1878–1880: Хроника событий и перемен

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January 1 – The Specie Resumption Act takes effect. The United States Note is valued the same as gold, for the first time since the American Civil War. January 11 – The Anglo Zulu War begins. January 22 – Anglo Zulu War – Battle of Isandlwana: A force of 1,200 British soldiers is wiped out by over 20,000 Zulu warriors. January 23 – Anglo Zulu War – Battle of Rorke's Drift: Following the previous day's defeat, a smaller British force of 140 successfully repels an attack by 4,000 Zulus. February 3 – Mosley Street in Newcastle upon Tyne (England) becomes the world's first public highway to be lit by the electric incandescent light bulb invented by Joseph Swan. February 8 – At a meeting of the Royal Canadian Institute, engineer and inventor Sandford Fleming first proposes the global adoption of standard time. March 3 – United States Geological Survey is founded. March 11 – The Ryukyu Domain is incorporated into the Okinawa Prefecture of Japan and the last ruler, Shō Tai, exiled to Tokyo. March 28 – Anglo Zulu War – Battle of Hlobane: British forces suffer a defeat. March 29 – Anglo Zulu War – Battle of Kambula: British forces defeat 20,000 Zulus.

April – Postman Ferdinand Cheval begins to build his Palais Idéal at Hauterives in France. April 5 – War of the Pacific: Chile formally declares war on Bolivia and Peru. April 12 – Mary Baker Eddy founds the Church of Christ, Scientist in Boston, Massachusetts. April 26 – The National Park, later renamed the Royal National Park, is declared in New South Wales, Australia, the world's second oldest purposed national park. May 2 – The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (Partido Socialista Obrero Español) is founded clandestinely at the Casa Labra tavern in Madrid, by printer Pablo Iglesias. May 7 – The current constitution of the State of California in the United States is ratified. May 10 – The Archaeological Institute of America (AIA) is formed. May 12 – English Catholic convert John Henry Newman is elevated to Cardinal. May 14 – The first group of 463 Indian indentured labourers arrive in Fiji, aboard the Leonidas. May 26 – Russia and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Gandamak, establishing an Afghan state. May 30 – New York City's Gilmore's Garden is renamed Madison Square Garden by William Henry Vanderbilt and is opened to the public at 26th Street and Madison Avenue. June 1 – Anglo Zulu War: Louis Napoléon, Prince Imperial of France, son of Napoléon III, is killed in Africa while attached to the British Army. June 4 – Yasukuni Shrine is officially renamed from Tokyo Shokonsha Shrine in Japan. June 6 – William Denny and Brothers launch the world's first ocean going steamer to be built of mild steel, the SS Rotomahana, on the River Clyde in Scotland. On October 2 they launch the first transatlantic steamer of the same material, the SS Buenos Ayrean; on December 1 she makes her maiden voyage out of Glasgow, bound for South America. June 14 – Sidney Faithorn Green, a priest in the Church of England, is tried and convicted for using Ritualist practices. June 21 – German chemical company Linde is founded by Carl von Linde. June 30 – The 1879 Surigao earthquake measuring 7.4 causes major damage in the northern tip of Mindanao Island.

Colonel Ahmed ‘Urabi forms the Egyptian Nationalist Party. The Stefan–Boltzmann law is discovered by Jozef Stefan. Wilhelm Wundt establishes the first psychological research laboratory, at the University of Leipzig. Tetteh Quarshie first brings cocoa beans to Ghana from Equatorial Guinea. Gottlob Frege publishes Begriffsschrift, eine der arithmetischen nachgebildete Formelsprache des reinen Denkens in Halle, a significant text in the development of mathematical logic.

Abdallah Beyhum, 10th prime minister of Lebanon (d. 1962)
Ali Muhammad Shibli, Bengali revolutionary (d. unknown)

July 7 – Béla Wenckheim, 8th prime minister of Hungary (b. 1811)
July 17 – Maurycy Gottlieb, Polish painter (b. 1856)
July 19 – Louis Favre, French engineer (b. 1826)
August 14 – Ivan Davidovich Lazarev, Russian general (b. 1820)
August 27 – Anđeo Kraljević, Herzegovinian Catholic bishop (b. 1807)
August 30 – John Bell Hood, American Confederate general (b. 1831)
September 9 – John Dennis Phelan, American politician and jurist (b. 1809)
September 17 – Eugène Viollet le Duc, French architect (b. 1814)
September 26 – Sir William Rowan, British field marshal (b. 1789)
September 30 – Francis Gillette, American politician (b. 1807)
October 8 – Miguel Grau Seminario, Peruvian admiral (killed in action) (b. 1834)
October 25 – Nachum Kaplan, Lithuanian rabbi (b. 1811)
October 31 – Joseph Hooker, American general (b. 1814)
November 5 – James Clerk Maxwell, Scottish physicist (b. 1831)
November 23 – Louisa Susannah Cheves McCord, American political essayist (b. 1810)
December 2 – Ferdinand Lindheimer, German born botanist (b. 1801)
December 7 – Jón Sigurðsson, campaigner for Icelandic independence (b. 1811)
December 24 – Anna Bochkoltz, German operatic soprano, voice teacher and composer (b. 1815)

Chō Kōran, Japanese poet, painter (b. 1804)