Computer Associates: История американской корпорации (1976–2018)

American software company (1976–2018)

CA Technologies, Inc., formerly Computer Associates International, Inc., and CA, Inc., was an American multinational enterprise software developer and publisher that existed from 1976 to 2018. CA grew to rank as one of the largest independent software corporations in the world, and at one point was the second largest. The company created systems software (and for a while applications software) that ran in IBM mainframe, distributed computing, virtual machine, and cloud computing environments. The company's primary founder was Charles Wang. The main key to Computer Associates' fast growth was the acquisition of many lesser sized software companies in the IBM mainframe industry segment. CA was known for large scale dismissals of employees in the acquired firms, and for sometimes extracting cash flow from acquired products rather than enhancing them. Customers of CA often criticized the company for its poor technical support and hostile attitude. CA underwent a major accounting scandal in the early 2000s that led to several past executives being sent to prison. However by the 2010s, CA was ranked high by several corporate responsibility and recognition metrics. Computer Associates had its origins in both Switzerland (Zurich and Geneva) and in the United States (New York City). It was headquartered on Long Island for most of its history, at first Jericho and Garden City in Nassau County, then Suffolk County for two decades in Islandia before moving back to Manhattan in 2014. In 2018, the company was acquired by Broadcom Inc., a semiconductor manufacturer, for nearly $19 billion.

The origins of Computer Associates International lie in a Swiss software products company and a New York data services company. Samuel W. Goodner was a Texan who was working for the American businessman Sam Wyly's company, University Computing Company (UCC). UCC had acquired the Swiss computer services company Automation Center A. G., founded by the Swiss businessman Walter Haefner, and Wyly despatched Goodner to Europe to watch over it. A company by the name of Computer Associates A. G. was founded in 1970 by Goodner and was located in Zurich, Switzerland. Meanwhile, under regulatory pressure in 1969, IBM had announced its decision to unbundle the sale of computer hardware from its software and support services, i. e., mainframe computers from computer programs, etc. The decision opened new markets to competition and provided an opportunity for entrepreneurs to enter the nascent software industry and, starting in 1971, The firm sought to sell in countries other than Switzerland, and created a holding company for that purpose; distributors were signed up in different European countries, some of which would then be acquired by Computer Associates. Then in mid 1974, under the name Pansort. By 1974, the firm was referred to as Computer Associates International Ltd. it had been in existence since 1959, and was located at 1540 Broadway in Manhattan. In addition, by October 1974, Standard Data was advertising several other products for VM/CMS, including VM/370 ISAM, an emulation of OS ISAM in VM/CMS, as well as SYMBUG for other languages. Eventually Standard Data created a Software Products Division, of which Charles B. Wang was a vice president. Standard Data also gained U. S. rights to a report generator package called EARL (for Easy Access Report Language). The newly created company would continue to market CA SORT in the United States and in the rest of the Western hemisphere, while the existing European firm would market some of Standard Data's products such as SYMBUG. (The main part of Standard Data Corporation continued on as a company, supplying computer services for several kinds of organizations; the company persisted into the 2010s, but its website does not appear to have been accessible after 2018.) It is thus to 1976 that the creation of what would become the well known Computer Associates company is usually dated. This new venture began with four employees. Artzt is accordingly considered a co founder of the well known Computer Associates. For instance, CA DYNAM/D was a disk utility for IBM mainframes running DOS and DOS/VS that did disk space management, disk cataloguing, and other such functions; announced in 1977, its trademark belonged to Trans American Computer Associates, indicating it was developed in America rather than Europe. at 125 Jericho Turnpike. By 1980, the overall Computer Associates International had some 300 employees across its locations around the globe and was selling 12 different products to what it said were 9,000 different customer installation sites. Sales from the United States were the biggest market for the company. In contrast, this was an area where Capex had established itself. It was the start of what was to become a buying spree for Computer Associates over the next several years. The company specialized in going after third party mainframe software. They would come to be situated in five other buildings within Nassau County as well. Uccel was a new name for UCC, which Haefner had gained control of from Wyly in 1976 and which had undergone ups and downs in the years since. As the decade ended, CA became the first software company after Microsoft to exceed $1 billion in sales. Information Week listed Computer Associates ahead of Microsoft in a 1990 roundup titled "Software's Heavy Hitters."

