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American bred champion Thoroughbred racehorse

Ruffian (April 17, 1972 – July 7, 1975) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who won ten consecutive races, including the Acorn, Mother Goose and Coaching Club American Oaks, then known as the American Triple Tiara. She was in the lead at every point of call in every race she ever ran and set new stakes records in each of the eight stakes races she won. Her dominating wins caused her to be named the American Champion filly at both ages two and three. In July 1975, she entered a highly anticipated match race with Kentucky Derby winner Foolish Pleasure, in which she broke down. Surgery was attempted but Ruffian reacted poorly and exacerbated the injuries while coming out of anesthesia. As a result, she was euthanized. Ruffian was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1976. The Blood Horse magazine ranked her as the top filly or mare of the twentieth century in their list of the top 100 American racehorses of the 20th century, and number 35 overall. Her story was told in the 2007 film Ruffian and numerous books.

Ruffian was foaled on April 17, 1972, at Claiborne Farm near Paris, Kentucky. She was bred by Stuart S. Janney Jr. and Barbara Phipps Janney, owners of Locust Hill Farm in Glyndon, Maryland. Janney, a cousin of prominent horseman Ogden Mills Phipps, later became the chairman of the Bessemer Trust. Ruffian was sired by Reviewer, a son of the Phipps family's great sire Bold Ruler, and out of the Native Dancer mare Shenanigans. She was trained by Frank Y. Whiteley Jr. Ruffian used her early speed, size and strength to intimidate competition.

Ruffian made her debut at Belmont Park on May 22, 1974, in a 5 1/2 furlong maiden special weight race, going off at odds of 4–1 in a field of ten. Breaking from post position nine, she went straight to the front while running the first quarter mile in 221/5 seconds. She continued to open up her lead while rounding the turn, completing the half mile in 45 seconds flat. She eventually won by 15 lengths and tied the track record in a time of 1:03 flat. On June 12, Ruffian faced stiffer company in the 5 1/2 furlong Fashion Stakes, including two other undefeated fillies, Copernica and Jan Verzel. Despite the step up in class, Ruffian went off as the 2 5 favorite based on her earlier win. She again went to the lead with an opening quarter of 221/5 seconds with Copernica 1 1/2 lengths back. The margin remained the same through the half mile, run in 0:451/5, but Ruffian started to open up in the stretch. The final margin was 6 3/4 lengths to Copernica, with Jan Verzel a further 13 lengths back in third. Ruffian equaled her own track record of 1:03. Ruffian made her third start on July 10 at Aqueduct Racetrack in the Astoria Stakes over a distance of 5 1/2 furlongs. Facing only three rivals, she went off as the 1 10 favorite with no show betting allowed. She established an early lead while running the first quarter in 0:214/5. Despite being eased in the final strides, she won by nine lengths in a time of 1:024/5, setting a new stakes record. She was just one fifth of a second off the track record set by Raise A Native. Secretariat's trainer, Lucien Laurin, said, "As God is my judgment, this filly may be better than Secretariat!" Another trainer said that she could have won either division of that year's Hopeful Stakes, Saratoga's most prestigious race for colts, by twenty lengths. It was the fastest time ever run by a two year old, colt or filly, at Saratoga. Ruffian was entered in the Frizette Stakes on September 26 but was scratched on the day of the race due to a high temperature. Whitely then considered running her against colts in the Champagne Stakes but she went off her feed and ran another fever. Veterinarian James Prendergast detected a hairline fracture of her right hind ankle, ruling her out for the rest of the year. Whiteley was later interviewed about the fracture and asked if it were true that it happened during the Spinaway. He answered, "It did happen during the race, she was just a couple of strides from the wire." When asked why he thought Ruffian had not shown any signs of being hurt until later, he replied, "She is a very tough filly, and doesn't like to show any weaknesses." Ruffian missed the rest of the two year old season but her five wins were sufficient to earn her the Eclipse Award for American Champion Two Year Old Filly. She followed up with a victory in the Comely Stakes at Aqueduct on April 30, winning despite a poor start by 7 3/4 lengths. Her time of 1:211/5 for 7 furlongs set a new stakes record and was just a second off Dr. Fager's track record. Going off at odds of 1 20 (the legal minimum), she created a minus pool of $36,064. Ruffian was then targeted at the so called Triple Tiara, the filly equivalent of the American Triple Crown. At the time, the series consisted of the Acorn Stakes, Mother Goose Stakes and Coaching Club American Oaks. On May 31, Ruffian entered the Mother Goose Stakes at Aqueduct as the 1 10 favorite in a field of seven. The start was marred when the filly to Ruffian's right, Dan's Commander, threw her rider. Ruffian was not disturbed and took the lead, running the first quarter mile in a relatively slow 0:241/5. Running at her own pace, she completed the half in 0:473/5 while leading by 1 1/2 lengths then completed three quarters in 1:113/5 with a two length lead. Turning into the stretch, she started to draw away and eventually won by 13 1/2 lengths while setting a new stakes record of 1:474/5 for nine furlongs. "I didn't do anything but ride", said Vásquez. In the Coaching Club American Oaks on June 21 at Belmont Park, she was again made the 1 10 favorite despite racing for the first time at a distance of 1 1/2 miles. She opened up a 6 length lead on the backstretch but the field closed on her during the far turn, getting as close as 1 length. In the stretch, Ruffian again pulled away to win by 2 3/4 lengths over Equal Change, with the third place horse a further nine lengths back. Her time of 2:274/5 tied the stakes record. Ruffian was undefeated in her first ten races, covering distances from to 1.5 mile (2 km), with an average winning margin of 81/3 lengths. She set stakes records in each stakes race she entered.

