Диод для подавления переходных напряжений: типы, характеристики и применение.
Transient-voltage-suppression diode
Защитите электронику от скачков напряжения! TVS-диоды (транзилы) – надежные компоненты для подавления перенапряжений и защиты от импульсов. Сравнение с другими решениями.
Сравнивайте с английским: нажмите на абзац — оригинал откроется в окне. Кнопка EN под абзацем показывает его прямо в тексте.
Введение
Электронный компонент
Electronic component
Диод для подавления переходных напряжений (TVS), также известный как трансил, трансорб или тиректор, — это электронный компонент, используемый для защиты электроники от импульсных перенапряжений в подключенных линиях.
A transient voltage suppression (TVS) diode, also transil, transorb or thyrector, is an electronic component used to protect electronics from voltage spikes induced on connected wires.
Описание
Устройство работает путем шунтирования избыточного тока, когда индуцированное напряжение превышает потенциал лавинного пробоя. Это устройство ограничения, подавляющее все перенапряжения выше его напряжения пробоя. Оно автоматически восстанавливается после исчезновения перенапряжения, но поглощает значительно больше энергии переходного процесса внутри, чем аналогичное устройство на тиристоре.
The device operates by shunting excess current when the induced voltage exceeds the avalanche breakdown potential. It is a clamping device, suppressing all overvoltages above its breakdown voltage. It automatically resets when the overvoltage goes away, but absorbs much more of the transient energy internally than a similarly rated crowbar device. Comparison of TVS Components Componenttype Protectiontime Protectionvoltage Powerdissipation Reliableperformance Expectedlife Otherconsiderations Gas discharge tube > 1 μs 60−100 V None No Limited Only 50−2500 surges. Can short power line. MOV 10−20 ns > 300 V None No Degrades Fusing required. Degrades. Voltage level too high. Avalanche TVS 50 ps 3−400 V Low Yes Long Low power dissipation. Bidirectional also available. Thyristor TVS < 3 ns 30−400 V None Yes Long High capacitance. Temperature sensitive. A transient voltage suppression diode may be either unidirectional or bidirectional. A unidirectional device operates as a rectifier in the forward direction like any other avalanche diode, but is made and tested to handle very large peak currents. A bidirectional transient voltage suppression diode can be represented by two mutually opposing avalanche diodes in series with one another and connected in parallel with the circuit to be protected. While this representation is schematically accurate, physically the devices are now manufactured as a single component. A transient voltage suppression diode can respond to over voltages faster than other common over voltage protection components such as varistors or gas discharge tubes. The actual clamping occurs in roughly one picosecond, but in a practical circuit the inductance of the wires leading to the device imposes a higher limit. This makes transient voltage suppression diodes useful for protection against very fast and often damaging voltage transients. These fast over voltage transients are present on all distribution networks and can be caused by either internal or external events, such as lightning or motor arcing. Transient voltage suppressors will fail if they are subjected to voltages or conditions beyond those that the particular product was designed to accommodate. There are three key modes in which the TVS will fail: short, open, and degraded device. TVS diodes are sometimes referred to as transorbs, from the Vishay trademark TransZorb.
Сравнение компонентов TVS
The device operates by shunting excess current when the induced voltage exceeds the avalanche breakdown potential. It is a clamping device, suppressing all overvoltages above its breakdown voltage. It automatically resets when the overvoltage goes away, but absorbs much more of the transient energy internally than a similarly rated crowbar device. Comparison of TVS Components Componenttype Protectiontime Protectionvoltage Powerdissipation Reliableperformance Expectedlife Otherconsiderations Gas discharge tube > 1 μs 60−100 V None No Limited Only 50−2500 surges. Can short power line. MOV 10−20 ns > 300 V None No Degrades Fusing required. Degrades. Voltage level too high. Avalanche TVS 50 ps 3−400 V Low Yes Long Low power dissipation. Bidirectional also available. Thyristor TVS < 3 ns 30−400 V None Yes Long High capacitance. Temperature sensitive. A transient voltage suppression diode may be either unidirectional or bidirectional. A unidirectional device operates as a rectifier in the forward direction like any other avalanche diode, but is made and tested to handle very large peak currents. A bidirectional transient voltage suppression diode can be represented by two mutually opposing avalanche diodes in series with one another and connected in parallel with the circuit to be protected. While this representation is schematically accurate, physically the devices are now manufactured as a single component. A transient voltage suppression diode can respond to over voltages faster than other common over voltage protection components such as varistors or gas discharge tubes. The actual clamping occurs in roughly one picosecond, but in a practical circuit the inductance of the wires leading to the device imposes a higher limit. This makes transient voltage suppression diodes useful for protection against very fast and often damaging voltage transients. These fast over voltage transients are present on all distribution networks and can be caused by either internal or external events, such as lightning or motor arcing. Transient voltage suppressors will fail if they are subjected to voltages or conditions beyond those that the particular product was designed to accommodate. There are three key modes in which the TVS will fail: short, open, and degraded device. TVS diodes are sometimes referred to as transorbs, from the Vishay trademark TransZorb.
Тип компонента | Время защиты | Напряжение защиты | Рассеивание мощности | Надежная работа | Ожидаемый срок службы | Другие соображения
---|---|---|---|---|---|---
Газоразрядная трубка | > 1 мкс | 60–100 В | Отсутствует | Нет | Ограниченный | Только 50–2500 импульсов. Может вызвать короткое замыкание в линии электропитания.
MOV | 10–20 нс | > 300 В | Отсутствует | Нет | Деградирует | Требуется плавкий предохранитель. Деградирует. Слишком высокий уровень напряжения.
