched to the relative proportions of each. The larger the contact angle (typically in the range 10 to 45 degrees), the higher the axial load supported, but the lower the radial load. In high speed applications, such as turbines, jet engines, and dentistry equipment, the centrifugal forces generated by the balls changes the contact angle at the inner and outer race. Ceramics such as silicon nitride are now regularly used in such applications due to their low density (40% of steel). These materials significantly reduce centrifugal force and function well in high temperature environments. They also tend to wear in a similar way to bearing steel—rather than cracking or shattering like glass or porcelain. Most bicycles use angular contact bearings in the headsets because the forces on these bearings are in both the radial and axial direction. Axial An axial or thrust ball bearing uses side by side races. An axial load is transmitted directly through the bearing, while a radial load is poorly supported and tends to separate the races, so that a larger radial load is likely to damage the bearing. Deep groove In a deep groove radial bearing, the race dimensions are close to the dimensions of the balls that run in it. Deep groove bearings support higher loads than a shallower groove. Like angular contact bearings, deep groove bearings support both radial and axial loads, but without a choice of contact angle to allow choice of relative proportion of these load capacities. Preloaded pairs The above basic types of bearings are typically applied in a method of preloaded pairs, where two individual bearings are rigidly fastened along a rotating shaft to face each other. This improves the axial runout by taking up (preloading) the necessary slight clearance between the bearing balls and races. Pairing also provides an advantage of evenly distributing the loads, nearly doubling the total load capacity compared to a single bearing. Angular contact bearings are almost always used in opposing pairs: the asymmetric design of each bearing supports axial loads in only one direction, so an opposed pair is required if the application demands support in both directions. The preloading force must be designed and assembled carefully, because it deducts from the axial force capacity of the bearings, and can damage bearings if applied excessively. The pairing mechanism may simply face the bearings together directly, or separate them with a shim, bushing, or shaft feature.
Типы конструкции
Конрад Шариковый подшипник в стиле Конрада назван в честь его изобретателя Роберта Конрада, которому были выданы британский патент № 12206 в 1903 году и патент США № 822723 в 1906 году. Эти подшипники собираются путем установки внутреннего кольца в эксцентричное положение относительно внешнего кольца, при этом два кольца соприкасаются в одной точке, создавая большой зазор напротив точки контакта. Шарики вставляются через этот зазор, а затем равномерно распределяются по всей сборке подшипника, в результате чего кольца становятся концентрическими. Сборка завершается установкой сепаратора для удержания шариков в заданном положении относительно друг друга. Без сепаратора шарики со временем сместятся во время работы, что приведет к выходу подшипника из строя. Сепаратор не воспринимает нагрузку и служит только для поддержания положения шариков. Подшипники Конрада обладают преимуществом – способностью выдерживать как радиальные, так и осевые нагрузки, однако их грузоподъемность ниже из-за ограниченного количества шариков, которые можно поместить в сборку. Наиболее распространенным промышленным шариковым подшипником, вероятно, является радиальный шариковый подшипник глубокого заполнения в стиле Конрада, который используется в большинстве отраслей машиностроения.
Conrad The Conrad style ball bearing is named after its inventor, Robert Conrad, who was awarded British patent 12,206 in 1903 and U. S. patent 822,723 in 1906. These bearings are assembled by placing the inner ring into an eccentric position relative to the outer ring, with the two rings in contact at one point, resulting in a large gap opposite the point of contact. The balls are inserted through the gap and then evenly distributed around the bearing assembly, causing the rings to become concentric. Assembly is completed by fitting a cage to the balls to maintain their positions relative to each other. Without the cage, the balls would eventually drift out of position during operation, causing the bearing to fail. The cage carries no load and serves only to maintain ball position. Conrad bearings have the advantage that they are able to withstand both radial and axial loads, but have the disadvantage of lower load capacity due to the limited number of balls that can be loaded into the bearing assembly. Probably the most familiar industrial ball bearing is the deep groove Conrad style. The bearing is used in most of the mechanical industries. Slot fill In a slot fill radial bearing, the inner and outer races are notched on one face so that when the notches are aligned, balls can be slipped in the resulting slot to assemble the bearing. A slot fill bearing has the advantage that more balls can be assembled (even allowing a full complement design), resulting in a higher radial load capacity than a Conrad bearing of the same dimensions and material type. However, a slot fill bearing cannot carry a significant axial load, and the slots cause a discontinuity in the races that can have a small but adverse effect on strength. Relieved race Relieved race ball bearings are 'relieved' as the name suggests by having either the OD of the inner ring reduced on one side, or the ID of the outer ring increased on one side. This allows a greater number of balls to be assembled into either the inner or outer race, and then press fit over the relief. Sometimes the outer ring will be heated to facilitate assembly. Like the slot fill construction, relieved race construction allows a greater number of balls than Conrad construction, up to and including full complement, and the extra ball count gives extra load capacity. However, a relieved race bearing can only support significant axial loads in one direction ('away from' the relieved race). Fractured race Another way of fitting more balls into a radial ball bearing is by radially 'fracturing' (slicing) one of the rings all the way through, loading the balls in, re assembling the fractured portion, and then using a pair of steel bands to hold the fractured ring sections together in alignment. Again, this allows more balls, including full ball complement, however unlike with either slot fill or relieved race constructions, it can support significant axial loading in either direction. Rows There are two row designs: single row bearings and double row bearings. Most ball bearings are a single row design, which means there is one row of bearing balls. This design works with radial and thrust loads. A double row design has two rows of bearing balls. Advantages of double row bearings as compared to single row include that they can bear radial and axial loads in both directions. Double row angular contact ball bearings have a steep mounting, which also can bear tilting effects. Other advantages of double row bearings are their rigidity and compactness. Their disadvantage is they need better alignment than single row bearings. Flanged Bearings with a flange on the outer ring simplify axial location. The housing for such bearings can consist of a through hole of uniform diameter, but the entry face of the housing (which may be either the outer or inner face) must be machined truly normal to the hole axis. However such flanges are very expensive to manufacture. A more cost effective arrangement of the bearing outer ring, with similar benefits, is a snap ring groove at either or both ends of the outside diameter. The snap ring assumes the function of a flange. Caged Cages are typically used to secure the balls in a Conrad style ball bearing. In other construction types they may decrease the number of balls depending on the specific cage shape, and thus reduce the load capacity. Without cages the tangential position is stabilized by sliding of two convex surfaces on each other. With a cage the tangential position is stabilized by a sliding of a convex surface in a matched concave surface, which avoids dents in the balls and has lower friction. Caged roller bearings were invented by John Harrison in the mid 18th century as part of his work on chronographs. Hybrid ball bearings using ceramic balls Ceramic bearing balls can weigh up to 40% less than steel ones, depending on size and material. This reduces centrifugal loading and skidding, so hybrid ceramic bearings can operate 20% to 40% faster than conventional bearings. This means that the outer race groove exerts less force inward against the ball as the bearing spins. This reduction in force reduces the friction and rolling resistance. The lighter balls allow the bearing to spin faster, and uses less power to maintain its speed. The ceramic balls are typically harder than the race. Due to wear, with time they will form a groove in the race. This is preferable to the balls wearing which would leave them with possible flat spots significantly harming performance. While ceramic hybrid bearings use ceramic balls in place of steel ones, they are constructed with steel inner and outer rings; hence the hybrid designation. While the ceramic material itself is stronger than steel, it is also stiffer, which results in increased stresses on the rings, and hence decreased load capacity. Ceramic balls are electrically insulating, which can prevent 'arcing' failures if current should be passed through the bearing. Ceramic balls can also be effective in environments where lubrication may not be available (such as in space applications). In some settings only a thin coating of ceramic is used over a metal ball bearing. Fully ceramic bearings These bearings make use of both ceramic balls and race. These bearings are impervious to corrosion and rarely require lubrication if at all. Due to the stiffness and hardness of the balls and race these bearings are noisy at high speeds. The stiffness of the ceramic makes these bearings brittle and liable to crack under load or impact. Because both ball and race are of similar hardness, wear can lead to chipping at high speeds of both the balls and the race, which can cause sparking. Self aligning Self aligning ball bearings, such as the Wingqvist bearing shown in the picture, are constructed with the inner ring and ball assembly contained within an outer ring that has a spherical raceway. This construction allows the bearing to tolerate a small angular misalignment resulting from shaft or housing deflections or improper mounting. The bearing was used mainly in bearing arrangements with very long shafts, such as transmission shafts in textile factories. One drawback of the self aligning ball bearings is a limited load rating, as the outer raceway has very low osculation (its radius is much larger than the ball radius). This led to the invention of the spherical roller bearing, which has a similar design, but uses rollers instead of balls. The spherical roller thrust bearing is another invention derived from the findings by Wingqvist.