Early in the decade, Computer Associates was forced to address criticism of the company as well as a sharp decline in its stock price, which fell more than 50 percent during 1990. The ensuing changes included pushing into foreign markets (Japan, Canada, Africa, Latin America), reforming how the company charged its customers for software maintenance, and improving compatibility with products from other vendors, such as Hewlett Packard (HP), Apple Computer, and Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). In addition, the company was not immune to the effects of the early 1990s recession, and by October 1991 the stock was down by around 70 percent from its earlier peak in May 1989. In 1991, CA acquired Pansophic Systems. After 2½ years of planning and construction, the company began moving its headquarters to Islandia, New York in Suffolk County in 1992, consolidating all of the Nassau County operations. There it would occupy a large corporate campus with three office buildings. In 1992, the company was sued by Electronic Data Systems (EDS), a CA customer. EDS accused CA of breach of contract, misuse of copyright and violations of antitrust laws. CA filed a counterclaim, also alleging breach of contract, including copyright infringement and misappropriation of trade secrets. The companies reached a settlement in 1996. In 1995, Legent Corporation was acquired for $1.78 billion, the biggest ever acquisition in the software industry at that time, and Cheyenne Software for $1.2 billion in 1996. CA executed the software industry's then largest acquisition ($3.5 billion) via Platinum Technology International in 1999. In 1998, an unsuccessful and hostile takeover bid by CA for computer consulting firm Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) prompted a bribery suit by CSC's chairman Van Honeycutt against CA's founder and then CEO, Charles Wang. By the end of the 1990s, Computer Associates was the dominant company among providers of utility software tools for the mainframe. and that accurately conveyed the company's place in the industry. In 1999, Wang received the largest bonus in history at that time from a public company. The receipt of a $670 million stock grant that dated to the vesting of a 1995 stock option occurred while the company faced a slowdown in European markets and an economic slump in Asia, both of which had affected CA's earnings and stock price. The stock grants thus became quite controversial.

Computer Associates received poor marks for customer relations, with a reputation of being more interested in making sales than providing support afterward. With them, CA had a reputation for being, as BusinessWeek wrote, "smart, aggressive, and consistently profitable". In particular, Computer Associates had a reputation for mass dismissals within companies it had taken over. Similarly, at Cullinet, around 400 employees, comprising a quarter of the company's workforce were told to clear out their desks on a day in 1989. A contrarian view of Computer Associates was given by computer industry historian Martin Campbell Kelly, writing around 2001, who gave the company credit for continuing to enhance the DATACOM/DB and IDMS database products it had acquired and for doing the work to have its databases and utility products be able to interoperate.

By 2000, Computer Associates had acquired on the order of magnitude of 200 companies. Then in 2002, Wang departed completely and Kumar became chairman as well. In 2000, a shareholder based class action lawsuit accused CA of misstating more than $500 million in revenue in its 1998 and 1999 fiscal years in order to artificially inflate its stock price. In 2001, a proxy battle ensued between the board of directors and shareholders led by Wyly, who was unhappy with how CA was being run and especially with how his acquired Sterling Software was being treated. Wyly was not trying to buy the company, but rather trying to get shareholders to elect a new board of directors that would include him as chair. Wyly had hopes of appealing to Haefner, as their business relationship dated back to the 1960s, but Haefner stayed loyal to Wang. Meanwhile, by early 2002 it was public knowledge that the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the U. S. Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of New York had instantiated investigations as to whether CA had engaged in accounting fraud. Later in 2002 the U. S. Department of Justice limited CA's acquisitions. The investigation by the SEC resulted in charges against the company and some of its former top executives. The SEC alleged that from 1998 to 2000, CA routinely kept its books open to include quarterly revenue from contracts executed after the quarter ended in order to meet Wall Street analysts' expectations. As one account from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania wrote, "The SEC said the goal was to meet or beat per share earnings estimates of Wall Street analysts, a key to keeping a company's stock price rising. In all, the company prematurely reported $3.3 billion in revenues from 363 software contracts. Moreover, executives at Computer Associates were big shareholders themselves, and many held enormous blocks of stock options. They therefore had a big financial stake in the share price, and thus an incentive to inflate results." Kumar resigned as CEO and chairman of the company in 2004, Following the change in executive leadership, the company restated its earnings for 2000 and 2001 due to the unaccepted revenues policies. Most notably, in 2006 former CEO and chairman Kumar was sentenced to 12 years in prison and fined $8 million for his role in the massive accounting fraud at Computer Associates. The company subsequently made sweeping changes through virtually all of its senior leadership positions. Overall the company spent over $500 million on investigations and fines.

