1870-е годы: Эпоха перемен и изобретений

Decade of the Gregorian calendar

The 1870s (pronounced "eighteen seventies") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1870, and ended on December 31, 1879. The trends of the previous decade continued into this one, as new empires, imperialism and militarism rose in Europe and Asia. The United States was recovering from the American Civil War, though the Reconstruction era introduced its own legacies of bitterness and racial segregation in the country. Germany unified as a nation in 1871 and became the German Empire. Changing social conditions led workforces to cooperate in the form of labor unions in order to demand better pay and working conditions, with strikes occurring worldwide in the later part of the decade and continuing until World War I. The decade was also a period of significant technological advancement; the phonograph, telephone, and electric light bulb were all invented during the 1870s, though it would take several more decades before they became household items. The last living person from this decade, Jeanne Calment, died in 1997.

The British Empire continued to grow, with the 1870s marking the beginning of the New Imperialism. Bulgaria and Romania declared independence following a war against the Ottoman Empire. The Sioux battled the United States Cavalry and resisted encroachment by white settlers on the Great Plains.

The prototype telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. The phonograph is invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison. The 6.35mm headphone jack was invented in 1878 and is still widely used today. The first version of the light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison in 1879. The steam drill is invented in 1879. Ludwig Boltzmann statistically defined thermodynamic entropy. 1873 Weltausstellung in Vienna, 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia and 1878 Exposition universelle in Paris.

Atlas bear became extinct in 1870. Yellowstone National Park was established and signed into law in 1872.

Jules Verne (France) publishes Around The World in Eighty Days. Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, and Alfred Sisley organized the Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs ("Cooperative and Anonymous Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") for the purpose of exhibiting their artworks independently. Members of the association, which soon included Paul Cézanne, Berthe Morisot, and Edgar Degas, were expected to forswear participation in the Salon. The organizers invited a number of other progressive artists to join them in their inaugural exhibition, including the slightly older Eugène Boudin, whose example had first persuaded Monet to take up plein air painting years before. Another painter who greatly influenced Monet and his friends, Johan Jongkind, declined to participate, as did Manet. In total, thirty artists participated in their first exhibition, held in April 1874 at the studio of the photographer Nadar. The group soon became known as the Impressionists. Jeanne Calment, born 1875, would eventually become the longest living human being with a verified lifespan. She lived until 1997, aged 122. She still holds the record as of April 2023. Lewis Carroll publishes Through the Looking Glass. Mark Twain publishes The Adventures of Tom Sawyer in 1876. Henrik Ibsen releases A Doll's House in 1879.