Заполнение паза В радиальном подшипнике с заполнением паза внутренние и внешние кольца имеют выточки на одной стороне, благодаря чему шарики можно вставить в образовавшийся паз при совмещении выточек для сборки подшипника. Подшипники с заполнением паза имеют преимущество в том, что в них можно установить большее количество шариков (вплоть до полного комплекта), что обеспечивает более высокую радиальную грузоподъемность по сравнению с подшипником Конрада тех же размеров и из того же материала. Однако подшипник с заполнением паза не может выдерживать значительные осевые нагрузки, а пазы создают разрыв в кольцах, который может незначительно снизить прочность.
Conrad The Conrad style ball bearing is named after its inventor, Robert Conrad, who was awarded British patent 12,206 in 1903 and U. S. patent 822,723 in 1906. These bearings are assembled by placing the inner ring into an eccentric position relative to the outer ring, with the two rings in contact at one point, resulting in a large gap opposite the point of contact. The balls are inserted through the gap and then evenly distributed around the bearing assembly, causing the rings to become concentric. Assembly is completed by fitting a cage to the balls to maintain their positions relative to each other. Without the cage, the balls would eventually drift out of position during operation, causing the bearing to fail. The cage carries no load and serves only to maintain ball position. Conrad bearings have the advantage that they are able to withstand both radial and axial loads, but have the disadvantage of lower load capacity due to the limited number of balls that can be loaded into the bearing assembly. Probably the most familiar industrial ball bearing is the deep groove Conrad style. The bearing is used in most of the mechanical industries. Slot fill In a slot fill radial bearing, the inner and outer races are notched on one face so that when the notches are aligned, balls can be slipped in the resulting slot to assemble the bearing. A slot fill bearing has the advantage that more balls can be assembled (even allowing a full complement design), resulting in a higher radial load capacity than a Conrad bearing of the same dimensions and material type. However, a slot fill bearing cannot carry a significant axial load, and the slots cause a discontinuity in the races that can have a small but adverse effect on strength. Relieved race Relieved race ball bearings are 'relieved' as the name suggests by having either the OD of the inner ring reduced on one side, or the ID of the outer ring increased on one side. This allows a greater number of balls to be assembled into either the inner or outer race, and then press fit over the relief. Sometimes the outer ring will be heated to facilitate assembly. Like the slot fill construction, relieved race construction allows a greater number of balls than Conrad construction, up to and including full complement, and the extra ball count gives extra load capacity. However, a relieved race bearing can only support significant axial loads in one direction ('away from' the relieved race). Fractured race Another way of fitting more balls into a radial ball bearing is by radially 'fracturing' (slicing) one of the rings all the way through, loading the balls in, re assembling the fractured portion, and then using a pair of steel bands to hold the fractured ring sections together in alignment. Again, this allows more balls, including full ball complement, however unlike with either slot fill or relieved race constructions, it can support significant axial loading in either direction. Rows There are two row designs: single row bearings and double row bearings. Most ball bearings are a single row design, which means there is one row of bearing balls. This design works with radial and thrust loads. A double row design has two rows of bearing balls. Advantages of double row bearings as compared to single row include that they can bear radial and axial loads in both directions. Double row angular contact ball bearings have a steep mounting, which also can bear tilting effects. Other advantages of double row bearings are their rigidity and compactness. Their disadvantage is they need better alignment than single row bearings. Flanged Bearings with a flange on the outer ring simplify axial location. The housing for such bearings can consist of a through hole of uniform diameter, but the entry face of the housing (which may be either the outer or inner face) must be machined truly normal to the hole axis. However such flanges are very expensive to manufacture. A more cost effective arrangement of the bearing outer ring, with similar benefits, is a snap ring groove at either or both ends of the outside diameter. The snap ring assumes the function of a flange. Caged Cages are typically used to secure the balls in a Conrad style ball bearing. In other construction types they may decrease the number of balls depending on the specific cage shape, and thus reduce the load capacity. Without cages the tangential position is stabilized by sliding of two convex surfaces on each other. With a cage the tangential position is stabilized by a sliding of a convex surface in a matched concave surface, which avoids dents in the balls and has lower friction. Caged roller bearings were invented by John Harrison in the mid 18th century as part of his work on chronographs. Hybrid ball bearings using ceramic balls Ceramic bearing balls can weigh up to 40% less than steel ones, depending on size and material. This reduces centrifugal loading and skidding, so hybrid ceramic bearings can operate 20% to 40% faster than conventional bearings. This means that the outer race groove exerts less force inward against the ball as the bearing spins. This reduction in force reduces the friction and rolling resistance. The lighter balls allow the bearing to spin faster, and uses less power to maintain its speed. The ceramic balls are typically harder than the race. Due to wear, with time they will form a groove in the race. This is preferable to the balls wearing which would leave them with possible flat spots significantly harming performance. While ceramic hybrid bearings use ceramic balls in place of steel ones, they are constructed with steel inner and outer rings; hence the hybrid designation. While the ceramic material itself is stronger than steel, it is also stiffer, which results in increased stresses on the rings, and hence decreased load capacity. Ceramic balls are electrically insulating, which can prevent 'arcing' failures if current should be passed through the bearing. Ceramic balls can also be effective in environments where lubrication may not be available (such as in space applications). In some settings only a thin coating of ceramic is used over a metal ball bearing. Fully ceramic bearings These bearings make use of both ceramic balls and race. These bearings are impervious to corrosion and rarely require lubrication if at all. Due to the stiffness and hardness of the balls and race these bearings are noisy at high speeds. The stiffness of the ceramic makes these bearings brittle and liable to crack under load or impact. Because both ball and race are of similar hardness, wear can lead to chipping at high speeds of both the balls and the race, which can cause sparking. Self aligning Self aligning ball bearings, such as the Wingqvist bearing shown in the picture, are constructed with the inner ring and ball assembly contained within an outer ring that has a spherical raceway. This construction allows the bearing to tolerate a small angular misalignment resulting from shaft or housing deflections or improper mounting. The bearing was used mainly in bearing arrangements with very long shafts, such as transmission shafts in textile factories. One drawback of the self aligning ball bearings is a limited load rating, as the outer raceway has very low osculation (its radius is much larger than the ball radius). This led to the invention of the spherical roller bearing, which has a similar design, but uses rollers instead of balls. The spherical roller thrust bearing is another invention derived from the findings by Wingqvist.
Облегченное кольцо Облегченные шариковые подшипники, как следует из названия, имеют уменьшенный наружный диаметр внутреннего кольца или увеличенный внутренний диаметр внешнего кольца на одной стороне. Это позволяет установить большее количество шариков во внутреннее или внешнее кольцо, а затем запрессовать их в облегченную область. Иногда внешнее кольцо нагревают для облегчения сборки. Как и конструкция с заполнением паза, облегченная конструкция позволяет установить большее количество шариков, чем конструкция Конрада, вплоть до полного комплекта, что увеличивает грузоподъемность. Однако подшипник с облегченным кольцом может выдерживать значительные осевые нагрузки только в одном направлении («от» облегченного кольца).