Ruffian's eleventh race was run at Belmont Park on July 6, 1975. It was a match race between her and that year's Kentucky Derby winner, Foolish Pleasure. Her connections had been asked about running her against colts since early in her career, and Whiteley thought that the Travers Stakes at Saratoga in August would be a good opportunity. "Prove the point one time and that'll be it," he had said in May. "I don't want to put too much pressure on her." However, Janney felt obligated to enter in the July match race due to media and public expectations. He told Whiteley that such a race was inevitable and it would be best to do so on her home track. Vasquez tried to pull her up, but the filly would not stop. She went on running, pulverizing her sesamoids, ripping the skin of her fetlock and tearing her ligaments until her hoof was flopping uselessly. Vasquez said it was impossible for him to stop her. She still tried to run and finish the race. Video showed Ruffian was startled by a bird in the infield and took a bad step. Ruffian was immediately attended to by a team of four veterinarians and an orthopedic surgeon, and underwent an emergency operation lasting twelve hours, during which she had to be revived twice after she stopped breathing. "It was unfortunate we were in a learning period at the time", said her surgeon Dr. Edward Keefer in 2000. "Vets are really doing a hell of a job now and have improved tremendously in their knowledge and how to handle these catastrophic occurrences." Her nose was pointed towards the finish line. In August 2023 it was announced that Ruffian's remains were exhumed from her grave at Belmont Park and reinterred in Marchmont Cemetery at Claiborne Farm in Kentucky where she was born. The decision was made by Stuart Janney III (the son of Ruffian's owner) after consultation with the New York Racing Association and Claiborne, as Ruffian's grave was located directly on the footprint of where Belmont was in the process of constructing a one mile synthetic racetrack. Janney expressed hope that more members of the public would be able to pay their respects to Ruffian in her new resting place.

Ruffian posthumously earned the 1975 Eclipse Award for Outstanding Three Year Old Filly. In 1976, she was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. The Blood Horse magazine ranked her 35th in its list of the top 100 U. S. thoroughbred champions of the 20th Century; she is the highest rated filly (or mare) on the list. Sports Illustrated included her as the only non human on their list of the top 100 female athletes of the century, ranking her 53rd. In the summer of 1975, folk singer Joan Baez dedicated a version of the song "Stewball" to Ruffian. Since 1976, the Ruffian Handicap has been run in Ruffian's honor. Until 2009, the race had been held at Belmont Park (on Long Island, New York), but it was moved upstate to Saratoga Race Course in 2010. In 2014, the Ruffian Handicap was moved back to Belmont Park. The Ruffian Equine Medical Center, now known as Cornell Ruffian Equine Specialists, opened on May 26, 2009. It cost $18 million to build and is located outside Gate 8 of Belmont Park. The facility offers a wide range of services ranging from acute care for race related injuries to preventative care and farrier consultations. Ruffian has many nicknames, such as "Queen of the Fillies", "Queen of the Century", "Queen of Racing", "Queen of the Track", "Filly of the Century", "The Super Filly", the "Black Terror" and more. Several books about her have been published, including Ruffian, Burning from the Start, Ruffian, A Racetrack Romance, Ruffian: Horse Racing's Black Beauty, and The Licorice Daughter, My Year with Ruffian. In Lexington, Kentucky, the road into the Masterson Station Park is named "Ruffian Way" and a monument in her honor can be found inside the park. It reads, "This memorial erected in memory of Ruffian, dark bay thoroughbred filly. We were young when she died, too young to remember her with the greats of other eras. Yet to love grace and perfection is ours because we are human and none felt her loss more painfully than we. The Children of Lexington – 1975"

In Japan, the horse owner club is named after the horse, as the founder, , is said to have met the horse when he was training in the United States.

Ruffian was by Reviewer, a talented racehorse who was injured in each of the three seasons he raced. In a short career at stud, he sired two outstanding fillies, Ruffian and Revidere, but failed to sire a son capable of continuing his line. Ruffian's dam Shenanigans earned three wins in 22 starts for the Janneys, then became an outstanding broodmare. In addition to Ruffian, Shenanigans produced graded stakes winner and important sire Icecapade, the talented filly Laughter, who went on to become a producer of several stakes winners, and Buckfinder, another stakes winner and good sire. Shenanigans was named the 1975 Kentucky Broodmare of the Year.