События 1821–1822 годов: Независимость и перемены в мире

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July 4 – Return of John VI from Brazil to Portugal who approves on that day the Bases da Constituição. July 19 – George IV is crowned king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. His estranged wife, Caroline of Brunswick, is turned away from the ceremony. July 28 – Argentine general José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from the Spanish Empire. August 10 – Missouri is admitted as the 24th U. S. state. August 7 (O. S.)/August 19 (N. S.) – Navarino massacre: Greek rebels massacre 3,000 inhabitants of the city of Navarino. August 21 – Jarvis Island is discovered in the Pacific by the crew of the Eliza Frances. August 24 – The Treaty of Córdoba is signed in Córdoba, Veracruz, Mexico, ratifying the Plan of Iguala of February 24 for Mexico's independence from Spain and, although not recognised by the latter, effectively concludes the Mexican War of Independence. August 30 – At the Congress of Cúcuta, the Republic of Gran Colombia (a federation covering much of present day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) is established, with Simón Bolívar as the founding President, and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president. September 4 – Chilean general José Miguel Carrera is executed by an Argentinian military tribunal, in the city of Mendoza. September 15 – Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica gain independence from Spain by the Act of Independence of Central America. On October 29, the newly independent First Mexican Empire proposes that Guatemala should be annexed with it. September 4 (O. S.)/September 16 (N. S.) – Ukase of 1821: Russia proclaims territorial sovereignty over Northwestern North America, modern day Alaska. September 18 – Amherst College is founded in Massachusetts. September 27 – The Army of the Three Guarantees enters Mexico City, and the following day the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain is proclaimed, following the Mexican War of Independence.

September 23 (O. S.)/October 5 (N. S.) – The Siege of Tripolitsa ends when Greek rebels capture the city of Tripoli, Greece; the massacre of 8,000 civilians follows. (Greek forces under the command of General Theodoros Kolokotronis have besieged the city for several months during the Greek War of Independence from Turkey and the Ottoman Empire.) October 8 (O. S.)/October 20 (N. S.) – Tsar Alexander I of Russia issues an imperial ukase guaranteeing freedom of commerce in Russia by merchants from Persia. November 16 – American Old West: The Santa Fe Trail is first used by William Becknell. November 28 – Panama declares independence from Spain, joining Gran Colombia. December 1 – History of the Dominican Republic: On the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, General José Núñez de Cáceres ends the España Boba era of Spanish rule in the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo by establishing the Republic of Spanish Haiti. It will last for three months before being invaded by Haiti. December 6 – The South Orkney Islands are discovered by seal hunters George Powell and Nathaniel Palmer. December 15 – The world's first geographical society, the Société de géographie, is established in Paris. December 19 – The Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland begins to erupt.

The town of Al Ubayyid, Sudan is established. Widener University is founded in Wilmington, Delaware, as The Bullock School for Boys.

Giuseppe Bonavia, Maltese architect (d. 1885)
Mazhar Nanautawi, Indian freedom struggle activist (d. 1885)

January 4 – Elizabeth Ann Seton, American saint (b. 1774)
January 5 – Carlo Porta, Milanese poet (b. 1775)
January 19 – Alexandru Suţu, prince of Moldavia (b. 1758)
February 23 – John Keats, British poet (b. 1795)
February 26 – Joseph de Maistre, French Savoyard philosopher (b. 1753)
March 4 – Princess Elizabeth of Clarence, daughter of William, Duke of Clarence (later King William IV) (b. 1820)
March 13 – John Hunter, second Governor of New South Wales (b. 1737)
April 10 – Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople (b. 1746)
April 20 – Franz Karl Achard, German chemist, physicist and biologist (b. 1753)
April 23 – Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville, French general (b. 1752)
May 2 – Hester Thrale, Welsh diarist and friend of Dr Johnson (b. 1741)
May 5 – Napoleon Bonaparte, French Emperor and general (b. 1769)
May 19 – Camille Jordan, French politician (b. 1771)
June 7 – Tudor Vladimirescu, Wallachian rebel leader (b. c. 1780)
June 17 – Martín Miguel de Güemes, Argentine military leader (b. 1785)
June 19 – Peter Ochs, Swiss politician (b. 1752)
June 23 – Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon Penthièvre, Duchess of Orléans, heiress, wife of Philippe Égalité (b. 1753)
June 30 – José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa, viceroy of Peru (b. 1743)

July 4 – Richard Cosway, English artist (b. 1742)
July 14 – Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguayan captain (b. 1786) (suicide)
July 17 – Fulgencio Yegros, Paraguayan general and politician (b. 1780)
August 7 – Caroline of Brunswick, Queen of the United Kingdom (b. 1768)
August 20 – Dorothea von Medem, Latvian diploma, duchess of Courland (b. 1761)
August 24 – John William Polidori, English physician, writer (b. 1795) (suicide)
September 4 – José Miguel Carrera, Chilean general, founding father (b. 1785)
September 10 – Johann Dominicus Fiorillo, German painter, art historian (b. 1748)
September 14 – Heinrich Kuhl, German naturalist, zoologist (b. 1797)
October 4 – Marie Louise Lachapelle, French obstetrician (b. 1769)
October 6 – Anders Jahan Retzius, Swedish chemist, botanist (b. 1742)
October 8 – Juan O'Donojú, viceroy of New Spain (b. 1762)
October 11 – John Ross Key, American judge, lawyer, father of songwriter Francis Scott Key (b. 1754)
October 21 – Dorothea Ackermann, German actress (b. 1752)
November 8 – Jean Rapp, French general (b. 1771)
December 4 – John Henniker Major, 2nd Baron Henniker, British politician (b. 1752)
December 7 – King Pōmare II of Tahiti (b. 1782)
December 12 – Phoebe Hessel, British female soldier (b. 1713)