Conrad The Conrad style ball bearing is named after its inventor, Robert Conrad, who was awarded British patent 12,206 in 1903 and U. S. patent 822,723 in 1906. These bearings are assembled by placing the inner ring into an eccentric position relative to the outer ring, with the two rings in contact at one point, resulting in a large gap opposite the point of contact. The balls are inserted through the gap and then evenly distributed around the bearing assembly, causing the rings to become concentric. Assembly is completed by fitting a cage to the balls to maintain their positions relative to each other. Without the cage, the balls would eventually drift out of position during operation, causing the bearing to fail. The cage carries no load and serves only to maintain ball position. Conrad bearings have the advantage that they are able to withstand both radial and axial loads, but have the disadvantage of lower load capacity due to the limited number of balls that can be loaded into the bearing assembly. Probably the most familiar industrial ball bearing is the deep groove Conrad style. The bearing is used in most of the mechanical industries. Slot fill In a slot fill radial bearing, the inner and outer races are notched on one face so that when the notches are aligned, balls can be slipped in the resulting slot to assemble the bearing. A slot fill bearing has the advantage that more balls can be assembled (even allowing a full complement design), resulting in a higher radial load capacity than a Conrad bearing of the same dimensions and material type. However, a slot fill bearing cannot carry a significant axial load, and the slots cause a discontinuity in the races that can have a small but adverse effect on strength. Relieved race Relieved race ball bearings are 'relieved' as the name suggests by having either the OD of the inner ring reduced on one side, or the ID of the outer ring increased on one side. This allows a greater number of balls to be assembled into either the inner or outer race, and then press fit over the relief. Sometimes the outer ring will be heated to facilitate assembly. Like the slot fill construction, relieved race construction allows a greater number of balls than Conrad construction, up to and including full complement, and the extra ball count gives extra load capacity. However, a relieved race bearing can only support significant axial loads in one direction ('away from' the relieved race). Fractured race Another way of fitting more balls into a radial ball bearing is by radially 'fracturing' (slicing) one of the rings all the way through, loading the balls in, re assembling the fractured portion, and then using a pair of steel bands to hold the fractured ring sections together in alignment. Again, this allows more balls, including full ball complement, however unlike with either slot fill or relieved race constructions, it can support significant axial loading in either direction. Rows There are two row designs: single row bearings and double row bearings. Most ball bearings are a single row design, which means there is one row of bearing balls. This design works with radial and thrust loads. A double row design has two rows of bearing balls. Advantages of double row bearings as compared to single row include that they can bear radial and axial loads in both directions. Double row angular contact ball bearings have a steep mounting, which also can bear tilting effects. Other advantages of double row bearings are their rigidity and compactness. Their disadvantage is they need better alignment than single row bearings. Flanged Bearings with a flange on the outer ring simplify axial location. The housing for such bearings can consist of a through hole of uniform diameter, but the entry face of the housing (which may be either the outer or inner face) must be machined truly normal to the hole axis. However such flanges are very expensive to manufacture. A more cost effective arrangement of the bearing outer ring, with similar benefits, is a snap ring groove at either or both ends of the outside diameter. The snap ring assumes the function of a flange. Caged Cages are typically used to secure the balls in a Conrad style ball bearing. In other construction types they may decrease the number of balls depending on the specific cage shape, and thus reduce the load capacity. Without cages the tangential position is stabilized by sliding of two convex surfaces on each other. With a cage the tangential position is stabilized by a sliding of a convex surface in a matched concave surface, which avoids dents in the balls and has lower friction. Caged roller bearings were invented by John Harrison in the mid 18th century as part of his work on chronographs. Hybrid ball bearings using ceramic balls Ceramic bearing balls can weigh up to 40% less than steel ones, depending on size and material. This reduces centrifugal loading and skidding, so hybrid ceramic bearings can operate 20% to 40% faster than conventional bearings. This means that the outer race groove exerts less force inward against the ball as the bearing spins. This reduction in force reduces the friction and rolling resistance. The lighter balls allow the bearing to spin faster, and uses less power to maintain its speed. The ceramic balls are typically harder than the race. Due to wear, with time they will form a groove in the race. This is preferable to the balls wearing which would leave them with possible flat spots significantly harming performance. While ceramic hybrid bearings use ceramic balls in place of steel ones, they are constructed with steel inner and outer rings; hence the hybrid designation. While the ceramic material itself is stronger than steel, it is also stiffer, which results in increased stresses on the rings, and hence decreased load capacity. Ceramic balls are electrically insulating, which can prevent 'arcing' failures if current should be passed through the bearing. Ceramic balls can also be effective in environments where lubrication may not be available (such as in space applications). In some settings only a thin coating of ceramic is used over a metal ball bearing. Fully ceramic bearings These bearings make use of both ceramic balls and race. These bearings are impervious to corrosion and rarely require lubrication if at all. Due to the stiffness and hardness of the balls and race these bearings are noisy at high speeds. The stiffness of the ceramic makes these bearings brittle and liable to crack under load or impact. Because both ball and race are of similar hardness, wear can lead to chipping at high speeds of both the balls and the race, which can cause sparking. Self aligning Self aligning ball bearings, such as the Wingqvist bearing shown in the picture, are constructed with the inner ring and ball assembly contained within an outer ring that has a spherical raceway. This construction allows the bearing to tolerate a small angular misalignment resulting from shaft or housing deflections or improper mounting. The bearing was used mainly in bearing arrangements with very long shafts, such as transmission shafts in textile factories. One drawback of the self aligning ball bearings is a limited load rating, as the outer raceway has very low osculation (its radius is much larger than the ball radius). This led to the invention of the spherical roller bearing, which has a similar design, but uses rollers instead of balls. The spherical roller thrust bearing is another invention derived from the findings by Wingqvist.
Разлом кольца Другой способ установки большего количества шариков в радиальный шариковый подшипник – радиальный «разлом» (надрез) одного из колец по всей длине, загрузка шариков, повторная сборка расколотой части и затем использование пары стальных лент для удержания секций расколотого кольца вместе, обеспечивая их выравнивание. Это также позволяет установить большее количество шариков, включая полный комплект, однако, в отличие от конструкций с заполнением паза или облегченным кольцом, он может выдерживать значительные осевые нагрузки в любом направлении.
Conrad The Conrad style ball bearing is named after its inventor, Robert Conrad, who was awarded British patent 12,206 in 1903 and U. S. patent 822,723 in 1906. These bearings are assembled by placing the inner ring into an eccentric position relative to the outer ring, with the two rings in contact at one point, resulting in a large gap opposite the point of contact. The balls are inserted through the gap and then evenly distributed around the bearing assembly, causing the rings to become concentric. Assembly is completed by fitting a cage to the balls to maintain their positions relative to each other. Without the cage, the balls would eventually drift out of position during operation, causing the bearing to fail. The cage carries no load and serves only to maintain ball position. Conrad bearings have the advantage that they are able to withstand both radial and axial loads, but have the disadvantage of lower load capacity due to the limited number of balls that can be loaded into the bearing assembly. Probably the most familiar industrial ball bearing is the deep groove Conrad style. The bearing is used in most of the mechanical industries. Slot fill In a slot fill radial bearing, the inner and outer races are notched on one face so that when the notches are aligned, balls can be slipped in the resulting slot to assemble the bearing. A slot fill bearing has the advantage that more balls can be assembled (even allowing a full complement design), resulting in a higher radial load capacity than a Conrad bearing of the same dimensions and material type. However, a slot fill bearing cannot carry a significant axial load, and the slots cause a discontinuity in the races that can have a small but adverse effect on strength. Relieved race Relieved race ball bearings are 'relieved' as the name suggests by having either the OD of the inner ring reduced on one side, or the ID of the outer ring increased on one side. This allows a greater number of balls to be assembled into either the inner or outer race, and then press fit over the relief. Sometimes the outer ring will be heated to facilitate assembly. Like the slot fill construction, relieved race construction allows a greater number of balls than Conrad construction, up to and including full complement, and the extra ball count gives extra load capacity. However, a relieved race bearing can only support significant axial loads in one direction ('away from' the relieved race). Fractured race Another way of fitting more balls into a radial ball bearing is by radially 'fracturing' (slicing) one of the rings all the way through, loading the balls in, re assembling the fractured portion, and then using a pair of steel bands to hold the fractured ring sections together in alignment. Again, this allows more balls, including full ball complement, however unlike with either slot fill or relieved race constructions, it can support significant axial loading in either direction. Rows There are two row designs: single row bearings and double row bearings. Most ball bearings are a single row design, which means there is one row of bearing balls. This design works with radial and thrust loads. A double row design has two rows of bearing balls. Advantages of double row bearings as compared to single row include that they can bear radial and axial loads in both directions. Double row angular contact ball bearings have a steep mounting, which also can bear tilting effects. Other advantages of double row bearings are their rigidity and compactness. Their disadvantage is they need better alignment than single row bearings. Flanged Bearings with a flange on the outer ring simplify axial location. The housing for such bearings can consist of a through hole of uniform diameter, but the entry face of the housing (which may be either the outer or inner face) must be machined truly normal to the hole axis. However such flanges are very expensive to manufacture. A more cost effective arrangement of the bearing outer ring, with similar benefits, is a snap ring groove at either or both ends of the outside diameter. The snap ring assumes the function of a flange. Caged Cages are typically used to secure the balls in a Conrad style ball bearing. In other construction types they may decrease the number of balls depending on the specific cage shape, and thus reduce the load capacity. Without cages the tangential position is stabilized by sliding of two convex surfaces on each other. With a cage the tangential position is stabilized by a sliding of a convex surface in a matched concave surface, which avoids dents in the balls and has lower friction. Caged roller bearings were invented by John Harrison in the mid 18th century as part of his work on chronographs. Hybrid ball bearings using ceramic balls Ceramic bearing balls can weigh up to 40% less than steel ones, depending on size and material. This reduces centrifugal loading and skidding, so hybrid ceramic bearings can operate 20% to 40% faster than conventional bearings. This means that the outer race groove exerts less force inward against the ball as the bearing spins. This reduction in force reduces the friction and rolling resistance. The lighter balls allow the bearing to spin faster, and uses less power to maintain its speed. The ceramic balls are typically harder than the race. Due to wear, with time they will form a groove in the race. This is preferable to the balls wearing which would leave them with possible flat spots significantly harming performance. While ceramic hybrid bearings use ceramic balls in place of steel ones, they are constructed with steel inner and outer rings; hence the hybrid designation. While the ceramic material itself is stronger than steel, it is also stiffer, which results in increased stresses on the rings, and hence decreased load capacity. Ceramic balls are electrically insulating, which can prevent 'arcing' failures if current should be passed through the bearing. Ceramic balls can also be effective in environments where lubrication may not be available (such as in space applications). In some settings only a thin coating of ceramic is used over a metal ball bearing. Fully ceramic bearings These bearings make use of both ceramic balls and race. These bearings are impervious to corrosion and rarely require lubrication if at all. Due to the stiffness and hardness of the balls and race these bearings are noisy at high speeds. The stiffness of the ceramic makes these bearings brittle and liable to crack under load or impact. Because both ball and race are of similar hardness, wear can lead to chipping at high speeds of both the balls and the race, which can cause sparking. Self aligning Self aligning ball bearings, such as the Wingqvist bearing shown in the picture, are constructed with the inner ring and ball assembly contained within an outer ring that has a spherical raceway. This construction allows the bearing to tolerate a small angular misalignment resulting from shaft or housing deflections or improper mounting. The bearing was used mainly in bearing arrangements with very long shafts, such as transmission shafts in textile factories. One drawback of the self aligning ball bearings is a limited load rating, as the outer raceway has very low osculation (its radius is much larger than the ball radius). This led to the invention of the spherical roller bearing, which has a similar design, but uses rollers instead of balls. The spherical roller thrust bearing is another invention derived from the findings by Wingqvist.
