Екітаралы радиобайланыстың сафтығын арттыру әдістері

Methods to make 2 way voice communications clear

Radiotelephony procedure (also on air protocol and voice procedure) includes various techniques used to clarify, simplify and standardize spoken communications over two way radios, in use by the armed forces, in civil aviation, police and fire dispatching systems, citizens' band radio (CB), and amateur radio. Voice procedure communications are intended to maximize clarity of spoken communication and reduce errors in the verbal message by use of an accepted nomenclature. It consists of a signalling protocol such as the use of abbreviated codes like the CB radio ten code, Q codes in amateur radio and aviation, police codes, etc., and jargon. Some elements of voice procedure are understood across many applications, but significant variations exist. The armed forces of the NATO countries have similar procedures in order to make cooperation easier. The impacts of having radio operators who are not well trained in standard procedures can cause significant operational problems and delays, as exemplified by one case of amateur radio operators during Hurricane Katrina, in which: many of the operators who were deployed had excellent go kits and technical ability, but were seriously wanting in traffic handling skill. In one case it took almost 15 minutes to pass one 25 word message.

Radiotelephony procedures encompass international regulations, official procedures, technical standards, and commonly understood conventions intended to ensure efficient, reliable, and inter operable communications via all modes of radio communications. The most well developed and public procedures are contained in the Combined Communications Electronics Board's Allied Communications Procedure ACP 125(G): Communications Instructions Radiotelephone Procedures. These procedures consist of many different components. The three most important ones are:
Voice procedures—what to say
Speech technique—how to say itVoice procedure is designed to provide the fastest and most accurate method of speech transmission. All messages should be pre planned, brief and straightforward. Ideally, messages should be written down: even brief notes reduce the risk of error. Messages should be constructed clearly and logically in order not to confuse the recipient. Voice procedure is necessary because:
Speech on a congested voice net must be clear, concise and unambiguous. To avoid interference between speech and data, it will often be expedient to assign the passage of data traffic to logistic or admin nets rather than to those directly associated with command and control. It must be assumed that all transmissions will be intercepted by a portion of the civilian population. The use of a standard procedure will help reduce the threat of spreading rumors or creating panic among those not involved in an emergency response. Some form of discipline is needed to ensure that transmissions do not overlap. If two people send traffic at the same time, the result is chaos. Radio operators must talk differently because two way radios reduce the quality of human speech in such a way that it becomes harder to understand. A large part of the radio specific procedures is the specialized language that has been refined over more than 100 years. There are several main methods of communication over radio, and they should be used in this order of preference:
Procedure words
Standard (predefined) phraseology (for most things in aviation and maritime use)
Plain language dialogue (for things that can't be handled by phraseology)
Formal messages
Narrative messages
Dialogue (normal conversation)
Brevity codes, including Ten codes, and Phillips Code; and operating signals, including 92 code, Q code, and Z code; should be used as a last choice, as these lists of codes are so extensive that it is unlikely that all participants have the full and correct definitions memorized. All of those listed here except the ten code are designed exclusively for use in Morse code or teletypewriter use, and are thus unsuitable for use on voice circuits.

All radio communications on the planet operate under regulations created by the ITU R, which prescribes most of the basic voice radio procedures, and these are further codified by each individual country.

Radio call signs are a globally unique identifier assigned to all stations that are required to obtain a license in order to emit RF energy. The identifiers consist of from 3 to 9 letters and digits, and while the basic format of the call signs are specified by the ITU R Radio Regulations, Article 19, Identification of stations, the details are left up to each country's radio licensing organizations.

Each country is assigned a range of prefixes, and the radiotelecommunications agencies within each country then responsible for allocating call signs, within the format defined by the RR, as they see fit. The Radio Regulations require most radio stations to regularly identify themselves by means of their official station call sign or other unique identifier.

Because official radio call signs have no inherent meaning outside of the above described patterns, and other than individually licensed Amateur radio stations, do not serve to identify the person using the radio, they are not usually desirable as the primary means of identifying which person, department, or function is transmitting or is being contacted. For this reason, functional designators (a. k. a. tactical call signs) are frequently used to provide such identification. Such designators are not sufficient to meet the FCC requirements that stations regularly identify the license they are operating under, typically every x number of minutes and at the end of each transmission, where x ranges from 10 to 30 minutes (longer for broadcast stations). For the some radio services, the FCC authorizes alternate station IDs, typically in situations where the alternate station ID serves the purposes of identifying the transmitting station better than the standard ITU format. These include:
Aircraft—the registration number (tail number) of the aircraft, preceded by the type (typical of general aviation aircraft); or the aircraft operator nickname assigned by the FAA, followed by the flight number (typical of scheduled airline services). Land mobile—Name of the station licensee (typically abbreviated), location of station, name of city, or facility served, followed by additional digits following the more general ID. Land mobile railroad—Name of railroad, followed by the train number, engine number etc.

The United States has been assigned all call signs with the prefixes K, N, and W, as well as AAA–ALZ. Allocating call signs within these groups is the responsibility of the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (almost all government stations) or the Federal Communications Commission (all other stations), and they subdivide the radio call signs into the following groups:

Ham station call signs begin with A, K, N or W, and have a single digit from 0 to 9 that separates the 1 or 2 letter prefix from the 1 to 3 letter suffix (special event stations have only three characters: the prefix, the digit, and a one letter suffix).

Maritime call signs have a much more complex structure, and are sometimes replaced with the name of the vessel or a Maritime Mobile Service Identity (MMSI) number.

Communicating over a half duplex, shared circuit with multiple parties requires a large amount of discipline in following the established procedures and conventions, because whenever one particular radio operator is transmitting, that operator can not hear any other station on the channel being used.

The initialism ABC is commonly used as a memory aid to reinforce the three most important rules about what to transmit.

In the U. S., the organization chartered with devising police communications procedures is APCO International, the Association of Police Communications Officers, which was founded in 1935. For the most part, APCO's procedures have been developed independently of the worldwide standard operating procedures, leading to most police departments using a different spelling alphabet, and the reverse order of calling procedure (e. g. 1 Adam 12 calling Dispatch). However, APCO occasionally follows the international procedure standards, having adopted the U. S. Navy's Morse code procedure signs in the 1930s, and adopting the ICAO radiotelephony spelling alphabet in 1974, replacing its own Adam Boy Charles alphabet adopted in 1940, although very few U. S. police departments made the change. APCO has also specified Standard Description Forms, a standard order of reporting information describing people and vehicles.