Беделді емес аминқышқылы δ-аминолевулинд қышқылы және оның қатерлі ісіктердегі қолданылуы

Endogenous non proteinogenic amino acid

δ Aminolevulinic acid (also dALA, δ ALA, 5ALA or 5 aminolevulinic acid), an endogenous non proteinogenic amino acid, is the first compound in the porphyrin synthesis pathway, the pathway that leads to heme in mammals, as well as chlorophyll in plants. 5ALA is used in photodynamic detection and surgery of cancer.

As a precursor of a photosensitizer, 5ALA is also used as an add on agent for photodynamic therapy. In contrast to larger photosensitizer molecules, it is predicted by computer simulations to be able to penetrate tumor cell membranes.

Photodynamic detection is the use of photosensitive drugs with a light source of the right wavelength for the detection of cancer, using fluorescence of the drug. It is not currently a first line treatment for Barrett's esophagus. Its use in brain cancer is currently experimental. It has been studied in a number of gynecological cancers. Aminolevulinic acid is indicated in adults for visualization of malignant tissue during surgery for malignant glioma (World Health Organization grade III and IV). It is used to visualise tumorous tissue in neurosurgical procedures.

Aminolevulinic acid utilization is promising in the field of cancer delineation, particularly in the context of fluorescence guided surgery. This compound is utilized to enhance the visualization of malignant tissues during surgical procedures. When administered to patients, 5 ALA is metabolized to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) preferentially in cancer cells, leading to their fluorescence under specific light wavelengths. This fluorescence aids surgeons in real time identification and precise removal of cancerous tissue, reducing the likelihood of leaving residual tumor cells behind. This innovative approach has shown success in various cancer types, including brain and spine gliomas, bladder cancer, and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Side effects may include liver damage and nerve problems. In plants, algae, bacteria (except for the class Alphaproteobacteria) and archaea, it is produced from glutamic acid via glutamyl tRNA and glutamate 1 semialdehyde. The enzymes involved in this pathway are glutamyl tRNA synthetase, glutamyl tRNA reductase, and glutamate 1 semialdehyde 2,1 aminomutase. This pathway is known as the C5 or Beale pathway. In most plastid containing species, glutamyl tRNA is encoded by a plastid gene, and the transcription, as well as the following steps of C5 pathway, take place in plastids.

In humans, 5ALA is a precursor to heme. This protoporphyrin molecule chelates with iron in presence of enzyme ferrochelatase to produce Heme. leading to formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for adequate supply of energy to the body. Biliverdin and Bilirubin are potent anti oxidants and regulate important biological processes like inflammation, apoptosis, cell proliferation, fibrosis and angiogenesis. Controlled spraying of 5 ALA at lower doses (up to 150 mg/L) can however help protect plants from stress and encourage growth.