Ряды Существуют два типа конструкций: однорядные и двухрядные подшипники. Большинство шариковых подшипников имеют однорядную конструкцию, то есть один ряд шариков. Эта конструкция работает с радиальными и осевыми нагрузками. Двухрядная конструкция имеет два ряда шариков. Преимущества двухрядных подшипников по сравнению с однорядными заключаются в том, что они могут выдерживать радиальные и осевые нагрузки в обоих направлениях. Двухрядные шариковые подшипники с угловым контактом имеют крутой монтаж, который также может выдерживать опрокидывающие моменты. Другие преимущества двухрядных подшипников – их жесткость и компактность. Их недостаток заключается в том, что они требуют более точного выравнивания, чем однорядные подшипники.
Conrad The Conrad style ball bearing is named after its inventor, Robert Conrad, who was awarded British patent 12,206 in 1903 and U. S. patent 822,723 in 1906. These bearings are assembled by placing the inner ring into an eccentric position relative to the outer ring, with the two rings in contact at one point, resulting in a large gap opposite the point of contact. The balls are inserted through the gap and then evenly distributed around the bearing assembly, causing the rings to become concentric. Assembly is completed by fitting a cage to the balls to maintain their positions relative to each other. Without the cage, the balls would eventually drift out of position during operation, causing the bearing to fail. The cage carries no load and serves only to maintain ball position. Conrad bearings have the advantage that they are able to withstand both radial and axial loads, but have the disadvantage of lower load capacity due to the limited number of balls that can be loaded into the bearing assembly. Probably the most familiar industrial ball bearing is the deep groove Conrad style. The bearing is used in most of the mechanical industries. Slot fill In a slot fill radial bearing, the inner and outer races are notched on one face so that when the notches are aligned, balls can be slipped in the resulting slot to assemble the bearing. A slot fill bearing has the advantage that more balls can be assembled (even allowing a full complement design), resulting in a higher radial load capacity than a Conrad bearing of the same dimensions and material type. However, a slot fill bearing cannot carry a significant axial load, and the slots cause a discontinuity in the races that can have a small but adverse effect on strength. Relieved race Relieved race ball bearings are 'relieved' as the name suggests by having either the OD of the inner ring reduced on one side, or the ID of the outer ring increased on one side. This allows a greater number of balls to be assembled into either the inner or outer race, and then press fit over the relief. Sometimes the outer ring will be heated to facilitate assembly. Like the slot fill construction, relieved race construction allows a greater number of balls than Conrad construction, up to and including full complement, and the extra ball count gives extra load capacity. However, a relieved race bearing can only support significant axial loads in one direction ('away from' the relieved race). Fractured race Another way of fitting more balls into a radial ball bearing is by radially 'fracturing' (slicing) one of the rings all the way through, loading the balls in, re assembling the fractured portion, and then using a pair of steel bands to hold the fractured ring sections together in alignment. Again, this allows more balls, including full ball complement, however unlike with either slot fill or relieved race constructions, it can support significant axial loading in either direction. Rows There are two row designs: single row bearings and double row bearings. Most ball bearings are a single row design, which means there is one row of bearing balls. This design works with radial and thrust loads. A double row design has two rows of bearing balls. Advantages of double row bearings as compared to single row include that they can bear radial and axial loads in both directions. Double row angular contact ball bearings have a steep mounting, which also can bear tilting effects. Other advantages of double row bearings are their rigidity and compactness. Their disadvantage is they need better alignment than single row bearings. Flanged Bearings with a flange on the outer ring simplify axial location. The housing for such bearings can consist of a through hole of uniform diameter, but the entry face of the housing (which may be either the outer or inner face) must be machined truly normal to the hole axis. However such flanges are very expensive to manufacture. A more cost effective arrangement of the bearing outer ring, with similar benefits, is a snap ring groove at either or both ends of the outside diameter. The snap ring assumes the function of a flange. Caged Cages are typically used to secure the balls in a Conrad style ball bearing. In other construction types they may decrease the number of balls depending on the specific cage shape, and thus reduce the load capacity. Without cages the tangential position is stabilized by sliding of two convex surfaces on each other. With a cage the tangential position is stabilized by a sliding of a convex surface in a matched concave surface, which avoids dents in the balls and has lower friction. Caged roller bearings were invented by John Harrison in the mid 18th century as part of his work on chronographs. Hybrid ball bearings using ceramic balls Ceramic bearing balls can weigh up to 40% less than steel ones, depending on size and material. This reduces centrifugal loading and skidding, so hybrid ceramic bearings can operate 20% to 40% faster than conventional bearings. This means that the outer race groove exerts less force inward against the ball as the bearing spins. This reduction in force reduces the friction and rolling resistance. The lighter balls allow the bearing to spin faster, and uses less power to maintain its speed. The ceramic balls are typically harder than the race. Due to wear, with time they will form a groove in the race. This is preferable to the balls wearing which would leave them with possible flat spots significantly harming performance. While ceramic hybrid bearings use ceramic balls in place of steel ones, they are constructed with steel inner and outer rings; hence the hybrid designation. While the ceramic material itself is stronger than steel, it is also stiffer, which results in increased stresses on the rings, and hence decreased load capacity. Ceramic balls are electrically insulating, which can prevent 'arcing' failures if current should be passed through the bearing. Ceramic balls can also be effective in environments where lubrication may not be available (such as in space applications). In some settings only a thin coating of ceramic is used over a metal ball bearing. Fully ceramic bearings These bearings make use of both ceramic balls and race. These bearings are impervious to corrosion and rarely require lubrication if at all. Due to the stiffness and hardness of the balls and race these bearings are noisy at high speeds. The stiffness of the ceramic makes these bearings brittle and liable to crack under load or impact. Because both ball and race are of similar hardness, wear can lead to chipping at high speeds of both the balls and the race, which can cause sparking. Self aligning Self aligning ball bearings, such as the Wingqvist bearing shown in the picture, are constructed with the inner ring and ball assembly contained within an outer ring that has a spherical raceway. This construction allows the bearing to tolerate a small angular misalignment resulting from shaft or housing deflections or improper mounting. The bearing was used mainly in bearing arrangements with very long shafts, such as transmission shafts in textile factories. One drawback of the self aligning ball bearings is a limited load rating, as the outer raceway has very low osculation (its radius is much larger than the ball radius). This led to the invention of the spherical roller bearing, which has a similar design, but uses rollers instead of balls. The spherical roller thrust bearing is another invention derived from the findings by Wingqvist.
Фланцевые Подшипники с фланцем на внешнем кольце упрощают осевое позиционирование. Корпус для таких подшипников может состоять из сквозного отверстия одинакового диаметра, но входная поверхность корпуса (которая может быть внешней или внутренней) должна быть точно перпендикулярна оси отверстия. Однако изготовление таких фланцев очень дорого. Более экономичным решением является наличие канавки для стопорного кольца на одном или обоих концах наружного диаметра, которое выполняет функцию фланца.