Лавинный TVS | 50 пс | 3–400 В | Низкий | Да | Длительный | Низкое рассеивание мощности. Также доступны двунаправленные варианты.
Тиристорный TVS | < 3 нс | 30–400 В | Отсутствует | Да | Длительный | Высокая емкость. Чувствителен к температуре.
The device operates by shunting excess current when the induced voltage exceeds the avalanche breakdown potential. It is a clamping device, suppressing all overvoltages above its breakdown voltage. It automatically resets when the overvoltage goes away, but absorbs much more of the transient energy internally than a similarly rated crowbar device. Comparison of TVS Components Componenttype Protectiontime Protectionvoltage Powerdissipation Reliableperformance Expectedlife Otherconsiderations Gas discharge tube > 1 μs 60−100 V None No Limited Only 50−2500 surges. Can short power line. MOV 10−20 ns > 300 V None No Degrades Fusing required. Degrades. Voltage level too high. Avalanche TVS 50 ps 3−400 V Low Yes Long Low power dissipation. Bidirectional also available. Thyristor TVS < 3 ns 30−400 V None Yes Long High capacitance. Temperature sensitive. A transient voltage suppression diode may be either unidirectional or bidirectional. A unidirectional device operates as a rectifier in the forward direction like any other avalanche diode, but is made and tested to handle very large peak currents. A bidirectional transient voltage suppression diode can be represented by two mutually opposing avalanche diodes in series with one another and connected in parallel with the circuit to be protected. While this representation is schematically accurate, physically the devices are now manufactured as a single component. A transient voltage suppression diode can respond to over voltages faster than other common over voltage protection components such as varistors or gas discharge tubes. The actual clamping occurs in roughly one picosecond, but in a practical circuit the inductance of the wires leading to the device imposes a higher limit. This makes transient voltage suppression diodes useful for protection against very fast and often damaging voltage transients. These fast over voltage transients are present on all distribution networks and can be caused by either internal or external events, such as lightning or motor arcing. Transient voltage suppressors will fail if they are subjected to voltages or conditions beyond those that the particular product was designed to accommodate. There are three key modes in which the TVS will fail: short, open, and degraded device. TVS diodes are sometimes referred to as transorbs, from the Vishay trademark TransZorb.
Диод подавления переходных напряжений может быть однонаправленным или двунаправленным. Однонаправленное устройство работает как выпрямитель в прямом направлении, как и любой другой лавинный диод, но изготавливается и тестируется для работы с очень большими пиковыми токами. Двунаправленный диод подавления переходных напряжений можно представить как два лавинных диода, включенных встречно-параллельно и подключенных параллельно защищаемой цепи. Хотя это схематическое представление является точным, физически устройства теперь производятся как единый компонент. Диод подавления переходных напряжений может реагировать на перенапряжения быстрее, чем другие распространенные компоненты защиты от перенапряжения, такие как варисторы или газоразрядные трубки. Фактическое ограничение происходит примерно за одну пикосекунду, но в практической схеме индуктивность проводов, ведущих к устройству, устанавливает более высокий предел. Это делает диоды подавления переходных напряжений полезными для защиты от очень быстрых и часто повреждающих переходных процессов. Эти быстрые перенапряжения присутствуют во всех распределительных сетях и могут быть вызваны как внутренними, так и внешними событиями, такими как молния или дуга в двигателе. Подавители переходных напряжений выйдут из строя, если они подвергнутся напряжениям или условиям, превышающим те, для которых был разработан конкретный продукт. Существует три основных режима отказа TVS: короткое замыкание, обрыв и деградация устройства. Диоды TVS иногда называют трансорбами, по товарному знаку TransZorb компании Vishay.
The device operates by shunting excess current when the induced voltage exceeds the avalanche breakdown potential. It is a clamping device, suppressing all overvoltages above its breakdown voltage. It automatically resets when the overvoltage goes away, but absorbs much more of the transient energy internally than a similarly rated crowbar device. Comparison of TVS Components Componenttype Protectiontime Protectionvoltage Powerdissipation Reliableperformance Expectedlife Otherconsiderations Gas discharge tube > 1 μs 60−100 V None No Limited Only 50−2500 surges. Can short power line. MOV 10−20 ns > 300 V None No Degrades Fusing required. Degrades. Voltage level too high. Avalanche TVS 50 ps 3−400 V Low Yes Long Low power dissipation. Bidirectional also available. Thyristor TVS < 3 ns 30−400 V None Yes Long High capacitance. Temperature sensitive. A transient voltage suppression diode may be either unidirectional or bidirectional. A unidirectional device operates as a rectifier in the forward direction like any other avalanche diode, but is made and tested to handle very large peak currents. A bidirectional transient voltage suppression diode can be represented by two mutually opposing avalanche diodes in series with one another and connected in parallel with the circuit to be protected. While this representation is schematically accurate, physically the devices are now manufactured as a single component. A transient voltage suppression diode can respond to over voltages faster than other common over voltage protection components such as varistors or gas discharge tubes. The actual clamping occurs in roughly one picosecond, but in a practical circuit the inductance of the wires leading to the device imposes a higher limit. This makes transient voltage suppression diodes useful for protection against very fast and often damaging voltage transients. These fast over voltage transients are present on all distribution networks and can be caused by either internal or external events, such as lightning or motor arcing. Transient voltage suppressors will fail if they are subjected to voltages or conditions beyond those that the particular product was designed to accommodate. There are three key modes in which the TVS will fail: short, open, and degraded device. TVS diodes are sometimes referred to as transorbs, from the Vishay trademark TransZorb.