By 2001, Computer Associates was the fourth biggest among independent software companies and had 18,000 employees. Swainson tried to turn things around, but was hampered by trouble that the company had in fixing its internal finance and accounting systems. By 2006, the company had 15,000 employees.

In May 2010, at the opening of the CA World 2010 conference in Las Vegas, the company announced it was changing its name again, to CA Technologies. For a reason, the company said the new name "reflects the full breadth and depth of what the company offers." Nimsoft, NetQoS, Oblicore, Cassatt, 4Base Technology, Arcot Systems, and Hyperformix. It also acquired Replay Solutions. In 2011, CA acquired ITKO for $330 million. Two years later, it acquired app deployment and management company Nolio for approximately $40 million, as well as Layer7. The company had been a provider of anti virus and Internet security commercial software programs for personal computers during its venture into the business to consumer market. In 2011, CA sold its antivirus properties to Updata Partners, which spun the division off as Total Defense. After the spinoff, CA became primarily known again for its business to business mainframe and distributed (client/server, etc.) information technology infrastructure applications. In June 2014, CA Technologies moved its headquarters, without an announcement, from Islandia in Suffolk County, to 520 Madison Avenue in New York City. In 2015, the company made four acquisitions, including Rally software for $480 million, Unifyalm, Gridtools, Idmlogic, and Xceedium. In 2016, CA acquired Blazemeter, Automic, Veracode, and Runscope in 2017. CA Technologies posted $4.2 billion in revenue for fiscal year 2018 (ending March 31, 2018). On August 8, 2018, CEO Mike Gregoire was elected as chairman of CA Technologies board of directors, replacing retiring chairman Art Weinbach.

On July 11, 2018, Broadcom Inc. announced it would acquire CA Technologies for $18.9 billion in cash. CA's head, Mike Gregoire, said, "This combination aligns our expertise in software with Broadcom's leadership in the semiconductor industry." The irony of the reversal of positions did not go unnoticed, with The Register saying "CA Technologies, long a byword for making acquisitions, has been acquired by Broadcom." Immediately after the acquisition closed, Broadcom laid off former CA Technologies workers in Silicon Valley Then, Long Island based Newsday reported that about 40 percent of all CA employees in the United States would be laid off, adding up to almost 2,000 people being let go. Not long after the Broadcom acquisition, the large Computer Associates campus in Islandia was abandoned.

During the mid 1990s, Computer Associates realized it had an image problem, both externally and internally, and consequently created a public relations department within the company and also adopted some more employee friendly human resources policies. CA has been named a component of the Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes (DJSI) for seven years, from 2012 to 2018. In 2015 and 2016, CA was ranked as one of America's Greenest companies by Newsweek. In 2017, the company scored an A− from CDP, the world's most comprehensive rating of companies leading on environmental action, for environmental performance and disclosure. According to a corporate sustainability report released by the company in 2018, CA reduced its Greenhouse Gas Footprint by more than 35 percent since 2006. It received the Climate Leadership Award in Excellence in GHG Management in 2018, and was included in Barron's 100 Most Sustainable Companies in 2018 as well. In February 2018, CA was named one of the World's Most Ethical Companies by Ethisphere Institute for the third consecutive year.

CA Technologies was named one of the best companies for multicultural women by Working Mother Magazine for four consecutive years, from 2015 to 2018 as well as one of the 100 Best Companies from 2015 to 2017. The company was also awarded 4.3 of 5 stars by InHerSight as one of the Top 10 IT Companies for Women in 2017. In 2015 and 2016, Fatherly. com ranked CA as one of the Best Places to Work for New Dads. In 2018, CA was named a NAFE top company for executive women. CA was also included in the Bloomberg Gender Equality Index (GEI) in 2018. In 2018, for the fourth consecutive year, the Human Rights Campaign Foundation ranked CA as one of the Best Places to Work for LGBTQ+ Equality. CA CEO Mike Gregoire is a signatory of the CEO Action for Diversity and Inclusion pledge.

For four consecutive years, 2015–2018, CA was named by Computerworld as one of the Best Places to Work in IT. In 2017, it was named to the Forbes list of America's Best Employers and recognized with a STAR Award for Leadership and Innovation by the Technology Services Industry Association (TSIA). In 2018, CA was named to the Thomson Reuters World's Top 100 Technology companies and for six consecutive years has been the recipient of the NorthFace ScoreBoard Award from Customer Relationship Management Institute (CRMI).

CA had a long history of acquisitions in the software industry. It grew its portfolio and became successful through acquiring many companies in disparate fields, including system monitoring and management, ID management, security, and anti virus, among others.