Conrad The Conrad style ball bearing is named after its inventor, Robert Conrad, who was awarded British patent 12,206 in 1903 and U. S. patent 822,723 in 1906. These bearings are assembled by placing the inner ring into an eccentric position relative to the outer ring, with the two rings in contact at one point, resulting in a large gap opposite the point of contact. The balls are inserted through the gap and then evenly distributed around the bearing assembly, causing the rings to become concentric. Assembly is completed by fitting a cage to the balls to maintain their positions relative to each other. Without the cage, the balls would eventually drift out of position during operation, causing the bearing to fail. The cage carries no load and serves only to maintain ball position. Conrad bearings have the advantage that they are able to withstand both radial and axial loads, but have the disadvantage of lower load capacity due to the limited number of balls that can be loaded into the bearing assembly. Probably the most familiar industrial ball bearing is the deep groove Conrad style. The bearing is used in most of the mechanical industries. Slot fill In a slot fill radial bearing, the inner and outer races are notched on one face so that when the notches are aligned, balls can be slipped in the resulting slot to assemble the bearing. A slot fill bearing has the advantage that more balls can be assembled (even allowing a full complement design), resulting in a higher radial load capacity than a Conrad bearing of the same dimensions and material type. However, a slot fill bearing cannot carry a significant axial load, and the slots cause a discontinuity in the races that can have a small but adverse effect on strength. Relieved race Relieved race ball bearings are 'relieved' as the name suggests by having either the OD of the inner ring reduced on one side, or the ID of the outer ring increased on one side. This allows a greater number of balls to be assembled into either the inner or outer race, and then press fit over the relief. Sometimes the outer ring will be heated to facilitate assembly. Like the slot fill construction, relieved race construction allows a greater number of balls than Conrad construction, up to and including full complement, and the extra ball count gives extra load capacity. However, a relieved race bearing can only support significant axial loads in one direction ('away from' the relieved race). Fractured race Another way of fitting more balls into a radial ball bearing is by radially 'fracturing' (slicing) one of the rings all the way through, loading the balls in, re assembling the fractured portion, and then using a pair of steel bands to hold the fractured ring sections together in alignment. Again, this allows more balls, including full ball complement, however unlike with either slot fill or relieved race constructions, it can support significant axial loading in either direction. Rows There are two row designs: single row bearings and double row bearings. Most ball bearings are a single row design, which means there is one row of bearing balls. This design works with radial and thrust loads. A double row design has two rows of bearing balls. Advantages of double row bearings as compared to single row include that they can bear radial and axial loads in both directions. Double row angular contact ball bearings have a steep mounting, which also can bear tilting effects. Other advantages of double row bearings are their rigidity and compactness. Their disadvantage is they need better alignment than single row bearings. Flanged Bearings with a flange on the outer ring simplify axial location. The housing for such bearings can consist of a through hole of uniform diameter, but the entry face of the housing (which may be either the outer or inner face) must be machined truly normal to the hole axis. However such flanges are very expensive to manufacture. A more cost effective arrangement of the bearing outer ring, with similar benefits, is a snap ring groove at either or both ends of the outside diameter. The snap ring assumes the function of a flange. Caged Cages are typically used to secure the balls in a Conrad style ball bearing. In other construction types they may decrease the number of balls depending on the specific cage shape, and thus reduce the load capacity. Without cages the tangential position is stabilized by sliding of two convex surfaces on each other. With a cage the tangential position is stabilized by a sliding of a convex surface in a matched concave surface, which avoids dents in the balls and has lower friction. Caged roller bearings were invented by John Harrison in the mid 18th century as part of his work on chronographs. Hybrid ball bearings using ceramic balls Ceramic bearing balls can weigh up to 40% less than steel ones, depending on size and material. This reduces centrifugal loading and skidding, so hybrid ceramic bearings can operate 20% to 40% faster than conventional bearings. This means that the outer race groove exerts less force inward against the ball as the bearing spins. This reduction in force reduces the friction and rolling resistance. The lighter balls allow the bearing to spin faster, and uses less power to maintain its speed. The ceramic balls are typically harder than the race. Due to wear, with time they will form a groove in the race. This is preferable to the balls wearing which would leave them with possible flat spots significantly harming performance. While ceramic hybrid bearings use ceramic balls in place of steel ones, they are constructed with steel inner and outer rings; hence the hybrid designation. While the ceramic material itself is stronger than steel, it is also stiffer, which results in increased stresses on the rings, and hence decreased load capacity. Ceramic balls are electrically insulating, which can prevent 'arcing' failures if current should be passed through the bearing. Ceramic balls can also be effective in environments where lubrication may not be available (such as in space applications). In some settings only a thin coating of ceramic is used over a metal ball bearing. Fully ceramic bearings These bearings make use of both ceramic balls and race. These bearings are impervious to corrosion and rarely require lubrication if at all. Due to the stiffness and hardness of the balls and race these bearings are noisy at high speeds. The stiffness of the ceramic makes these bearings brittle and liable to crack under load or impact. Because both ball and race are of similar hardness, wear can lead to chipping at high speeds of both the balls and the race, which can cause sparking. Self aligning Self aligning ball bearings, such as the Wingqvist bearing shown in the picture, are constructed with the inner ring and ball assembly contained within an outer ring that has a spherical raceway. This construction allows the bearing to tolerate a small angular misalignment resulting from shaft or housing deflections or improper mounting. The bearing was used mainly in bearing arrangements with very long shafts, such as transmission shafts in textile factories. One drawback of the self aligning ball bearings is a limited load rating, as the outer raceway has very low osculation (its radius is much larger than the ball radius). This led to the invention of the spherical roller bearing, which has a similar design, but uses rollers instead of balls. The spherical roller thrust bearing is another invention derived from the findings by Wingqvist.
Сепаратор Сепараторы обычно используются для фиксации шариков в шариковом подшипнике в стиле Конрада. В других конструкциях они могут уменьшить количество шариков в зависимости от формы сепаратора, тем самым снижая грузоподъемность. Без сепараторов тангенциальное положение стабилизируется скольжением двух выпуклых поверхностей друг относительно друга. С сепаратором тангенциальное положение стабилизируется скольжением выпуклой поверхности в соответствующую вогнутую поверхность, что предотвращает образование вмятин на шариках и снижает трение. Сепараторные роликовые подшипники были изобретены Джоном Харрисоном в середине 18 века в рамках его работы над хронометрами.
Conrad The Conrad style ball bearing is named after its inventor, Robert Conrad, who was awarded British patent 12,206 in 1903 and U. S. patent 822,723 in 1906. These bearings are assembled by placing the inner ring into an eccentric position relative to the outer ring, with the two rings in contact at one point, resulting in a large gap opposite the point of contact. The balls are inserted through the gap and then evenly distributed around the bearing assembly, causing the rings to become concentric. Assembly is completed by fitting a cage to the balls to maintain their positions relative to each other. Without the cage, the balls would eventually drift out of position during operation, causing the bearing to fail. The cage carries no load and serves only to maintain ball position. Conrad bearings have the advantage that they are able to withstand both radial and axial loads, but have the disadvantage of lower load capacity due to the limited number of balls that can be loaded into the bearing assembly. Probably the most familiar industrial ball bearing is the deep groove Conrad style. The bearing is used in most of the mechanical industries. Slot fill In a slot fill radial bearing, the inner and outer races are notched on one face so that when the notches are aligned, balls can be slipped in the resulting slot to assemble the bearing. A slot fill bearing has the advantage that more balls can be assembled (even allowing a full complement design), resulting in a higher radial load capacity than a Conrad bearing of the same dimensions and material type. However, a slot fill bearing cannot carry a significant axial load, and the slots cause a discontinuity in the races that can have a small but adverse effect on strength. Relieved race Relieved race ball bearings are 'relieved' as the name suggests by having either the OD of the inner ring reduced on one side, or the ID of the outer ring increased on one side. This allows a greater number of balls to be assembled into either the inner or outer race, and then press fit over the relief. Sometimes the outer ring will be heated to facilitate assembly. Like the slot fill construction, relieved race construction allows a greater number of balls than Conrad construction, up to and including full complement, and the extra ball count gives extra load capacity. However, a relieved race bearing can only support significant axial loads in one direction ('away from' the relieved race). Fractured race Another way of fitting more balls into a radial ball bearing is by radially 'fracturing' (slicing) one of the rings all the way through, loading the balls in, re assembling the fractured portion, and then using a pair of steel bands to hold the fractured ring sections together in alignment. Again, this allows more balls, including full ball complement, however unlike with either slot fill or relieved race constructions, it can support significant axial loading in either direction. Rows There are two row designs: single row bearings and double row bearings. Most ball bearings are a single row design, which means there is one row of bearing balls. This design works with radial and thrust loads. A double row design has two rows of bearing balls. Advantages of double row bearings as compared to single row include that they can bear radial and axial loads in both directions. Double row angular contact ball bearings have a steep mounting, which also can bear tilting effects. Other advantages of double row bearings are their rigidity and compactness. Their disadvantage is they need better alignment than single row bearings. Flanged Bearings with a flange on the outer ring simplify axial location. The housing for such bearings can consist of a through hole of uniform diameter, but the entry face of the housing (which may be either the outer or inner face) must be machined truly normal to the hole axis. However such flanges are very expensive to manufacture. A more cost effective arrangement of the bearing outer ring, with similar benefits, is a snap ring groove at either or both ends of the outside diameter. The snap ring assumes the function of a flange. Caged Cages are typically used to secure the balls in a Conrad style ball bearing. In other construction types they may decrease the number of balls depending on the specific cage shape, and thus reduce the load capacity. Without cages the tangential position is stabilized by sliding of two convex surfaces on each other. With a cage the tangential position is stabilized by a sliding of a convex surface in a matched concave surface, which avoids dents in the balls and has lower friction. Caged roller bearings were invented by John Harrison in the mid 18th century as part of his work on chronographs. Hybrid ball bearings using ceramic balls Ceramic bearing balls can weigh up to 40% less than steel ones, depending on size and material. This reduces centrifugal loading and skidding, so hybrid ceramic bearings can operate 20% to 40% faster than conventional bearings. This means that the outer race groove exerts less force inward against the ball as the bearing spins. This reduction in force reduces the friction and rolling resistance. The lighter balls allow the bearing to spin faster, and uses less power to maintain its speed. The ceramic balls are typically harder than the race. Due to wear, with time they will form a groove in the race. This is preferable to the balls wearing which would leave them with possible flat spots significantly harming performance. While ceramic hybrid bearings use ceramic balls in place of steel ones, they are constructed with steel inner and outer rings; hence the hybrid designation. While the ceramic material itself is stronger than steel, it is also stiffer, which results in increased stresses on the rings, and hence decreased load capacity. Ceramic balls are electrically insulating, which can prevent 'arcing' failures if current should be passed through the bearing. Ceramic balls can also be effective in environments where lubrication may not be available (such as in space applications). In some settings only a thin coating of ceramic is used over a metal ball bearing. Fully ceramic bearings These bearings make use of both ceramic balls and race. These bearings are impervious to corrosion and rarely require lubrication if at all. Due to the stiffness and hardness of the balls and race these bearings are noisy at high speeds. The stiffness of the ceramic makes these bearings brittle and liable to crack under load or impact. Because both ball and race are of similar hardness, wear can lead to chipping at high speeds of both the balls and the race, which can cause sparking. Self aligning Self aligning ball bearings, such as the Wingqvist bearing shown in the picture, are constructed with the inner ring and ball assembly contained within an outer ring that has a spherical raceway. This construction allows the bearing to tolerate a small angular misalignment resulting from shaft or housing deflections or improper mounting. The bearing was used mainly in bearing arrangements with very long shafts, such as transmission shafts in textile factories. One drawback of the self aligning ball bearings is a limited load rating, as the outer raceway has very low osculation (its radius is much larger than the ball radius). This led to the invention of the spherical roller bearing, which has a similar design, but uses rollers instead of balls. The spherical roller thrust bearing is another invention derived from the findings by Wingqvist.
Гибридные шариковые подшипники с керамическими шариками Керамические шарики могут весить до 40% меньше стальных, в зависимости от размера и материала. Это снижает центробежную нагрузку и пробуксовку, поэтому гибридные керамические подшипники могут работать на 20–40% быстрее, чем обычные подшипники. Это означает, что канавка внешнего кольца оказывает меньшее усилие внутрь на шарик при вращении подшипника. Это снижение силы уменьшает трение и сопротивление качению. Более легкие шарики позволяют подшипнику вращаться быстрее и потреблять меньше энергии для поддержания скорости. Керамические шарики обычно тверже, чем кольца. Из-за износа со временем они образуют канавку в кольце, что предпочтительнее износа шариков, который может привести к образованию плоских участков, значительно ухудшающих характеристики. Хотя гибридные керамические подшипники используют керамические шарики вместо стальных, они изготавливаются со стальными внутренними и внешними кольцами, что объясняет обозначение «гибридный». Хотя керамический материал сам по себе прочнее стали, он также более жесткий, что приводит к увеличению напряжений в кольцах и, следовательно, к снижению грузоподъемности. Керамические шарики являются электрическими изоляторами, что может предотвратить «пробой» при прохождении тока через подшипник. Керамические шарики также могут быть эффективны в средах, где смазка недоступна (например, в космических приложениях). В некоторых случаях на металлическом шариковом подшипнике используется только тонкое керамическое покрытие.
Conrad The Conrad style ball bearing is named after its inventor, Robert Conrad, who was awarded British patent 12,206 in 1903 and U. S. patent 822,723 in 1906. These bearings are assembled by placing the inner ring into an eccentric position relative to the outer ring, with the two rings in contact at one point, resulting in a large gap opposite the point of contact. The balls are inserted through the gap and then evenly distributed around the bearing assembly, causing the rings to become concentric. Assembly is completed by fitting a cage to the balls to maintain their positions relative to each other. Without the cage, the balls would eventually drift out of position during operation, causing the bearing to fail. The cage carries no load and serves only to maintain ball position. Conrad bearings have the advantage that they are able to withstand both radial and axial loads, but have the disadvantage of lower load capacity due to the limited number of balls that can be loaded into the bearing assembly. Probably the most familiar industrial ball bearing is the deep groove Conrad style. The bearing is used in most of the mechanical industries. Slot fill In a slot fill radial bearing, the inner and outer races are notched on one face so that when the notches are aligned, balls can be slipped in the resulting slot to assemble the bearing. A slot fill bearing has the advantage that more balls can be assembled (even allowing a full complement design), resulting in a higher radial load capacity than a Conrad bearing of the same dimensions and material type. However, a slot fill bearing cannot carry a significant axial load, and the slots cause a discontinuity in the races that can have a small but adverse effect on strength. Relieved race Relieved race ball bearings are 'relieved' as the name suggests by having either the OD of the inner ring reduced on one side, or the ID of the outer ring increased on one side. This allows a greater number of balls to be assembled into either the inner or outer race, and then press fit over the relief. Sometimes the outer ring will be heated to facilitate assembly. Like the slot fill construction, relieved race construction allows a greater number of balls than Conrad construction, up to and including full complement, and the extra ball count gives extra load capacity. However, a relieved race bearing can only support significant axial loads in one direction ('away from' the relieved race). Fractured race Another way of fitting more balls into a radial ball bearing is by radially 'fracturing' (slicing) one of the rings all the way through, loading the balls in, re assembling the fractured portion, and then using a pair of steel bands to hold the fractured ring sections together in alignment. Again, this allows more balls, including full ball complement, however unlike with either slot fill or relieved race constructions, it can support significant axial loading in either direction. Rows There are two row designs: single row bearings and double row bearings. Most ball bearings are a single row design, which means there is one row of bearing balls. This design works with radial and thrust loads. A double row design has two rows of bearing balls. Advantages of double row bearings as compared to single row include that they can bear radial and axial loads in both directions. Double row angular contact ball bearings have a steep mounting, which also can bear tilting effects. Other advantages of double row bearings are their rigidity and compactness. Their disadvantage is they need better alignment than single row bearings. Flanged Bearings with a flange on the outer ring simplify axial location. The housing for such bearings can consist of a through hole of uniform diameter, but the entry face of the housing (which may be either the outer or inner face) must be machined truly normal to the hole axis. However such flanges are very expensive to manufacture. A more cost effective arrangement of the bearing outer ring, with similar benefits, is a snap ring groove at either or both ends of the outside diameter. The snap ring assumes the function of a flange. Caged Cages are typically used to secure the balls in a Conrad style ball bearing. In other construction types they may decrease the number of balls depending on the specific cage shape, and thus reduce the load capacity. Without cages the tangential position is stabilized by sliding of two convex surfaces on each other. With a cage the tangential position is stabilized by a sliding of a convex surface in a matched concave surface, which avoids dents in the balls and has lower friction. Caged roller bearings were invented by John Harrison in the mid 18th century as part of his work on chronographs. Hybrid ball bearings using ceramic balls Ceramic bearing balls can weigh up to 40% less than steel ones, depending on size and material. This reduces centrifugal loading and skidding, so hybrid ceramic bearings can operate 20% to 40% faster than conventional bearings. This means that the outer race groove exerts less force inward against the ball as the bearing spins. This reduction in force reduces the friction and rolling resistance. The lighter balls allow the bearing to spin faster, and uses less power to maintain its speed. The ceramic balls are typically harder than the race. Due to wear, with time they will form a groove in the race. This is preferable to the balls wearing which would leave them with possible flat spots significantly harming performance. While ceramic hybrid bearings use ceramic balls in place of steel ones, they are constructed with steel inner and outer rings; hence the hybrid designation. While the ceramic material itself is stronger than steel, it is also stiffer, which results in increased stresses on the rings, and hence decreased load capacity. Ceramic balls are electrically insulating, which can prevent 'arcing' failures if current should be passed through the bearing. Ceramic balls can also be effective in environments where lubrication may not be available (such as in space applications). In some settings only a thin coating of ceramic is used over a metal ball bearing. Fully ceramic bearings These bearings make use of both ceramic balls and race. These bearings are impervious to corrosion and rarely require lubrication if at all. Due to the stiffness and hardness of the balls and race these bearings are noisy at high speeds. The stiffness of the ceramic makes these bearings brittle and liable to crack under load or impact. Because both ball and race are of similar hardness, wear can lead to chipping at high speeds of both the balls and the race, which can cause sparking. Self aligning Self aligning ball bearings, such as the Wingqvist bearing shown in the picture, are constructed with the inner ring and ball assembly contained within an outer ring that has a spherical raceway. This construction allows the bearing to tolerate a small angular misalignment resulting from shaft or housing deflections or improper mounting. The bearing was used mainly in bearing arrangements with very long shafts, such as transmission shafts in textile factories. One drawback of the self aligning ball bearings is a limited load rating, as the outer raceway has very low osculation (its radius is much larger than the ball radius). This led to the invention of the spherical roller bearing, which has a similar design, but uses rollers instead of balls. The spherical roller thrust bearing is another invention derived from the findings by Wingqvist.
Полностью керамические подшипники Эти подшипники используют как керамические шарики, так и кольца. Они не подвержены коррозии и редко требуют смазки. Из-за жесткости и твердости шариков и колец эти подшипники шумные на высоких скоростях. Жесткость керамики делает эти подшипники хрупкими и склонными к растрескиванию под нагрузкой или ударом. Поскольку и шарики, и кольца имеют схожую твердость, износ может привести к сколам как шариков, так и колец на высоких скоростях, что может вызвать искрение.
Conrad The Conrad style ball bearing is named after its inventor, Robert Conrad, who was awarded British patent 12,206 in 1903 and U. S. patent 822,723 in 1906. These bearings are assembled by placing the inner ring into an eccentric position relative to the outer ring, with the two rings in contact at one point, resulting in a large gap opposite the point of contact. The balls are inserted through the gap and then evenly distributed around the bearing assembly, causing the rings to become concentric. Assembly is completed by fitting a cage to the balls to maintain their positions relative to each other. Without the cage, the balls would eventually drift out of position during operation, causing the bearing to fail. The cage carries no load and serves only to maintain ball position. Conrad bearings have the advantage that they are able to withstand both radial and axial loads, but have the disadvantage of lower load capacity due to the limited number of balls that can be loaded into the bearing assembly. Probably the most familiar industrial ball bearing is the deep groove Conrad style. The bearing is used in most of the mechanical industries. Slot fill In a slot fill radial bearing, the inner and outer races are notched on one face so that when the notches are aligned, balls can be slipped in the resulting slot to assemble the bearing. A slot fill bearing has the advantage that more balls can be assembled (even allowing a full complement design), resulting in a higher radial load capacity than a Conrad bearing of the same dimensions and material type. However, a slot fill bearing cannot carry a significant axial load, and the slots cause a discontinuity in the races that can have a small but adverse effect on strength. Relieved race Relieved race ball bearings are 'relieved' as the name suggests by having either the OD of the inner ring reduced on one side, or the ID of the outer ring increased on one side. This allows a greater number of balls to be assembled into either the inner or outer race, and then press fit over the relief. Sometimes the outer ring will be heated to facilitate assembly. Like the slot fill construction, relieved race construction allows a greater number of balls than Conrad construction, up to and including full complement, and the extra ball count gives extra load capacity. However, a relieved race bearing can only support significant axial loads in one direction ('away from' the relieved race). Fractured race Another way of fitting more balls into a radial ball bearing is by radially 'fracturing' (slicing) one of the rings all the way through, loading the balls in, re assembling the fractured portion, and then using a pair of steel bands to hold the fractured ring sections together in alignment. Again, this allows more balls, including full ball complement, however unlike with either slot fill or relieved race constructions, it can support significant axial loading in either direction. Rows There are two row designs: single row bearings and double row bearings. Most ball bearings are a single row design, which means there is one row of bearing balls. This design works with radial and thrust loads. A double row design has two rows of bearing balls. Advantages of double row bearings as compared to single row include that they can bear radial and axial loads in both directions. Double row angular contact ball bearings have a steep mounting, which also can bear tilting effects. Other advantages of double row bearings are their rigidity and compactness. Their disadvantage is they need better alignment than single row bearings. Flanged Bearings with a flange on the outer ring simplify axial location. The housing for such bearings can consist of a through hole of uniform diameter, but the entry face of the housing (which may be either the outer or inner face) must be machined truly normal to the hole axis. However such flanges are very expensive to manufacture. A more cost effective arrangement of the bearing outer ring, with similar benefits, is a snap ring groove at either or both ends of the outside diameter. The snap ring assumes the function of a flange. Caged Cages are typically used to secure the balls in a Conrad style ball bearing. In other construction types they may decrease the number of balls depending on the specific cage shape, and thus reduce the load capacity. Without cages the tangential position is stabilized by sliding of two convex surfaces on each other. With a cage the tangential position is stabilized by a sliding of a convex surface in a matched concave surface, which avoids dents in the balls and has lower friction. Caged roller bearings were invented by John Harrison in the mid 18th century as part of his work on chronographs. Hybrid ball bearings using ceramic balls Ceramic bearing balls can weigh up to 40% less than steel ones, depending on size and material. This reduces centrifugal loading and skidding, so hybrid ceramic bearings can operate 20% to 40% faster than conventional bearings. This means that the outer race groove exerts less force inward against the ball as the bearing spins. This reduction in force reduces the friction and rolling resistance. The lighter balls allow the bearing to spin faster, and uses less power to maintain its speed. The ceramic balls are typically harder than the race. Due to wear, with time they will form a groove in the race. This is preferable to the balls wearing which would leave them with possible flat spots significantly harming performance. While ceramic hybrid bearings use ceramic balls in place of steel ones, they are constructed with steel inner and outer rings; hence the hybrid designation. While the ceramic material itself is stronger than steel, it is also stiffer, which results in increased stresses on the rings, and hence decreased load capacity. Ceramic balls are electrically insulating, which can prevent 'arcing' failures if current should be passed through the bearing. Ceramic balls can also be effective in environments where lubrication may not be available (such as in space applications). In some settings only a thin coating of ceramic is used over a metal ball bearing. Fully ceramic bearings These bearings make use of both ceramic balls and race. These bearings are impervious to corrosion and rarely require lubrication if at all. Due to the stiffness and hardness of the balls and race these bearings are noisy at high speeds. The stiffness of the ceramic makes these bearings brittle and liable to crack under load or impact. Because both ball and race are of similar hardness, wear can lead to chipping at high speeds of both the balls and the race, which can cause sparking. Self aligning Self aligning ball bearings, such as the Wingqvist bearing shown in the picture, are constructed with the inner ring and ball assembly contained within an outer ring that has a spherical raceway. This construction allows the bearing to tolerate a small angular misalignment resulting from shaft or housing deflections or improper mounting. The bearing was used mainly in bearing arrangements with very long shafts, such as transmission shafts in textile factories. One drawback of the self aligning ball bearings is a limited load rating, as the outer raceway has very low osculation (its radius is much larger than the ball radius). This led to the invention of the spherical roller bearing, which has a similar design, but uses rollers instead of balls. The spherical roller thrust bearing is another invention derived from the findings by Wingqvist.
Самоустанавливающиеся Самоустанавливающиеся шариковые подшипники, такие как подшипник Wingqvist, показанный на рисунке, имеют внутреннее кольцо и сборку шариков, заключенные во внешнее кольцо со сферической дорожкой. Эта конструкция позволяет подшипнику компенсировать небольшое угловое смещение, вызванное прогибом вала или корпуса или неправильной установкой. Подшипник в основном использовался в подшипниковых узлах с очень длинными валами, например, в передаточных валах текстильных фабрик. Одним из недостатков самоустанавливающихся шариковых подшипников является ограниченная грузоподъемность, поскольку внешняя дорожка имеет очень низкую осцилляцию (ее радиус намного больше радиуса шарика). Это привело к изобретению сферического роликового подшипника, который имеет аналогичную конструкцию, но использует ролики вместо шариков. Сферический роликовый упорный подшипник – еще одно изобретение, основанное на результатах, полученных Wingqvist.
Conrad The Conrad style ball bearing is named after its inventor, Robert Conrad, who was awarded British patent 12,206 in 1903 and U. S. patent 822,723 in 1906. These bearings are assembled by placing the inner ring into an eccentric position relative to the outer ring, with the two rings in contact at one point, resulting in a large gap opposite the point of contact. The balls are inserted through the gap and then evenly distributed around the bearing assembly, causing the rings to become concentric. Assembly is completed by fitting a cage to the balls to maintain their positions relative to each other. Without the cage, the balls would eventually drift out of position during operation, causing the bearing to fail. The cage carries no load and serves only to maintain ball position. Conrad bearings have the advantage that they are able to withstand both radial and axial loads, but have the disadvantage of lower load capacity due to the limited number of balls that can be loaded into the bearing assembly. Probably the most familiar industrial ball bearing is the deep groove Conrad style. The bearing is used in most of the mechanical industries. Slot fill In a slot fill radial bearing, the inner and outer races are notched on one face so that when the notches are aligned, balls can be slipped in the resulting slot to assemble the bearing. A slot fill bearing has the advantage that more balls can be assembled (even allowing a full complement design), resulting in a higher radial load capacity than a Conrad bearing of the same dimensions and material type. However, a slot fill bearing cannot carry a significant axial load, and the slots cause a discontinuity in the races that can have a small but adverse effect on strength. Relieved race Relieved race ball bearings are 'relieved' as the name suggests by having either the OD of the inner ring reduced on one side, or the ID of the outer ring increased on one side. This allows a greater number of balls to be assembled into either the inner or outer race, and then press fit over the relief. Sometimes the outer ring will be heated to facilitate assembly. Like the slot fill construction, relieved race construction allows a greater number of balls than Conrad construction, up to and including full complement, and the extra ball count gives extra load capacity. However, a relieved race bearing can only support significant axial loads in one direction ('away from' the relieved race). Fractured race Another way of fitting more balls into a radial ball bearing is by radially 'fracturing' (slicing) one of the rings all the way through, loading the balls in, re assembling the fractured portion, and then using a pair of steel bands to hold the fractured ring sections together in alignment. Again, this allows more balls, including full ball complement, however unlike with either slot fill or relieved race constructions, it can support significant axial loading in either direction. Rows There are two row designs: single row bearings and double row bearings. Most ball bearings are a single row design, which means there is one row of bearing balls. This design works with radial and thrust loads. A double row design has two rows of bearing balls. Advantages of double row bearings as compared to single row include that they can bear radial and axial loads in both directions. Double row angular contact ball bearings have a steep mounting, which also can bear tilting effects. Other advantages of double row bearings are their rigidity and compactness. Their disadvantage is they need better alignment than single row bearings. Flanged Bearings with a flange on the outer ring simplify axial location. The housing for such bearings can consist of a through hole of uniform diameter, but the entry face of the housing (which may be either the outer or inner face) must be machined truly normal to the hole axis. However such flanges are very expensive to manufacture. A more cost effective arrangement of the bearing outer ring, with similar benefits, is a snap ring groove at either or both ends of the outside diameter. The snap ring assumes the function of a flange. Caged Cages are typically used to secure the balls in a Conrad style ball bearing. In other construction types they may decrease the number of balls depending on the specific cage shape, and thus reduce the load capacity. Without cages the tangential position is stabilized by sliding of two convex surfaces on each other. With a cage the tangential position is stabilized by a sliding of a convex surface in a matched concave surface, which avoids dents in the balls and has lower friction. Caged roller bearings were invented by John Harrison in the mid 18th century as part of his work on chronographs. Hybrid ball bearings using ceramic balls Ceramic bearing balls can weigh up to 40% less than steel ones, depending on size and material. This reduces centrifugal loading and skidding, so hybrid ceramic bearings can operate 20% to 40% faster than conventional bearings. This means that the outer race groove exerts less force inward against the ball as the bearing spins. This reduction in force reduces the friction and rolling resistance. The lighter balls allow the bearing to spin faster, and uses less power to maintain its speed. The ceramic balls are typically harder than the race. Due to wear, with time they will form a groove in the race. This is preferable to the balls wearing which would leave them with possible flat spots significantly harming performance. While ceramic hybrid bearings use ceramic balls in place of steel ones, they are constructed with steel inner and outer rings; hence the hybrid designation. While the ceramic material itself is stronger than steel, it is also stiffer, which results in increased stresses on the rings, and hence decreased load capacity. Ceramic balls are electrically insulating, which can prevent 'arcing' failures if current should be passed through the bearing. Ceramic balls can also be effective in environments where lubrication may not be available (such as in space applications). In some settings only a thin coating of ceramic is used over a metal ball bearing. Fully ceramic bearings These bearings make use of both ceramic balls and race. These bearings are impervious to corrosion and rarely require lubrication if at all. Due to the stiffness and hardness of the balls and race these bearings are noisy at high speeds. The stiffness of the ceramic makes these bearings brittle and liable to crack under load or impact. Because both ball and race are of similar hardness, wear can lead to chipping at high speeds of both the balls and the race, which can cause sparking. Self aligning Self aligning ball bearings, such as the Wingqvist bearing shown in the picture, are constructed with the inner ring and ball assembly contained within an outer ring that has a spherical raceway. This construction allows the bearing to tolerate a small angular misalignment resulting from shaft or housing deflections or improper mounting. The bearing was used mainly in bearing arrangements with very long shafts, such as transmission shafts in textile factories. One drawback of the self aligning ball bearings is a limited load rating, as the outer raceway has very low osculation (its radius is much larger than the ball radius). This led to the invention of the spherical roller bearing, which has a similar design, but uses rollers instead of balls. The spherical roller thrust bearing is another invention derived from the findings by Wingqvist.
Продолжительность жизни
Расчетный срок службы подшипника определяется нагрузкой, которую он несет, и скоростью его вращения. Отраслевой стандартный срок службы подшипника обратно пропорционален кубу нагрузки. Номинальная максимальная нагрузка подшипника рассчитана на срок службы в 1 миллион оборотов, что при частоте 50 Гц (то есть 3000 об/мин) соответствует 5,5 часам работы. 90% подшипников данного типа имеют как минимум такой срок службы, а 50% – срок службы, как минимум в 5 раз превышающий этот показатель. Расчет стандартного срока службы основан на работе Лундберга и Палмгрена, выполненной в 1947 году. Формула исходит из того, что срок службы ограничен усталостью металла и что распределение срока службы можно описать распределением Вейбулла. Существует множество вариантов формулы, учитывающих свойства материала, смазку и характер нагрузки. Учет нагрузки можно рассматривать как косвенное признание того, что современные материалы демонстрируют иную зависимость между нагрузкой и сроком службы, чем установили Лундберг и Палмгрен. Если требуется смазка жиром, ее состав следует адаптировать к действующим параметрам. При возможности предпочтение следует отдавать жирам с высокой скоростью отделения масла и низкой вязкостью базового масла.
The calculated life for a bearing is based on the load it carries and its operating speed. The industry standard usable bearing lifespan is inversely proportional to the bearing load cubed. Nominal maximum load of a bearing, is for a lifespan of 1 million rotations, which at 50 Hz (i. e., 3000 RPM) is a lifespan of 5.5 working hours. 90% of bearings of that type have at least that lifespan, and 50% of bearings have a lifespan at least 5 times as long. The industry standard life calculation is based upon the work of Lundberg and Palmgren performed in 1947. The formula assumes the life to be limited by metal fatigue and that the life distribution can be described by a Weibull distribution. Many variations of the formula exist that include factors for material properties, lubrication, and loading. Factoring for loading may be viewed as a tacit admission that modern materials demonstrate a different relationship between load and life than Lundberg and Palmgren determined If grease lubrication is necessary, the composition should be adapted to the parameters that occur. Greases with a high bleeding rate and low base oil viscosity should be preferred if possible.
Направление нагрузки
Большинство подшипников предназначены для восприятия нагрузок, перпендикулярных оси вращения ("радиальные нагрузки"). Способность подшипника воспринимать осевые нагрузки, и величина этих нагрузок, зависят от его типа. Опорные подшипники (часто используемые в поворотных механизмах) специально разработаны для осевых нагрузок. Аэрокосмические подшипники применяются во многих областях в коммерческой, частной и военной авиации, включая шкивы, редукторы и валы газотурбинных двигателей. Материалы включают инструментальную сталь M50 (AMS6491), углеродистую хромированную сталь (AMS6444), коррозионностойкую сталь AMS5930, нержавеющую сталь 440C, нитрид кремния (керамика) и 440C с карбид-титановым покрытием. Колесо скейтборда содержит два подшипника, подвергающихся как осевым, так и радиальным нагрузкам, изменяющимся во времени. Чаще всего используется подшипник 608 2Z (шариковый подшипник глубокого зазора серии 60 с диаметром отверстия 8 мм). Многие йо-йо, от начального до профессионального и соревновательного уровня, оснащены шарикоподшипниками. Многие игрушки-фиджет-спиннеры используют несколько шарикоподшипников для увеличения веса и обеспечения вращения. В центробежных насосах. В шейных подшипниках железнодорожных локомотивов. В боковой тяге новейших высокоскоростных паровозов до перехода железных дорог на дизельную тягу.
Most bearings are meant for supporting loads perpendicular to axle ("radial loads"). Whether they can also bear axial loads, and if so, how much, depends on the type of bearing. Thrust bearings (commonly found on lazy susans) are specifically designed for axial loads. Aerospace bearings are used in many applications on commercial, private and military aircraft including pulleys, gearboxes and jet engine shafts. Materials include M50 tool steel (AMS6491), carbon chrome steel (AMS6444), the corrosion resistant AMS5930, 440C stainless steel, silicon nitride (ceramic) and titanium carbide coated 440C. A skateboard wheel contains two bearings, which are subject to both axial and radial time varying loads. Most commonly bearing 608 2Z is used (a deep groove ball bearing from series 60 with 8 mm bore diameter)
Many yo yos, ranging from beginner to professional or competition grade, incorporate ball bearings. Many fidget spinner toys use multiple ball bearings to add weight, and to allow the toy to spin. In centrifugal pumps. Railroad locomotive axle journals. Side rod action of newest high speed steam locomotives before railroads were converted to diesel engines.
Many yo yos, ranging from beginner to professional or competition grade, incorporate ball bearings. Many fidget spinner toys use multiple ball bearings to add weight, and to allow the toy to spin. In centrifugal pumps. Railroad locomotive axle journals. Side rod action of newest high speed steam locomotives before railroads were converted to diesel engines.
Назначение
Размер шарика увеличивается с ростом серии при любом заданном внутреннем или внешнем диаметре (но не одновременно обоих). Чем больше шарик, тем выше его грузоподъемность. Серии 200 и 300 являются наиболее распространенными.
The ball size increases as the series increases, for any given inner diameter or outer diameter (not both). The larger the ball the greater the load carrying capacity. Series 200 and 300 are the most common.